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The rapid growth of Indonesia’s banking industry has encouraged various corporate actions, such as mergers, to enhance efficiency and competitiveness. However, post-merger system integration often creates issues for customers, particularly the increase in credit collectability caused by data migration errors. This study aims to analyze the legal protection and liability of banks toward customers adversely affected by the merger process. The research employs a normative juridical approach through legislation review and case study analysis. The findings indicate that customer legal protection operates both preventively and repressively. Preventive protection is regulated under the Financial Services Authority Regulation (POJK) No. 6/POJK.07/2022, emphasizing transparency, education, and data security principles. Meanwhile, repressive protection is carried out through internal bank complaint mechanisms, the Financial Services Alternative Dispute Resolution Institution (LAPS SJK), and civil lawsuits under Articles 1365 and 1243 of the Indonesian Civil Code. The study concludes that banks are legally responsible for restoring customers’ rights by correcting SLIK data, issuing clarification letters, and providing material and immaterial compensation. Upholding prudential principles and consumer protection is essential to maintaining public trust in the post-merger banking system.

The land conflict between the Pandumaan-Sipituhuta indigenous community and PT Toba Pulp Lestari is a form of agrarian conflict involving claims to control customary territory and corporate interests. This study aims to analyze the role of the Indigenous Peoples Alliance of the Archipelago (AMAN) in this conflict. The approach used was qualitative with data collection techniques through in-depth interviews and documentation studies. The results of the study indicate that AMAN plays a significant role in various aspects, such as legal assistance, mass mobilization, community organizing, legal education, and village deliberations. In addition, AMAN also builds networks with various parties to strengthen the bargaining position of indigenous communities. Through these roles, AMAN has succeeded in increasing the bargaining power of the Pandumaan-Sipituhuta indigenous community in facing the conflict with PT Toba Pulp Lestari. This study confirms that advocacy organizations such as AMAN have a crucial role in fighting for the rights of indigenous communities in land disputes, as well as being agents of change in resolving agrarian conflicts.

Gender-based and age-based violence targeting women and children continues to pose a serious challenge to human rights protection in Indonesia. As the principal duty bearer, the state bears the obligation to respect, protect, and fulfill victims' rights through effective protection mechanisms, one of which is the Regional Technical Implementation Unit for the Protection of Women and Children (UPTD PPA). This research analyzes the contribution of UPTD PPA Bandung City in fulfilling the human rights of victims of violence against women and children and maps the obstacles encountered in operational service delivery. The study utilizes a juridical-empirical method with a descriptive-analytical approach. Primary data were gathered through in-depth interviews with UPTD PPA Bandung City representatives in November 2025, whereas secondary data were derived from the examination of legal regulations and relevant scholarly literature. Research findings reveal that UPTD PPA Bandung City managed 382 cases in 2025 by providing complaint mechanisms, assessment procedures, legal and psychological support, counseling services, and shelter facilities. These services demonstrate normative compliance with national legislation and human rights principles, particularly concerning protection, rehabilitation, and access to justice. Nevertheless, service delivery encounters several challenges, including insufficient human resources and facilities, underreporting by victims, and suboptimal cross-institutional coordination. Consequently, strengthening institutional capacity, ensuring adequate infrastructure, developing integrated standard operating procedures, and establishing regional regulatory frameworks are essential to guarantee effective and sustained fulfillment of victims' rights.

This study examines the social realities of Iranian society, often misrepresented in international media that focus on politics, conflict, or conservatism. Using a sociological and humanistic perspective, it highlights everyday practices of courtesy, social norms, and traditions. The taarof ritual a unique form of politeness is discussed as a vivid example of how Iranians foster social harmony, respect guests, and demonstrate solidarity. The article also considers the impact of formal and customary law on social behavior, alongside the interplay between tradition and modernity in urban and rural contexts. Field observations and literature review suggest that Iranian society maintains high levels of courtesy and social cohesion, challenging common stereotypes. This research aims to enrich cross-cultural understanding and provide a more nuanced view of social life in Iran.

