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Amanda Saraswati; Marwiah Marwiah; Novita Majid

Perspektif: Jurnal Pendidikan dan Ilmu Bahasa 2024 STAI YPIQ BAUBAU, SULAWESI TENGGARA

This research aims to find out the implementation of character education in building student independence and discipline at SMP Negeri 34 Samarinda. As well as obstacles to implementing character education in building student independence and discipline at SMP Negeri 34 Samarinda. Apart from that, in implementing character education in building student independence and discipline at SMP Negeri 34 Samarinda, it is necessary to approach students in order to achieve the implementation of character education in building student independence and discipline. This research uses a qualitative research approach, descriptive analysis method, with data collection techniques namely observation, interviews and documentation. . Data analysis techniques are data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and data conclusion. The research results show that SMP Negeri 34 Samarinda has implemented various character development programs, such as extracurricular activities, guidance and counseling, as well as the application of moral values ​​in learning. Students' active participation in this activity increases independence in decision making, responsibility, and courage to express opinions. Student discipline also increases through consistent application of rules and habituation of positive behavior. Teachers and school staff play an important role in enforcing discipline and setting an example. Challenges in developing character education include limited resources and variations in student discipline. Overall, character education development at SMP Negeri 34 Samarinda makes a positive contribution to student independence and discipline. Continuous support from parents and the community is needed to ensure the sustainability and effectiveness of this program. Character education development plays a role as a foundation in forming a generation that is independent, disciplined and has character.

Dita Pramesti Irawan; Warman Warman; Jamil Jamil; Asnar Asnar; Marwiah Marwiah +1 more

Jurnal Inovasi Pendidikan 2024 Lembaga Pengembangan Kinerja Dosen

This research is based on the ability to collaborate which is an ability that students must have. Collaboration skills, what teachers must do to improve collaboration skills is to apply various learning models that adapt to students' needs. The Group Investigation type learning model is a learning model that focuses on students' collaboration abilities. The success of a learning process can be measured by the success of students in participating in the learning process.This research aims to explore the application of the group investigation model in an educational context and measure its impact in improving the collaboration abilities or skills of class XI students at SMA Negeri 11 Samarinda. The object of this research is all students in class XI C of SMA Negeri 11 Samarinda, totaling 36 students. This research is a qualitative descriptive type of research. The research method used in this research is a qualitative research method with a system of field observation, interviews and documentation. The data analysis technique used in this research is analysis.The concept of group investigation learning is learning that emphasizes students gaining knowledge through learning experiences. The group investigation type learning model has six stages, namely selecting topics, planning collaboration, implementing plans, analysis and synthesis, presenting work results, and evaluation.The collaboration ability of students in class And the results of interviews with students show that students have good collaboration or cooperation skills in completing the topic/material given.The advantage of the Group Investigation type Cooperative Learning learning model in class can improve students' ability to collaborate or work together and students can learn to solve problems that arise during the learning process.The weakness of the Group Investigation type Cooperative Learning learning model in class XI SMA Negeri 11 Samarinda namely, the material presented will be less because the learning time is short, the teacher will have difficulty giving individual grades, and the class atmosphere will be noisy due to discussions.

Meilisa Sajdah

Jurnal Budi Pekerti Agama Islam 2024 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Pendidikan Agama dan Filsafat Indonesia

This research basically aims to find, describe and analyze the influence between the variable use of the Canva X1 application and the variable student learning motivation (Y). where the main problem is the lack of student motivation to learn in the era of the onslaught of gedzet. As an effort to find out the influence of usage on the learning motivation of class VII students at Ibnu Rushd Islamic Middle School. This research uses quantitative research methods with a large sample of 60 respondents. Data was collected using a closed questionnaire instrument in the form of multiple choices in which variable X1 consisted of 4 questions, and variable Y had 2 questions using a Likert scale. So, the questionnaire variable for using the Canva application has 4 questions, and the student learning motivation questionnaire has 2 questions so that the total of the questionnaires is 6 questions. In this research, it is explained that there is a significant influence between the use of the Canva application on students' learning motivation after carrying out associative analysis, in accordance with the research results of Thomas, O Bannon and Bolton, they found that 'use of the Canva application' can influence students' learning motivation. The research data collected was analyzed using descriptive analysis techniques with the average variable value for using the Canva application in the medium category being 27 students or 45%, and student learning motivation being 35 students or 58.3%. Then proceed with the Chi Square normality test on the use of Canva chi square, namely 248, 0673913 and to find the level of influence entered into the contingent coefficient formula, it was obtained 0.897 or "Very Strong". This shows that there is a very strong influence between the use of the Canva application on motivation. studying class VII students of Ibnu Rushd Islamic Middle School

