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This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of legal protection for victims of human trafficking in Indonesia, based on Law Number 21 of 2007 concerning the Eradication of the Crime of Human Trafficking. Legal protection for victims encompasses preventive measures, case handling, and the restoration of victims’ rights through available legal mechanisms. The focus of this research is to evaluate how far the existing regulations can provide comprehensive protection for victims—beginning from the victim identification process, through judicial proceedings, and continuing to social rehabilitation and reintegration into society. This study applies a normative juridical method that emphasizes legal norms and regulations in force. It also highlights the importance of synergy among law enforcement agencies, the government, and non-governmental organizations to ensure optimal protection for trafficking victims. The research identifies several challenges in the implementation of legal protection, such as limited human resources and inadequate facilities, lack of public legal awareness, and judicial processes that are often slow and unresponsive to victims’ needs. Another major obstacle is the lack of access to legal aid and recovery services, which are crucial for supporting victims’ reintegration and fulfillment of their human rights. This paper seeks to provide a clearer understanding of the current conditions regarding legal protection for human trafficking victims in Indonesia and to formulate recommendations for more effective and integrated policy improvements. Enhancing legal frameworks and improving inter-agency coordination are essential steps toward ensuring victims receive justice and the protection they are entitled to under human rights principles.

Corruption is a severe issue that threatens good government and impedes national growth. Various legislative tools, including Law Number 31 of 1999 in conjunction with Law Number 20 of 2001 concerning the Eradication of Criminal Acts of Corruption, have been used in Indonesia to combat corruption, as well as the establishment of special institutions such as the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK). Although regulations and institutions for eradicating corruption are available, the implementation of the law in the field still faces various obstacles, including weak coordination between law enforcers, political intervention, and the effectiveness of sanctions imposed on perpetrators of corruption. The study seeks to analyze the legal framework governing corruption eradication in Indonesia and identify obstacles in its implementation. This study also looks at legal tactics that can be used to improve the efficacy of anti-corruption efforts. This study takes a normative legal approach and concentrates on analyzing pertinent laws and regulations, court records, and scholarly works. This study's data came from secondary sources including books, scientific journals, and reports from anti-corruption organizations, as well as primary sources like relevant laws and regulations. It is anticipated that this investigation will provide a deeper insight of the effectiveness of the law in eradicating corruption in Indonesia and to find aspects that need to be improved in the existing legal system. Thus, this study can provide academic contributions and practical recommendations for policymakers to strengthen the eradication of corruption in Indonesia. In addition to analyzing the legal framework and challenges, this study also explores the role of public awareness and participation in the fight against corruption in Indonesia. Public involvement, such as through the reporting of corrupt activities and participation in anti-corruption campaigns, can significantly contribute to strengthening anti-corruption efforts.

This research is motivated by the phenomenon of scarcity of 3-kilogram LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) occurring in several sub-districts within Kudus Regency. This scarcity is frequently caused by misdirected distribution, wherein the subsidized gas, which pursuant to Article 3 Paragraph (1) of Presidential Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 104 of 2007, is intended for low-income households and micro-enterprises, is instead accessed by middle-to-upper class individuals and sold at prices exceeding the government-mandated retail price (Harga Eceran Tertinggi/HET). The purpose of this study is to examine the implementation of the aforementioned Presidential Regulation in the distribution of 3-kg LPG within a specific sub-district of Kudus Regency, and to identify the inhibiting factors affecting its execution. This research employs a descriptive qualitative method using a field study approach. Data were collected through observation, in-depth interviews with LPG base outlet operators, sub-district government officials, and subsidy recipient residents, as well as through documentation of policies and distribution reports. The findings indicate that the implementation of the 3-kg LPG distribution policy in the field has not been conducted optimally. Many base outlets continue to sell subsidized LPG to retailers or to non-target consumers for the sake of higher profit margins, compounded by weak regulatory oversight. The impeding factors in policy implementation include: lack of understanding of the regulations by distribution actors, insufficient governmental outreach and socialization efforts, weak oversight and evaluation from Pertamina (the state-owned oil and gas company), and the absence of firm enforcement measures or sanctions against violations, which further exacerbate the problem.