Article 170 paragraph (1) of Law Number 1 of 2022 concerning HKPD emphasizes the synchronization of fiscal planning and policy for integrated national development. However, in the APBA (Aceh Provincial Budget) planning, discrepancies persist between the Aceh Government’s documents and the central fiscal policy direction, leading to synchronization that remains administrative rather than substantive. This issue is further complicated by Aceh's special status under Law No. 11 of 2006, which results in differences in macro indicators, program structure, and a lack of substantive participation from Aceh, creating epistemological inequality and structural injustice in central-regional financial relations. The research aims to understand why APBA management planning is not fully synchronized with government policy and to explore the ideal procedure for achieving synchronization, considering Aceh’s unique autonomy. This study is a normative juridical analysis using a legislative, conceptual, historical, and futuristic approach, with the application of authority theory, policy suitability theory, asymmetric decentralization theory, and good governance principles. The findings reveal that the lack of synchronization is caused by procedural issues, such as the absence of integration between RKPD (Regional Government Work Plan) and RKP (National Government Work Plan) schedules, the lack of a mechanism for reducing KEM-PPKF indicators, unclear fiscal support evaluation, and absence of guidelines and sanctions. Additionally, there are substantial issues like the incompatibility of Aceh's macro indicators with national targets. To achieve ideal synchronization, normative legality, equal central and regional authority, and integrated planning systems are needed.

This research is motivated by the rise of online sales fraud cases on the island of Bali that are detrimental to consumers, the purpose of this research is to analyze it from the aspect of juridical studies and the basis of judges' decisions in deciding cases, this research uses a normative method with a library approach, the results of the study show that online fraud crimes utilize digital technology to manipulate data, here the defendant uses fake transfer evidence as a tool to deceive the store that meets the elements in Article 378 of the Criminal Code, namely the intention to benefit oneself unlawfully, and Article 35 of the ITE Law concerning manipulation of electronic information with the aim of making the data considered authentic, the basis for the judge's consideration to pass a verdict because the existence of photos of transfer evidence and the victim's account balance is sufficient to convince the judge that the defendant is guilty. Legal protection for victims of online fraud has been regulated in the Consumer Protection Law, the ITE Law and government regulations related to electronic transactions, but to strengthen preventive and systemic efforts, public education and increased capacity of law enforcement officers are needed, With the latest regulations such as Law No. 1 of 2024 concerning the second amendment to the ITE Law, Presidential Decree No. Law No. 49 of 2024 concerning the National Strategy for Consumer Protection and Minister of Trade Regulation No. 17 of 2024 concerning the National Action Plan for Consumer Protection have implications for strengthening legal protection for victims of online fraud, which is expected to provide a sense of security in digital transactions.

This study examines the role of the private sector in collaborative politics to strengthen human security in preventing human trafficking in Kupang City, East Nusa Tenggara Province. Human trafficking is an extraordinary crime that poses serious threats to human security, particularly for Indonesian Migrant Worker Candidates (CPMI) who are highly vulnerable to exploitation and illegal recruitment. The complexity of this issue requires the involvement of multiple actors, including not only the government but also the private sector. This research employs a qualitative descriptive method, with data collected through interviews, observation, and documentation. The research sites include BP3MI East Nusa Tenggara as a government representative and two private companies, PT Bakti Unggul Sejahtera (PT BUS) and PT AKKA AL-MATAR. The analysis is based on the collaborative governance framework proposed by Ansell and Gash, which emphasizes face-to-face dialogue, trust building, commitment to the process, shared understanding, and intermediate outcomes. The findings indicate that collaboration between the government and the private sector plays a significant role in preventing human trafficking through legal recruitment processes, pre-departure training, capacity building, and supervision of labor placement procedures. Although challenges remain in coordination and policy consistency, these collaborative practices contribute positively to strengthening the protection of migrant workers’ rights and security. This study concludes that collaborative politics between the government and the private sector is a crucial strategy in developing a human security–oriented human trafficking prevention system

The rapid development of digital technology has increased the risk of song copyright infringement, thereby requiring effective and adaptive law enforcement mechanisms. Song copyright, as part of intellectual property rights, is protected under Law Number 28 of 2014 on Copyright, with certain infringements classified as complaint-based criminal offenses. This study aims to analyze the handling of criminal cases of song copyright infringement by Civil Servant Investigators at the Regional Office of the Ministry of Law in West Java and to evaluate the effectiveness of their enforcement practices. The research employs a normative-empirical method with a descriptive-analytical approach, combining statutory analysis with empirical data obtained through interviews and field observations. The findings reveal that case handling is conducted through structured stages, including complaint submission, preliminary examination, mediation, and follow-up actions. Mediation constitutes the primary mechanism for dispute resolution, reflecting the application of the ultimum remedium principle and a restorative justice approach. Although the procedural framework has been implemented in accordance with applicable regulations, enforcement effectiveness remains constrained by limited human resources, budgetary limitations, insufficient technical capacity, low public legal awareness, and inadequate inter-agency coordination. These results underscore the importance of strengthening institutional capacity and enhancing enforcement effectiveness to ensure sustainable protection of song copyright.