Defany Fiqrotul Laely; Latif Nur Hasan

Perspektif: Jurnal Pendidikan dan Ilmu Bahasa 2024 STAI YPIQ BAUBAU, SULAWESI TENGGARA

Learning Javanese is included in learning ethics or politeness values, so it is very important to teach it in the world of education. As a tool to attract students' attention and want to learn Javanese, namely by developing learning media in the form of audio pop-up books. This research aims to explain: (1) the process of developing audio pop-up book, (2) the quality of audio pop-up book, (3) student responses to audio pop-up book learning media as a learning medium for uploading Javanese language material at SMP Negeri 2 Pare. This research uses research and development (R&D) methods with a four-D (4D) development model. The resulting data is in the form of oral and written. The data collection techniques used were observation, questionnaires and interviews. The instruments used were observation sheets, questionnaire sheets, and interview sheets. The results of this research are the product manufacturing process starting from needs analysis, product manufacturing plans, to the results of product development. to the final product. Validation from experts received a total percentage of 93.4% and total student responses received a percentage of 91.9% which was included in the "very suitable" category for use.

Sisean Baga; Taufiqurrahman Taufiqurrahman; Fuat Alfauzi; Winda A. Cahyaningrum

This research aims to increase teachers' performance which impacts learning quality through the implementation of academic supervision with the coaching technique. The research method used is the School Action Research through the descriptive quantitative approach. The data-gathering technique was done via interviews, observation, and checklists from learning equipment documents. The result of the research shows that academic supervision on cycle 1 (85,7) is in the good category, and cycle 2 (90,9) is in the very good category. This shows there is an improvement of score on the type of administrative supervision and class supervision compared to pre-cycle (79,4) with the good category. This result was able to be reached due to a change in academic supervision, which was the inclusion of pre-observation, observation, and post-observation as well as a dialogue process with the coaching technique, which increased the quality of teachers in the learning process. The strengthening of coaching and the addition of follow-ups on cycle II caused the academic supervision score of teachers to increase more. The academic supervision stage and coaching technique allows teachers to dig for potentials further and causes them to be more prepared when an observation by the headmaster is done. Academic supervision with the coaching technique must always be familiarized for the improvement of teacher’s quality in school. The need for continuous monitoring and consistent implementation of academic supervision becomes a unique challenge to increase the teachers' performance, which impacts learning quality in class.      

Aisyah Bella; Faridatus Zulfa; Maghfiroh Maghfiroh; Septi Dariyatul Aini; Fetty Nuritasari

JURNAL KABAR MASYARAKAT 2024 Institut Teknologi dan Bisnis Semarang

The Teaching Campus Program provides students with the opportunity to study outside campus and contribute directly to the world of education, by becoming partners with teachers in developing creative, innovative and fun learning strategies. Through the Teaching Campus program, students can develop teaching skills and contribute positively to the world of education and help improve students' literacy and numeracy skills. The method applied involves active participation of students together with teachers in designing work programs that are creative, effective and interesting by utilizing various existing media and learning resources to increase student interest, activity and understanding, especially literacy and numeracy. . This service activity was carried out at SDI Matsaratul Huda, Pamekasan District, Pamekasan Regency, East Java. This activity was carried out for 4 months from 26 February 2024 to 15 June 2024. The final results of the Teaching Campus program were significantly able to improve the literacy and numeracy skills of students at SDI Matsaratul Huda. Apart from that, students' interests, activities and learning outcomes also increase with the campus teaching program.

