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Anemia during pregnancy remains a significant public health challenge, with iron supplementation recommended as the primary preventive strategy. However, compliance with iron tablet consumption among pregnant women continues to be low in many settings. This study aims to review existing literature to identify barriers that hinder adherence to iron supplementation. A systematic literature review was conducted by screening publications from 2015 to 2025, retrieved from major databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect. Thematic synthesis was applied to analyze findings across selected studies. Results revealed three major categories of barriers: internal factors such as limited knowledge, perceived low risk of anemia, and side effects; social factors including lack of family support, cultural norms, and insufficient counseling from health providers; and systemic factors such as limited supplement availability and inadequate quality of antenatal services. These findings highlight that compliance is not merely an individual issue but also shaped by social and structural contexts. Implications suggest the need for multidimensional interventions, involving health education, family engagement, and strengthened health system support to improve maternal adherence to iron supplementation.

This study aims to determine the level of body dissatisfaction among individuals experiencing food addiction. Food addiction is characterized by impulsive and uncontrolled eating behavior, particularly toward high-fat and high-sugar foods, accompanied by physical and psychological dependence. This condition increases the risk of weight gain and negatively impacts body image, especially among female college students who are vulnerable to social pressure and ideal beauty standards. The research employed a descriptive quantitative approach with incidental sampling techniques. Participants consisted of six female students from the Psychology and Primary School Teacher Education (PGSD) programs at Universitas Negeri Padang, selected based on the food addiction criteria outlined in the DSM-5. The Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ-16A) was used to measure body dissatisfaction levels. Data were analyzed using percentage distribution to provide a general overview of body dissatisfaction among the research subjects. The results showed that 66.66% of participants experienced high to very high levels of body dissatisfaction. This indicates a positive relationship between food addiction and body dissatisfaction. Students with food addiction tend to have negative perceptions of their body shape, influenced by social pressures, media exposure, and prevailing beauty ideals in society. These findings highlight the need for appropriate psychological interventions and education about healthy eating habits and self-acceptance in university environments. Through a comprehensive approach, it is hoped that students can develop a more positive body image and avoid eating disorders that may harm their physical and mental health. Additionally, this study can serve as a basis for developing mental health promotion programs and eating disorder prevention efforts among university students.

Christian Religious Education (PAK) plays a crucial role in building religious tolerance in a diverse society. PAK does not only focus on Christian teachings, but also seeks to shape students' morals, attitudes, and spirituality through an approach that is relevant to various age levels. Thus, this education provides a solid foundation for understanding universal human values. PAK emphasizes the importance of tolerance in a pluralistic society, respects religious diversity, and accepts differences as part of a complex social structure. In this context, PAK teaches students to see differences as a source of strength and cultural richness, not as a barrier. This education also encourages the development of empathy and concern for others, which are very important in building intergroup relationships.Furthermore, PAK actively seeks to expand understanding of the values ​​of commonality between religions through dialogue and seminars. These activities involve not only students but also parents and local communities and create constructive discussion forums. Using social media as a means to spread messages of taboos and respond quickly to religious issues is also an effective strategy given its broad impact. PAK also contributes to poverty alleviation and community empowerment, regardless of religion, with programs that focus on improving basic needs and quality of life.A commitment to justice and human rights is the foundation of all initiatives, and all stakeholders are asked to play an active role in creating positive change. Therefore, PAK aims to build a peaceful, harmonious, and inclusive society that values ​​differences and avoids conflict. Through continuing education and open dialogue, our goal is to equip future generations with an attitude of mutual respect and harmonious coexistence with diversity.

Integrated Islamic Early Childhood Education (PAUD IT) Baitul Izzah Bengkulu is an Islamic-based educational institution that integrates a holistic curriculum grounded in Islamic morals with the national curriculum to shape superior, creative, independent, and noble-charactered generations from an early age. Located within the Great Mosque Baitul Izzah complex in Bengkulu City, the institution aims to prosper the mosque as a center for religious learning, introduce children to the mosque environment, and provide high-quality Islamic education amid the growing public demand for Islamic schools. This institution emphasizes the development of religious character, social skills, and cognitive abilities in a balanced manner. Through five core missions fostering love for Allah SWT and Prophet Muhammad SAW in daily learning activities, educating children intelligently and creatively, facilitating children’s potential and talent development, implementing enjoyable and child-centered learning methods, and continuously enhancing the quality of human resources PAUD IT Baitul Izzah actively supports early character building that is consistently aligned with Islamic values and educational goals.