This study aims to analyze the legal status of jointly managed social media accounts within the framework of marital property in Indonesia. The growth of the digital creative economy has transformed social media accounts into productive assets with economic value, yet Indonesian civil law has not provided legal certainty regarding their ownership status following divorce or death. The research method employed is normative legal research with a comparative legal approach. The results indicate a regulatory void in Law Number 1 of 1974, which remains oriented toward physical objects, while digital accounts are often regarded as personal rights tied to the registered individual. Conversely, digital regulations in the European Union, through the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the concept of digital estate, have begun to accommodate the continuity of access and management of digital assets for relevant parties. The discussion emphasizes the need for a redefinition of assets in Indonesian family law that synchronizes privacy rights with economic rights. In conclusion, productive social media accounts should be qualified as marital property through progressive interpretation or prenuptial agreements. This study recommends the synchronization of personal data protection regulations and marriage law to ensure distributive justice for couples in the digital economy era.

In Surabaya City, the City Government through the Transportation Agency developed the Suroboyo Bus and Trans Semanggi programs to address traffic congestion, limited public transportation, and the need for safe, comfortable, and environmentally friendly transportation. However, complaints are still found regarding limited facilities, irregular schedules, and suboptimal communication services, so that service performance evaluation is needed from the user's perspective. This study aims to analyze the performance of Suroboyo Bus and Trans Semanggi public transportation services at the Surabaya City Transportation Agency using five public service performance indicators according to Dwiyanto et al. (2021), namely productivity, service quality, responsiveness, responsibility, and accountability. The approach used is quantitative with the Importance Performance Analysis (IPA) method. The results of the study show an average expectation score (importance) of 4.18 and a reality score (performance) of 3.86 with an overall gap of -0.32, which means that the performance of Suroboyo Bus and Trans Semanggi services still does not meet public expectations. Through the IPA mapping, three attributes are in Quadrant I (high priority): the friendly and professional attitude of staff, the adequacy of on-board facilities, and the transparency of official information regarding schedules and service changes. A total of 13 attributes are in Quadrant II (maintained), 13 attributes in Quadrant III (low priority), and one attribute in Quadrant IV (excessive).

This study evaluates the implementation of the Job Analysis (Anjab) policy at the Provincial General Elections Commission (KPU) of East Java using William N. Dunn’s policy evaluation model. The purpose of this research is to assess the extent to which the Anjab policy has been effective, efficient, adequate, equitable, responsive, and appropriate in supporting human resource management within the Provincial KPU. This study employs a descriptive qualitative approach, with data collected through interviews with personnel in the Subdivision of Personnel, observations, and document analysis of relevant regulations and internal documents. The evaluation shows that the implementation of Anjab within the KPU has not been optimal, as the Anjab documents have not been updated regularly, the job map remains generic and nationally standardized, there is no dedicated team responsible for Anjab management, and personnel’s understanding of Anjab remains limited. These conditions result in discrepancies between job descriptions and actual tasks performed, disproportionate task distribution, and low utilization of Anjab in human resource structuring. Consequently, the policy has not been fully effective, efficient, responsive, or well-targeted. Key recommendations include establishing an Anjab implementation team, providing technical training, developing an institution-specific job map, and conducting regular document updates

Digital transformation in the management of state property is a necessary step towards achieving transparent and accountable governance. The Minstry of Finance, through the Directorate General of State Assets, has developed the State Asset Management Information System Version 2 application as a means of digital based management, but its implementation still faces challenges related to interest in its use by work unit operators. This study aims to evaluate the impact of intentions, attitudes, and subjective norms on interest in using the SIMAN V2 application at the Surabaya State Assets and Auction Service Office using the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) approach. Using a quantitative design through a survey, this study was conducted at the Surabaya KPKNL with subjects being SIMAN V2 application operators in work units in the working area. Data colection techniques used a questionnaire with a Likert scale. Data analysis was performed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) based on Partial Least Square (PLS) using SmartPLS software. The results of the study indicate that intention, attitude, and subjective norms have a positive and significant effect on interest in using the SIMAN V2 application. This study shows that psychological and social factors play an important role in supporting technology adoption in the public sector. The conclusion emphasizes that increased interest in use can be achieved by strengthening individual intentions, forming positive attitudes, and providing workplace support. Increased socialization, ongoing technical training, and recommendations for further research institutional supportfrom agencies to optimize the use of the SIMAN V2 application.