Paputungan , Moh. Zulkifli; N. Hula, Ibnu Rawandhy; Mariana, Ana

Jurnal Rumpun Ilmu Bahasa dan Pendidikan 2024 Asosiasi Periset Bahasa Sastra Indonesia

This study aims to decipher the results of validation tests and find out the user's response to the development of Android-based learning media using the Smart Apps Creator (SAC) application. This study uses mixed methods (quantitative and qualitative). Data collection uses questionnaires and documents. Quantitative analysis techniques were carried out on validation results using numbers, scales, or percentages, while qualitative analysis was carried out on the results of (1) individual trials, (2) small groups and (3) large groups.  The population of this study is 30 grade VII students, while the sample is determined using non-probability sampling which aims to make all populations as samples. The results of the study show that: (1) the results of the validation of media experts obtained a percentage of 95% (very feasible) and material experts 94% (very feasible).  (2) the results of user trials on the development of Android-based Arabic learning media products received an average score for individual trials of 80% with categories (good), small group trials of 85% with categories (very good) and large group trials of 95% with categories (very good).

Wulan Ayu Fitriyah; Nilamsari Damayanti Fajrin

Populer: Jurnal Penelitian Mahasiswa 2024 Universitas Maritim AMNI Semarang

This research is quantitative research. The purpose of this research is to determine the significant influence of the SQ3R method on students' Reading Comprehension Ability. The research design used in this research is Quasi Experimental Design. The sample used in this research used a non-probability sampling technique with a sample size of 40 students. This research data collection uses observation and tests. The results of this research indicate that the SQ3R method influences the reading comprehension ability of class V students at SD Negeri 1 Made Lamongan. Based on the calculation of the hypothesis test with the results of the t-test of 2 paired samples (Paired Samples), a significance value of 0.046 was obtained. Based on the test criteria if the Sig. (2-tailed) <0.05, the significance value is 0.046 <0.05, then H0 is rejected and Ha is accepted, which means that there is an influence of the SQ3R method on students' reading comprehension skills. The implementation of learning using the SQ3R method is carried out with very good criteria. an average of 95%.

Lolita Anna Risandy; Nela Rofisian; Putri Zudhah Ferryka

This study aims to describe: (1) The role of teachers in enhancing students' critical thinking skills in the IPAS (Integrated Science) subject at SD Negeri 1 Beluk, and (2) The factors influencing the role of teachers in improving students' critical thinking skills in the IPAS subject at SD Negeri 1 Beluk. This qualitative research employs a descriptive analysis method and was conducted over three months, from March to May 2024. Primary data sources include fourth-grade teachers and students at SD Negeri 1 Beluk, collected through observations and interviews. Data credibility was tested using triangulation. The data analysis technique follows the interactive model of Miles and Huberman, consisting of data collection, data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. The results of the study indicate that: (1) Teachers play roles as educators, demonstrators, classroom managers, facilitators, mentors, motivators, and evaluators in enhancing students' critical thinking skills in the IPAS subject. The effective use of lesson plans (RPP) and evaluation instruments by teachers is observed to significantly improve students' critical thinking skills. (2) The factors influencing students' critical thinking skills include psychological factors, physiological factors, learning independence, and anxiety.

Ahmad Mulyadi; Fanny Akmal Fathir; Purnama Purnama; Meilisa Sajdah

Ta'rim: Jurnal Pendidikan dan Anak Usia Dini 2024 Sekolah Tinggi Agama Islam Yayasan Pendidikan Ilmu Qur'an Baubau

This research aims to examine the influence of ethical management on the learning environment in Early Childhood Education (PIAUD). Good ethical management is thought to be able to create a positive, safe learning environment and support children's holistic development. The research method used is a quantitative method with a survey design. The population of this study were all teachers and parents of students at PIAUD Husnul Amal Kotabumi. Samples are taken randomly from the population., Data was collected using a questionnaire consisting of questions about ethical management and the learning environment. Data analysis was carried out using descriptive statistics and linear regression to test the effect of ethical management on the learning environment. The research results show that ethical management has a positive and significant influence on the learning environment in PIAUD. Teachers who consistently apply ethical values ​​in teaching and interacting with students succeed in creating a learning atmosphere that is more comfortable, safe and supports children's development. These findings indicate that good ethical management is an important factor in creating a conducive learning environment in PIAUD., This research suggests that PIAUD managers implement clear ethics policies and carry out strict supervision to ensure their implementation. Apart from that, training for teachers regarding the importance of ethics in education is also recommended to improve the quality of the learning environment.