The thesis entitled, "Analysis of the Impact of Worship Based on John 4:23 on the Spiritual Growth of the GBI Patuha Bandung Congregation."John 4:23 can provide the teachings of the Lord Jesus about worship and the extent of its impact on the spiritual growth of the congregation. The research aims to explore how worship in the context of church services affects spiritual growth, including heart transformation, spiritual renewal, and character development in Christ. This study uses a qualitative descriptive approach to analyze the impact of worship based on John 4:23 on the spiritual growth of the congregation at Gereja Bethel Indonesia (GBI) Patuha, Bandung. Data were collected through interviews with leaders, activists, and church workers, as well as direct observations in the field. The results show that worship, as described in John 4:24, is a vital aspect of the spiritual life of the GBI Patuha congregation. The church has undergone significant transformation by shifting its focus from teaching to worship, with the aim of deepening a personal relationship with God. Worship is not only an emotional activity but also a means to strengthen faith, renew the spirit, and shape Christ-like character in the lives of the congregation. Worship grounded in the Word of God and the guidance of the Holy Spirit positively impacts the church community, encouraging active service and devotion to God and others. The congregation experiences heart transformation and spiritual renewal, which strengthens their relationship with God. Furthermore, worship focused on God encourages the congregation to live in humility, love, and obedience, as well as increasing their enthusiasm for serving. Innovations such as providing digital worship platforms also extend the church’s reach and enhance congregational involvement. This study also recommends the development of more structured worship training to deepen theological understanding and correct worship practices according to biblical principles.

Advances in digital technology have triggered changes in consumer behavior, particularly in decision-making in the hospitality industry, including in choosing accommodation. Online reviews on platforms such as Tripadvisor have become the main reference for prospective guests in assessing hotel quality. The purpose of this study is to determine the influence of the dimensions of Electronic Word of Mouth (E-WOM), consisting of intensity, valence, content, and rating, on consumers' decisions to stay at PO Hotel Semarang. This study applies a quantitative approach using descriptive methods. Data collection techniques were carried out through observation and the distribution of online questionnaires to 96 respondents who had stayed at or accessed reviews of PO Hotel Semarang on the Tripadvisor platform. The findings of this study show that all dimensions of Electronic Word of Mouth (E-WOM) have a positive and significant effect on the decision to stay. The dimensions of valence and rating are the most dominant factors in shaping consumer decisions. These findings indicate that digital marketing strategies through online reviews can significantly shape consumer perceptions. The QR code strategy used by PO Hotel Semarang to facilitate access to reviews proved effective in building consumer engagement and strengthening the hotel's online reputation. Therefore, hotel management is advised to manage and encourage positive reviews and enrich review content to enhance the hotel's credibility and reputation digitally.

Character education is a fundamental aspect in the effort to shape individuals with morals, ethics, and responsibility amidst the currents of globalization and modernization. The phenomenon of moral crisis, ethical degradation, and dehumanization emphasizes the urgency of character education that is not only oriented towards intellectual intelligence, but also emphasizes spiritual and social values. In this context, the thoughts of Ahmad Amin, a modern Islamic thinker, are relevant to be re-examined. Ahmad Amin emphasized the importance of Islamic values ​​as a foundation for ethics and morality that are both universal and contextual, thus able to address the needs of modern humans who are facing complex challenges in various aspects of life. This study uses a library research method with a qualitative approach. The main data sources are Ahmad Amin's works related to the concept of morals and education, supplemented by supporting literature discussing character education and its relevance in today's development. The analysis was conducted descriptively and analytically to examine Ahmad Amin's ideas and relate them to the needs of modern society. The results of the study indicate that Ahmad Amin's thoughts on character education are rooted in Islamic moral principles that emphasize the balance between spiritual, intellectual, and social aspects. Values ​​such as honesty, responsibility, discipline, and social awareness are at the heart of healthy character development. This thinking is relevant to the needs of the modern era, marked by a moral crisis, and therefore can serve as an alternative paradigm for character education that adapts to current developments while remaining grounded in Islamic values. Therefore, it can be concluded that Ahmad Amin's thinking is not only of historical value but also makes a significant contribution to developing character education based on Islamic values, capable of maintaining spiritual orientation while addressing the challenges of modernity.