Indonesian Migrant Workers (PMI) face the problem of stigmatization and negative image that has been rooted in public perception for several decades, where the social construction of TKI is dominated by narratives of exploitation, violence, and victimization reinforced by conventional mass media coverage. The phenomenon of TKI emerging as content creators on the TikTok platform opens new opportunities for migrant workers to represent themselves independently and build personal Branding that has the potential to reconstruct their image in public perception. This study aims to analyze the personal Branding strategies of TKI content creators on TikTok, measure the engagement patterns and reach of the content produced, and evaluate the transformation of public perception toward Indonesian migrant workers as an implication of these digital communication practices. This study uses a qualitative approach with a case study design to explore the process of image reconstruction through personal Branding on the TikTok platform. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with five TKI content creators who have followers ranging from 750 thousand to 2.3 million, interviews with 50 active followers, and interviews with two digital communication experts. The research findings show that TKI content creators implement personal Branding strategies through content authenticity, narrative consistency, and positioning differentiation with engagement rates. Public perception changed significantly with a decrease in negative perception from 68 percent to 18 percent and an increase in positive perception from 10 percent to 55 percent within an exposure period of more than 12 months. Image reconstruction occurs through three mechanisms: humanization that displays the human side of TKI, normalization that elevates the profession as work worthy of respect, and inspiration that demonstrates their positive achievements. This study recommends that the government and related stakeholders support digital literacy for migrant workers to optimize social media platforms as a means of empowerment, as well as promote policies that protect and appreciate the contribution of TKI as an integral part of national economic development.

Public service in the transportation sector plays a strategic role in ensuring public safety and comfort, particularly through roadworthiness testing (Kir) for public transportation. This study aims to analyze the implementation of public services in roadworthiness testing at the Bandar Lampung City Transportation Agency and to identify the factors influencing its service quality. The research employs a qualitative approach, with data collected through interviews, observations, and documentation. The results indicate that the roadworthiness testing has been implemented systematically in accordance with statutory regulations, covering the stages of registration, technical inspection, result determination, and administrative completion. The application of technical inspections and on-field safety inspections (ramp checks) demonstrates the local government's commitment to improving public service quality and transportation safety. However, the implementation still faces several obstacles, including technological system disruptions, long waiting times, limited testing facilities and infrastructure, and a lack of understanding among some service users regarding the importance of roadworthiness. This study concludes that enhancing public services in roadworthiness testing requires strengthening the service systems, increasing human resource capacity, and raising public awareness to ensure services operate more effectively and remain oriented toward the public interest

Youth radicalization is a serious issue that threatens social harmony, national stability, and the sustainability of nationhood in Indonesia. Various reports indicate that nearly one-third of terrorism perpetrators over the past decade have come from young people, signaling ideological vulnerability among the productive age group. This article aims to propose a youth deradicalization approach through contemporary Islamic thought, emphasizing rationality, openness of thinking, and humanism as its main foundations. This study employs a qualitative method with a literature review approach by analyzing the works, ideas, and thoughts of contemporary Islamic scholars and examining their relevance in the context of youth development and empowerment. The findings show that contemporary Islamic approaches that emphasize critical reasoning, dialogue, and respect for humanity are effective in shaping moderate attitudes, fostering social awareness, and strengthening an inclusive and tolerant Islamic identity. Therefore, this article recommends that religious education be integrated into curricula that emphasize the values of religious moderation, respect for diversity, and the rejection of violence. This approach is expected to help young people become more tolerant, adaptive, and resilient against the influence of extremist ideologies that are harmful to society.

This study aims to analyze Indonesia’s foreign policy in the G20 Bali Leaders’ Declaration of 2022 by mapping national interests to understand the direction and priorities of Indonesian diplomacy amid complex global geopolitical dynamics. Employing a qualitative descriptive-analytical approach and the Rational Choice Theory framework, this research examines how Indonesia, as G20 Presidency, conducted rational calculations between domestic interests and external pressures—particularly regarding the Russia–Ukraine conflict. The findings reveal that Indonesia successfully embedded its national interests into four main dimensions: non-traditional security, strategic economy (energy transition, digitalization, food security), an inclusive global order, and ideological values rooted in the free and active principle. These were effectively integrated into the final declaration. Through an active-inclusive diplomatic strategy including shuttle diplomacy and carefully neutral diplomatic language Indonesia maintained consensus despite deep geopolitical polarization. This demonstrates that Indonesia’s foreign policy during its G20 Presidency was the result of deliberate rational choice, not only addressing global challenges but also reinforcing its role as a credible middle power and bridge-builder. The study contributes theoretically to rationality-based foreign policy analysis and offers practical insights for future Indonesian multilateral diplomacy.