Muhammad Firdaus; Faiqotun Nisa

Nian Tana Sikka : Jurnal ilmiah Mahasiswa 2024 Fakultas Ekonomi & Bisnis, Universitas Nusa Nipa

The demonstration method is a learning method using teaching aids or direct practice to clarify an understanding of learning to students. Al Amien Prenduan Girls' Islamic Boarding School 1 is one of the Islamic boarding schools that applies learning using the demonstration method through the book Sullamut Taufiq in certain chapters. In this method, the researcher found that the female students at the Al-Amien Prenduan Girls' Islamic Boarding School 1 had applied the demonstration method. so that most of the female students living at the Al-Amien Prenduan Girls' Islamic Boarding School 1 better understand learning when using the demonstration method. Therefore, researchers are interested in finding out more about the implementation of the demonstration method to improve understanding of the book Sullamut Taufiq in certain chapters. This research focuses on: 1) how to implement the demonstration method in increasing understanding of the book Sullamut Taufiq at the Al-Amien Prenduan Girls' Islamic Boarding School 1. 2). What are the supporting and inhibiting factors for using the demonstration method in increasing understanding of the book Sullamut Taufiq at the Al-amien Prenduan 1st Girls' Islamic Boarding School. This research uses qualitative fieldwork with a case study type, data collection techniques using interviews, observation and documentation. The informants in this research were caregivers, teachers, consultants and students at the Islamic Boarding School for Girls 1 Al-Amen Prenduan. The results of the research show that the implementation of the demonstration method in increasing understanding of the book Sullamut Taufiq at the Al-Amien Prenduan Islamic boarding school focuses on the application of the method in learning. because, in order to improve good learning outcomes, first improve good and effective understanding by using appropriate learning methods. Such as using the demonstration method in understanding the book Sullamut Taufiq. Although there are problems faced by teachers, such as a lack of student enthusiasm and not all material can be demonstrated.

Didit Damayanti; Dhina Widayati; Baghase Prasetyo

Jurnal Sains dan Kesehatan (JUSIKA) 2024 Universitas Muhamadiyah Manado

The high number of traffic accidents in Indonesia is caused by heavy traffic, non-compliance with regulations, and inadequate infrastructure. Quick and appropriate first aid in traffic accidents is essential to increase the victim's chances of safety and survival. However, many lay people do not have the knowledge or skills to provide first aid. The aim of this research is to determine the effect of a combination of educational games and splint bandage demonstrations on the first aid abilities of traffic accident victims (Study at SMA N 1 Gurah, Kediri Regency). The research design used was a pre-experimental design with a one group pretest-posttest design. The sampling technique used proportionate random sampling to obtain 35 respondents. The research instrument used an observation sheet, data analysis using the Wilcoxon test. The results of the study showed that the majority (60%) before being given the edugame method and splint dressing demonstration had first aid abilities for accident victims in the poor category, while almost all (94.3%) after being given the edugame method and splint dressing demonstration had first aid abilities for accident victims in the good category. The Wilcoxon test result was 0.001, indicating that there was an influence of the combination of edugames and splint dressing demonstrations on the ability to provide first aid to traffic accident victims (p value = 0.001 <α = 0.05). Providing edugames can create fun learning and increase interest in learning and understanding that is easy to understand. Apart from that, the demonstration method also influences changes in the ability category because you can see directly and practice first aid how to apply splints. It is hoped that edugame and demonstration learning methods can be used as useful learning methods in modern education, increasing student involvement and making learning objectives easier for teenagers to understand.  

Lailaturohmah Kurniawati; Cindi Realita Fatmawati Putri; Dwi Murtini

FUNDAMENTUM : Jurnal Pengabdian Multidisiplin 2024 Asosiasi Peneliti Dan Pengajar Ilmu Sosial Indonesia

Burns are the fifth leading cause of unintentional injury-related death in children. The importance of knowledge that must be possessed by children in providing first aid for burn cases in children, can reduce disability and morbidity rates. The purpose of the service activity is to provide Video health education to school-age children at MI Muhammadiyah Waru Elementary School about the first handling of burns. The method of service is by using game-based learning in the form of oral presentation of material and animated videos about the first handling of burns. The data analysis method used in this service activity is PrePost-Experimental design, Participants in this activity are elementary school-age children MI held on November 11, 2023. The educational materials provided are the causes of burns, types of burns, management and prevention of burns. Then, the service team conducted education related to handling burns to respondents. The conclusion is that after this education is carried out, respondents can understand and know the reasons for handling burns should not be arbitrary because it can cause more severe infections.