This study examines the relationship between material mastery and draping practice outcomes among students in the Family Welfare Vocational Education (PVKK) Fashion Design Study Program at PGRI Adi Buana University, Surabaya. Draping, as a technique for making patterns directly on a mannequin or the human body, is an important course in fashion design synchronization. This technique allows students to develop creativity, understand the proportions, shapes, and volumes of fabric, and produce unique works that suit the curves of the body. This study used a quantitative approach by collecting data from 60 student respondents from the 2021 and 2022 intakes through questionnaires and documentation. The variables studied were draping material mastery (independent variable) and draping practice outcomes (dependent variable). The analysis results showed a significant and positive relationship between material mastery and draping practice outcomes. The better the material mastery, the better the students' draping practice outcomes. This emphasizes that a strong theoretical understanding is an important foundation for practical skills, and learning theory and practice must be balanced to optimally improve the quality of student work. These findings have important implications for curriculum development and learning methods in the PVKK Fashion Design Study Program. To support the achievement of optimal practical results, teaching strategies are needed that integrate theory and practice in a more interactive and applicable way. For example, the use of video tutorial-based learning media, digital draping simulations, or project-based learning can strengthen students' understanding while improving their technical skills. Furthermore, increasing the intensity of practice with direct feedback from lecturers has also proven effective in accelerating technical mastery. With a holistic and adaptive learning approach, vocational education institutions can produce graduates who are not only technically competent but also competent.

This study was conducted to explore in depth how ethical pressure, ethical orientation, and religiosity influence earnings management practices, while also examining whether religiosity plays a role as a moderating variable in this relationship. Using a quantitative, survey-based approach, this study involved 109 respondents with professional backgrounds and experience in accounting and finance, thus deemed relevant in understanding the phenomenon of earnings management from a practitioner's perspective. The data analysis technique used was Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM), which is considered appropriate for examining relationships between latent variables with high complexity. The results show that ethical pressure has a positive and significant influence on earnings management practices, meaning that the greater the ethical pressure a person feels, the higher the tendency to engage in such practices. Conversely, ethical orientation shows a negative and significant influence, so that individuals with a strong ethical orientation tend to reject this manipulative practice. Religiosity is also shown to have a significant negative influence, so that the higher a person's level of religiosity, the lower their tendency to engage in earnings management. Furthermore, moderation analysis found that religiosity strengthens the influence of ethical orientation in suppressing earnings management practices, meaning that individuals who are both religious and have a high ethical orientation are more consistent in maintaining their integrity. However, the role of religiosity was not proven to be significant in moderating the relationship between ethical pressure and earnings management practices, indicating that although religiosity can shape ethical attitudes, it is not sufficient to mitigate the impact of strong external pressures. These findings imply the importance of strengthening ethical values ​​and religiosity in accounting education and practice to prevent opportunistic behavior that is detrimental to related parties.

Animation has transcended its traditional association with children’s entertainment and emerged as a dynamic global medium that resonates with audiences across age groups. Beyond its role as a form of visual amusement, animation demonstrates significant potential in conveying meaningful narratives and creating emotional engagement through carefully crafted aesthetic experiences. A central element in the animation process is character design, where the combination of shape, color, and expression not only determines visual appeal but also functions as a medium for reflecting personality and emotional depth. This study aims to investigate the relationship between personal interests and personality traits in shaping visual preferences toward animation illustrations among children and adults. Through a literature review, the research highlights how individual interests—deeply influenced by developmental needs, social environment, and past experiences—play a crucial role in guiding aesthetic choices. Findings suggest that children are typically drawn to characters with simplified forms, bright and saturated colors, and exaggerated expressions that facilitate recognition, comprehension, and emotional connection. Conversely, adults tend to prefer more complex designs, incorporating nuanced emotional cues, realistic proportions, and layered symbolism that align with mature cognitive and emotional processing. The comparison underscores the importance of audience segmentation in animation design, particularly in creating characters that are not only visually engaging but also resonate with psychological and emotional expectations. By recognizing and addressing the distinct preferences of different age groups, animators and illustrators can develop content that is more contextually relevant, immersive, and capable of fostering long-term audience attachment. Ultimately, this study emphasizes that effective animation character design extends beyond technical artistry; it requires a deep understanding of human psychology, cultural influences, and the evolving nature of visual engagement across the lifespan.