This study aims to analyze the strategic management of disaster services in handling flood-affected communities in Surabaya City. This study uses a qualitative descriptive approach with an analytical framework of strategic management theory according to Wheelen and Hunger (2008), which includes four main stages: environmental observation, strategy formulation, strategy implementation, and evaluation and control. Data were obtained through documentation studies, field observations, and secondary data searches from official reports from the Regional Disaster Management Agency (BPBD), the Central Statistics Agency (BPS), and relevant online sources. The results show that the BPBD of East Java Province has implemented a systematic strategic management cycle in disaster services. During the environmental observation stage, the BPBD was able to identify the main threat in the form of the dominance of hydrometeorological disasters, particularly floods. During the strategy formulation stage, the BPBD established a mission, objectives, and strategic policies focused on disaster risk reduction, increasing community preparedness, and strengthening cross-sectoral coordination. Strategy implementation is realized through mitigation, preparedness, and emergency response programs, as well as the utilization of early warning systems and command centers. Meanwhile, evaluation and control are carried out continuously through monitoring disaster events and adjusting policies based on actual conditions in the field. The flood-affected community management strategy demonstrates a responsive and collaborative approach, despite still facing structural challenges such as tidal flooding and limited drainage infrastructure. This study concludes that implementing strategic management based on the theory of Wheelen and Hunger (2008) can improve the effectiveness of disaster services, but requires strengthening long-term mitigation and community empowerment.

The Indonesia Pintar Program (PIP) serves as a strategic state instrument to ensure equitable access to education for children from low-income families, in accordance with the constitutional mandate. However, the prevalence of fund embezzlement poses a severe threat to the fulfillment of these educational rights. This study aims to analyze the structural and institutional dynamics triggering fund misappropriation, evaluate the effectiveness of current oversight mechanisms, and formulate strategies to mitigate such violations. This research employs a normative legal method with a descriptive-analytical approach, utilizing statutory and socio-legal analysis to examine regulations such as Law No. 20 of 2003 and relevant ministerial decrees. The findings reveal that embezzlement is driven by complex structural factors, including data asymmetry between Dapodik and DTKS, weak internal supervision, and a lack of transparency in fund distribution. Furthermore, legal enforcement remains suboptimal, often limited to administrative sanctions due to difficulties in proving mens rea and poor coordination among law enforcement agencies. The study concludes that current oversight mechanisms are insufficient to curb corruption in the education sector. Therefore, comprehensive reform is urgently needed, focusing on the integration of digital data systems, the implementation of e-audits, and the enhancement of civil society participation to ensure accountability. These measures are essential to protect the constitutional rights of children and ensure that education funds reach their intended beneficiaries without leakage.    

This study is a case study that analyzes the handling of sexual violence in Cianjur Regency, examining the relationship between social morality, the role of law enforcement officials, and the effectiveness of criminal law policy after the enactment of Law Number 12 of 2022 concerning Sexual Violence Crimes (TPKS Law). This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach with an empirical juridical method through a sociological approach to law. Data was obtained through interviews with law enforcement officials, field observations, and a literature review of relevant legislation and scientific literature. The results of the study show that the handling of sexual violence cases in Cianjur Regency still faces obstacles in the form of weak social morality, strong stigma against victims, and a patriarchal culture that affects reporting and law enforcement processes. In addition, the role of law enforcement officials has not been optimal due to limited capacity, coordination between institutions, and a lack of sensitivity to the victims' perspective. This study recommends strengthening the capacity of law enforcement officials through training on gender perspectives and the implementation of the TPKS Law, continuous education on social morality at the community level, and strengthening inter-agency coordination to improve victim protection and the effectiveness of criminal law policy in Cianjur Regency.

Cooperatives, as the backbone of the people's economy, play a strategic role in improving the welfare of their members, particularly through the management of business profits. This role becomes even more complex when cooperatives receive government assistance sourced from state finances, as its management concerns not only the internal interests of the cooperative, but also the public interest. In practice, the extensive authority of cooperative administrators is often not balanced with strict restrictions and effective oversight mechanisms, thereby creating the potential for abuse of authority and weak accountability. The purpose of this study is to determine whether legal regulations can limit the authority of administrators so that they do not abuse government assistance and to determine whether existing regulations provide adequate oversight mechanisms. The research method used was normative juridical with a statutory approach and a conceptual approach. The results of the study show that normatively, the authority of cooperative administrators has been limited through the principle of delegation from member meetings and accountability obligations, and reinforced by the state financial legal regime through government assistance. In addition, the supervisory mechanism has been regulated in layers through internal and external supervision, although in practice it still has the potential to be formalistic. The implication of this study is the importance of strengthening the implementation of authority restrictions and effective supervisory mechanisms in order to realize accountable, transparent, and sustainable cooperative governance, while maintaining public trust in government assistance programs.