Arief Yahya Prasetio; Eka Dyar Wahyuni; Abdul Rezha Efrat Najaf

Router : Jurnal Teknik Informatika dan Terapan 2024 Asosiasi Profesi Telekomunikasi dan Informatika Indonesia

Faculty The Faculty of HOLS Hospitality School faces challenges in manual administration, such as accumulating registration data, difficulty in data retrieval, risk of data loss, administrative inaccuracies, and time-consuming registration and attendance processes, increasing the risk of administrative errors. To address these issues, researchers designed a web-based information system using the waterfall model and PHP programming language. This system allows students to mark attendance using a QR code within a 5-meter radius, mentors to reschedule classes quickly and easily, and administrators to control administrative data accurately and efficiently. The result of this research is an information system product that facilitates academic administration management at HOLS Hospitality School, supports e-learning facilities, and simplifies coordination between students, mentors, and administrators.

Pargaulan Dwikora Simanjuntak

International Journal of Management and Strategic Business Leadership 2024 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Manajemen Kewirausahaan dan Bisnis Indonesia

This research investigates ship maintenance management practices among senior students in shipping engineering during their internships at a vocational school in Jakarta. The study explores the challenges faced, strategies employed, and lessons learned in managing maintenance tasks onboard ships. Seven participants were interviewed, highlighting technical malfunctions, resource limitations, time constraints, environmental factors, and communication barriers as primary challenges. Participants utilized preventive maintenance, cross-training, task prioritization, collaborative problem-solving, and digital tools to enhance operational efficiency. Lessons underscored the importance of preparation, teamwork, adaptability, continuous learning, and communication skills in navigating maritime maintenance complexities. The findings emphasize the role of proactive maintenance strategies and technological integration in optimizing sustainability and operational reliability within the maritime industry. Integrating practical training into educational curricula and embracing digital innovations are recommended for preparing future professionals. Future research could explore larger sample sizes and quantitative methodologies to validate findings and quantify the impact of maintenance practices. This study contributes to enhancing vocational education in maritime sciences and informs industry practices for advancing ship maintenance management globally.

Iqlima Rohayanina; Nurmalinda Nurmalinda

Imajinasi : Jurnal Ilmu Pengetahuan, Seni, dan Teknologi 2024 Asosiasi Seni Desain dan Komunikasi Visual Indonesia

The aim of this research is to determine the learning of Cultural Arts (Zapin Sekampung Creative Dance) at SMAN 3 Siak Hulu FY 2023/2024. This research uses Hadiansyah's theory (2022). In this research the author used descriptive qualitative research methods. The research subjects were 36 Arts and Culture Teachers and Class X students. Data collection techniques using observation, interviews and documentation. The results of the research show that Cultural Arts Learning (Zapin Sekampung Creative Dance) at SMAN 3 Siak Hulu FY 2023/2024 can be seen from the Independent Curriculum components, especially those prepared through teaching modules which have several indicators including: Learning Achievement (CP) is learning competence that must be achieved by students at the end of each learning phase, Learning Objectives (TP) are a description of the achievement of knowledge, skills and attitudes obtained in learning activities, Learning Objectives Flow (ATP) is a learning phase for students in achieving learning, Teaching Tools are materials teaching in the form of learning material as the main material for discussion, Learning Assessment is the process of collecting and processing information data as a learning need, Student Worksheets (LKPD) are student learning sheets in the form of tasks given by educators referring to the basic competencies to be achieved. Learning activities consist of routine and scheduled activities based on structured lesson content according to what has been prepared through Teaching Modules that have been designed by the Arts and Culture teacher.    