This study aims to explore how interpersonal communication plays a role in the process of constructing self-identity within the “Jemuah Keos” community in Surabaya. This community functions as an alternative social space inhabited by individuals with diverse creative backgrounds, such as musicians, motorcycle builders, visual artists, and subculture enthusiasts. The formation of identity in this community is not solely driven by individual expression but also shaped through social interactions that are reflective and rich in meaningful symbols. The study uses a qualitative approach with a descriptive case study method. Data were collected through participatory observation, semi-structured interviews with nine informants, and documentation of various visual artifacts representing the community’s activities. The data analysis process follows the interactive model by Miles and Huberman, which consists of three main stages: data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The theoretical framework used in this study refers to Joseph A. DeVito's concept of interpersonal communication, which includes self-disclosure, empathy, emotional support, symbolic exchange, social values, as well as reflective interaction and role negotiation in social relationships. The findings indicate that interpersonal communication is a key element in shaping and negotiating personal identity. Cultural symbols such as clothing style, vehicle modifications, visual language, and daily interaction patterns become primary means of identity expression. The "Jemuah Keos" community demonstrates openness, equality, and a critical stance against the dominance of mainstream culture. Interpersonal communication within this community also plays a role in building collective solidarity and voicing critical views on existing cultural standards. The identity formed is not only personal but also part of a larger community identity.

This study aims to examine the effect of work environment, work discipline, and work motivation on the performance of vocational school teachers in the Office Management and Business Services program in the Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. A quantitative, explanatory research design was employed to analyze the causal relationships among variables. The research involved 100 vocational teachers selected through simple random sampling from both public and private schools. Data were collected using a validated questionnaire and analyzed using multiple regression analysis.The results indicate that all three independent variables have a significant positive impact on teacher performance. Work motivation contributed the most, with a standardized coefficient of 0.351, followed by work discipline (0.366), and work environment (0.327). Collectively, these variables explained 67.8% of the variance in teacher performance. These findings suggest that teacher effectiveness is strongly shaped by both individual psychological factors and institutional conditions. Future studies should explore additional mediating variables such as leadership style, digital readiness, or organizational commitment, and consider conducting longitudinal research across different vocational disciplines to enhance generalizability.

Sangatta Central Market, one of the largest trading centers in North Sangatta, accommodates more than 750 traders and operates daily until midday, reflecting the high intensity of economic transactions in the region. Within this trading environment, Islamic business ethics play a pivotal role, particularly for Muslim traders, as they not only regulate commercial practices but also shape customer comfort and satisfaction. However, observations indicate that not all traders consistently practice ethical behaviors in line with Islamic values—for example, some neglect to maintain a friendly attitude such as smiling during interactions with buyers. This condition potentially reduces the quality of service and impacts consumer willingness to return. In response, this study seeks to analyze the influence of Islamic business ethics on consumer purchasing interest at the North Sangatta Central Market. The research adopts a quantitative approach by distributing structured questionnaires to a sample of 96 Muslim customers, complemented by direct observation and systematic data recording. The collected data were analyzed using simple linear regression to determine the extent to which the implementation of Islamic business ethics contributes to consumers’ willingness to shop. The results reveal a regression equation of Y' = 9.764 + 0.304X with a correlation coefficient (R) of 0.299. The coefficient of determination (R²) of 29.9% indicates that Islamic business ethics significantly and positively influence consumer purchasing interest. In other words, nearly one-third of the variance in customer purchasing interest can be explained by the level of ethical business practice applied by traders. This finding implies that the more traders integrate Islamic values—such as honesty, fairness, and friendly interaction—into their daily business practices, the more likely consumers are to engage in transactions and maintain loyalty to the market.

Nurses’ performance plays a vital role in ensuring the quality of healthcare services provided to patients. However, in Indonesia, nurses’ performance remains relatively low, which is partly attributed to inadequate levels of work motivation. Work motivation itself is shaped by several factors, one of the most influential being self-efficacy, defined as an individual’s confidence in their ability to perform tasks effectively. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between self-efficacy and work motivation among inpatient nurses at Banjarmasin Islamic Hospital. A quantitative correlational design with a cross-sectional approach was used. The study population included all 75 inpatient nurses, with 63 participants selected through quota sampling. Data collection employed two instruments: a self-efficacy questionnaire adapted from Basari’s research and a work motivation questionnaire developed by Mubarok. The collected data were analyzed using the Spearman rank correlation test with a 0.05 significance level. Findings revealed that most nurses (76.2%) had moderate levels of self-efficacy, while the majority also reported moderate levels of work motivation (55.6%). Statistical testing indicated a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.510 and a significance value (p = 0.001), demonstrating a moderate, positive, and statistically significant relationship between self-efficacy and work motivation. These results suggest that the stronger a nurse’s belief in their competence, the greater their motivation to perform work-related tasks. The study concludes that self-efficacy is a critical determinant of work motivation among inpatient nurses, highlighting the need for hospital management to implement strategies that strengthen nurses’ confidence and abilities. Interventions such as training, mentoring, and continuous professional development are recommended to enhance self-efficacy, which in turn can improve work motivation and overall performance, thereby contributing to higher-quality healthcare delivery.

The lack of interest of young children in learning numbers is a common challenge in kindergarten learning activities. Children tend to be passive during the mathematics learning process because the approach used is not appropriate to their age developmental characteristics, which prefer play, movement, and direct interaction with concrete media. To address this problem, the Community Service Program (KKN) at At-Tien Kindergarten, Sumber Gayam, focused on learning innovation by designing a simple media called the Mathematics Ferris Wheel. This media was designed by combining elements of play and motor activity, making it more engaging for children. The research in this community service activity used a Participatory Action Research (PAR) approach, which actively involved teachers and students in the planning, implementation, and evaluation stages. The media was implemented by children turning the Ferris wheel in turns, then calling out the number indicated along with the numbers before and after. Through this activity, children not only learned to recognize number sequences but also practiced concentration, courage, and communication skills. The implementation results showed that the use of the Mathematics Ferris Wheel was able to significantly improve the understanding of number concepts in early childhood. Furthermore, children's active involvement in learning also increased, demonstrated by their enthusiasm in participating in the game from start to finish. Teachers found this media to be highly beneficial because it is easy to use, flexible, and adaptable to teach other topics such as colors, shapes, and letters. Thus, this KKN activity demonstrates that innovative, participatory learning media can create a fun, contextual, and effective learning environment. Such efforts are a practical solution to improving the quality of learning in early childhood education

This study aims to identify and describe the role of Islamic Education (PAI) teachers in addressing cases of cyberbullying at SMA Al-Islam Krian, as well as to evaluate the effectiveness of the strategies implemented in its prevention and handling. The research employed a descriptive qualitative method, with data collected through observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. The findings reveal that PAI teachers serve not only as educators but also as moral guides and motivators who instill Islamic values through personal approaches, digital ethics education, and the reinforcement of students' religious character. The strategies implemented include integrating religious values into the learning process, using religious activities to shape character, and participating in conflict mediation among students. Challenges faced include limited digital literacy among teachers, insufficient school policy support, and a lack of awareness among students and parents regarding the impact of cyberbullying. The study concludes that the role of PAI teachers is highly strategic and should be strengthened through training, supportive policies, and collaboration with various stakeholders to create a safe and morally grounded school environment .

Narcotics are substances or drugs, whether synthetic or semi-synthetic, derived from plants or non-plant materials that have the potential to cause disturbances or changes in human consciousness. Their use may result in loss of sensation, impaired taste, and, in more severe cases, strong dependency or addiction. While narcotics have undeniable benefits in the fields of medicine, healthcare, and scientific development—particularly in pain management and research—their misuse carries significant risks for both individuals and society. This study adopts a normative legal approach by analyzing existing regulations, statutory provisions, and relevant academic literature regarding narcotics and crime. The findings reveal that narcotics abuse is often closely linked to criminal behavior, as drug dependence can negatively influence psychological stability, decision-making, and social conduct, potentially driving individuals to engage in unlawful acts. Furthermore, crime is a relative concept shaped by context, culture, and societal norms, which means its connection with narcotics requires multidimensional analysis. Law enforcement efforts against narcotics-related crimes have been continuously pursued by authorities through preventive, repressive, and judicial measures, with various court rulings highlighting the gravity of the problem. However, legal enforcement alone is insufficient; a holistic strategy is needed that combines strict law enforcement with rehabilitation, psychological support, and community education. Such a comprehensive approach is expected to reduce narcotics misuse, prevent recidivism, and minimize its destructive impacts. Ultimately, this research seeks to provide deeper insights into the dynamic relationship between narcotics abuse and crime, while offering practical recommendations to achieve more effective solutions for protecting individuals, strengthening social resilience, and promoting public welfare