Fitri Andini Al-Fatihah; Ibnu Muthi

Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan 2024 Lembaga Pengembangan Kinerja Dosen

This study aims to (1) develop animated video learning media to improve student learning outcomes, (2) determine the feasibility of animated video learning media through teacher validation, and (3) determine the effectiveness of animated video learning media applied to class IV in Jambi City State Islamic Madrasah. The subjects in this study were 35 fourth grade students, as a test class. This reseach and development uses the Classroom Action Research Method developed by Kemmis and Mc Taggart (1992:11). The method is carried out from the first to the fourth step, namely: (1) planning, (2) action, (3) observation, and (4) reflection. The effectiveness test uses data collection techniques in the from of observation, interviews, tests, and documentation. The effectiveness of animated video media to increase motivation, attract attention, increase understanding, improve student learning outcomes, and learning objectives can be achieved as desired. Effectiveness can be seen from the scores of students’ completenss presentation results at the pre-cycle stage, the first cycle stage, then continued with the activity stages in the second cycle. The result of the study indicate that the animated video learning media is feasible to use for learning at the elementary school level. The results of the feasibility test of animated video learning media through teacher validation in operational field trials in the “Good” category. Tehere is a significant difference in the results of the presentation of students’ completeness scores between before and after using animated video learning media in the teaching and learning process.  

Raisa Raimuna; Masti yanto

AL-MUSTAQBAL: Jurnal Agama Islam 2024 STIKes Ibnu Sina Ajibarang

This research aims to improve students' understanding of learning in Islamic Religious Education (PAI) subjects through the application of the Direct Instruction learning model. Direct Instruction is a structured and systematic teaching method, which aims to provide direct and clear instructions to students. In this research, an experiment was carried out in a middle school involving two groups of students: an experimental group that used the Direct Instruction model and a control group that used conventional learning methods. The research results showed that students taught using the Direct Instruction model experienced a significant increase in understanding compared to students taught using the conventional method. This is shown by an increase in comprehension test scores before and after intervention in the experimental group. In addition, observations and interviews with students show that the Direct Instruction model helps them understand the material more effectively and increases involvement in the teaching and learning process. The conclusion of this research is that the Direct Instruction learning model is effective in increasing students' learning understanding in PAI subjects. Implementation of this model can be an alternative for teachers to improve the quality of learning and students' understanding of the subject matter.

Sri Haryanti; Mustahidda, Rahmania

Marketing Journal 2024 Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Ekonomi Totalwin

The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of Service Quality, Promotion and Education Costs  on Learning Decisions and find out the indicators that influence these variables on the effect of service quality, promotion, and education costs on study decisions at LP3I Tegal.  The independent variables in this study are, Service Quality, Promotion and Education Costs. The dependent variable in this study is the Learning Decision using the slovin formula in sample selection. The sample used is the entire population or junior and senior students of LP3I Tegal , which is 100 peseta learners. The method used in analyzing the data is multiple linear regression analysis which includes t test and f test which previously the data was tested first with validity tests, reliability tests, and classical assumptions, for cassical assumption tests consisting of multicollinearity tests, heredioskedasticity tests and normality tests with the help of the SPSS program. The results showed that Quality of Service, Promotion, had a significant effect on Learning Decisions  , while Education Fees did not have a significant effect on Learning Decisions.

Dyna Aulya Zuliarti; Fauzan Fauzan

Intellektika : Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa 2024 STIKes Ibnu Sina Ajibarang

conducted research at Madrasah Aliyah Negeri 2 Agam which was motivated by the implementation of the Teileren Method (partial method) which was not yet appropriate or optimal carried out by the teacher. This research aims to describe the application of the Teileren Method (part method) to the Learning of Al-Qur'an Hadith in Class XI MAN 2 AGAM. This problem is researched using descriptive qualitative research methods which are aimed at describing and analyzing the phenomenon of events, social activities, attitudes, beliefs, thoughts of people individually and in groups using the type of case study research. Data collection was carried out using observation, interviews and documentation techniques. The key informants in this research were Al-Qur'an Hadith teachers and class XI students at Madrasah Aliyah Negeri 2 Agam. To analyze the data, researchers grouped it based on existing problems. Based on the findings of research conducted by the author, the results show that: the application of the Teileren Method (part method) in learning Al-Qur'an Hadith in class XI is not completely satisfactory and has shortcomings. There are four steps in the Teileren Method (part method) in learning Al-Qur'an Hadith in class . The advantages of the teileran method in learning Al-Quran Hadith itself are that it makes it easier for students to memorize long material and memorizing does not take a long time. The disadvantages and obstacles of the teileran method itself are that it is time consuming and overwhelming when the material has been combined.