Indonesia has a rich cultural heritage, one of which is batik, which has become a national cultural heritage and is recognized by UNESCO as a world intangible cultural heritage. Along with the development of digital technology and the increasingly dynamic needs of society, innovations in the form of digital batik have emerged, opening new opportunities in the preservation and development of traditional batik motifs. Digital batik not only allows efficiency in the production process but also expands the reach of creative expression through the exploration of new, more modern forms, colors, and media. This creative research aims to explore the shape and color of the female beetle (Coccinellidae) as inspiration in creating digital batik motifs that are then applied to mugs using digital printing techniques. The method used is exploratory with an artistic practice approach, involving stages ranging from visual concept design, digital sketching, color exploration, to the printing process on ceramic media. The design process was carried out digitally using the Ibis Paint application on a mobile device, which demonstrates that batik works can be created flexibly with the help of simple technology. The results of this creation are 15 digital batik works with the visual character of the female beetle that have been artistically modified without losing their distinctive shape and striking color. Each design measures 20 x 8 cm and is printed on a cylindrical mug with a curved surface. This research demonstrates that natural elements such as insects can be a rich source of aesthetic inspiration for developing contemporary batik motifs. Furthermore, this work demonstrates that modern technology can play a crucial role in maintaining the relevance and appeal of traditional arts like batik in the era of globalization and digitalization.

This study aims to analyze the effect of grated carrot addition on muffin quality, including aspects of shape, color, aroma, texture, and taste. Muffins are a popular bakery product due to their soft texture and varied flavors, which can be enhanced by the addition of nutritious ingredients such as carrots. Carrots are rich in vitamin A, fiber, and beta-carotene which can improve the nutritional value as well as the sensory characteristics of muffins. This study used an experimental method with a completely randomized design (CRD) and four treatments (0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% grated carrot substitution) with three replications. Sensory quality tests and hedonic tests were conducted with untrained panelists, and data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA. The results showed that muffins with 20% grated carrot substitution had the best scores in terms of shape and aroma, while 30% substitution produced the best color, texture, and taste in the sensory quality test. The hedonic test showed that 20% substitution was most preferred for shape and color, while 30% substitution was preferred for aroma, texture, and taste. Furthermore, the addition of grated carrots to muffins not only improves the organoleptic quality but also provides additional beneficial nutritional content, such as vitamin A and fiber. This study concluded that the addition of grated carrots can improve the overall quality of muffins and recommends using a 30% substitution for optimal results, as it can enhance the aroma, taste, and texture that consumers prefer without reducing the overall quality of the muffins.

Tempoyak is a traditional fermented product derived from the flesh of durian fruit (Durio zibethinus) that has undergone a spontaneous fermentation process. This product is very popular in various regions in Indonesia, especially in Sumatra and Kalimantan, and is usually consumed as a cooking spice or side dish. The fermentation process primarily involves the activity of lactic acid bacteria (LAB), a group of microorganisms capable of converting acidic sugars into lactate. LAB plays an important role in forming the distinctive taste of tempoyak, lowering pH, inhibiting the growth of pathogenic microbes, and potentially providing health benefits for consumers. This study aims to isolate and characterize LAB from tempoyak using a microbiological approach. Tempoyak samples were taken from traditional markets, then isolated using MRS agar measurement media. Characterization was carried out through observation of colony morphology, Gram staining, and biochemical tests such as catalase and fermentation of various types of sugars (glucose, sucrose, and maltose). The isolation results showed that all isolates had the typical LAB characteristics, namely Gram-positive, catalase-negative, and rod- and coccus-shaped. The different sugar fermentation abilities indicate species diversity, with the suspected dominant genera being Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Enterococcus, and Lactococcus. Furthermore, several isolates demonstrated antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, indicating the potential use of LAB from tempoyak as a probiotic or natural preservative in the food industry. The decrease in pH from 6.2 to 3.6 during the fermentation process also confirmed the metabolic activity of LAB in acid-producing lactate. These findings open up opportunities for utilizing local LAB from tempoyak as functional agents in the development of safe, healthy, and economically valuable fermented food products. Thus, tempoyak not only has cultural value but also has significant scientific and commercial potential.