An auction is an open sales mechanism that provides the public with the opportunity to acquire goods or assets through the highest bid. This process begins with an official announcement and is carried out transparently. In line with the development of information technology and efforts to modernize public services, the Indonesian government issued Minister of Finance Regulation (PMK) Number 122 of 2023 concerning Auction Implementation Guidelines. This regulation aims to update and simplify the auction process with a digital approach to make it more effective, efficient, and reach the wider community. This study aims to analyze the implementation of PMK 122/2023 at the Surakarta State Assets and Auction Service Office (KPKNL) and identify obstacles encountered in its implementation. The research method used is a juridical-empirical with a qualitative approach, where primary data was obtained through interviews with auction officials and related staff at the Surakarta KPKNL, while secondary data was collected from regulations, official documents, and legal literature. The research results show that the implementation of PMK 122/2023 has had a positive impact on improving the quality of auction services through digitalization, such as the implementation of an e-Auction system, the provision of e-Auction Corner facilities, and the use of other information technology to facilitate public access. Based on Soerjono Soekanto's theory of legal implementation, the success of policy implementation is influenced by factors such as legal substance, law enforcement officers, and the legal culture of the community. The Surakarta KPKNL (National Public Service Agency) is considered successful in increasing efficiency, accountability, and service satisfaction to the community. However, obstacles remain in its implementation, such as disputes over ownership of auction objects, resistance to occupants' evictions, and technical and administrative challenges in using online systems. This research recommends the need for inter-agency synergy, strengthening complementary regulations, and public education to support the smooth and sustainable implementation of digital-based auctions.

Voter education is an important instrument in realizing a quality and sustainable democracy. Through the process of voter education socialization, it is hoped that the public can understand in depth their rights and obligations in the implementation of elections, as well as encourage active and responsible participation in the democratic process. Citizen participation in democratic social life must be based on adequate knowledge, critical reflection, and awareness of the rights and responsibilities as voters. A good understanding of the effectiveness of voter education socialization can shape a critical, rational, and independent attitude in exercising the right to vote, thereby strengthening the foundations of a clean and integrity-based democracy. This community service was carried out in the Selogiri District, Wonogiri Regency, with the aim of providing political education to the public regarding the importance of participation in the 2024 simultaneous regional head elections. Through a Participatory Action Research (PAR) approach, the community was actively involved as subjects in the activity process, not just as objects receiving information. Community service activities are carried out by integrating outreach into various village events, aimed at attracting residents to attend, interact, and directly discuss local political issues and forms of participation in the regional elections. Through these activities, it is hoped that the community will have a more comprehensive understanding of the importance of their role in determining the direction of regional policy through the regional elections. This education is also expected to raise awareness to vote based on conscience, without intervention or negative influences such as money politics, which has been a major challenge in every election at both the central and regional levels.

This literature review investigates the influence of fair value accounting (FVA) on enhancing financial transparency, particularly within the evolving context of digital assets. By analyzing 103 peer-reviewed articles, the study evaluates how FVA facilitates automated, real-time, and market-based disclosures. It identifies FVA as a tool for increasing investor trust and improving the clarity of financial statements by aligning valuations with current market conditions. The review also highlights the specific challenges of applying FVA to decentralized and volatile digital assets such as cryptocurrencies and non-fungible tokens (NFTs). Although FVA contributes to more transparent and relevant reporting, the implementation of FVA for digital assets is hindered by several critical issues. These include inconsistent valuation methodologies, lack of standardized regulatory guidance, susceptibility to market manipulation, and technological limitations in tracking asset value across decentralized platforms. Furthermore, the rapid pace of innovation in digital finance outstrips the adaptability of existing accounting standards and legal frameworks, creating a gap that weakens the consistency of fair value assessments. The review proposes the integration of FVA within a broader theory of decision-making under uncertainty, emphasizing the need for adaptive and digitization-responsive accounting practices. It suggests practical frameworks that align valuation procedures with the unique characteristics of digital assets while ensuring compliance with emerging regulations. This research encourages ongoing examination and policy innovation to ensure that FVA continues to support transparency and informed decision-making in a dynamic financial landscape.

Assessment practices in Indonesian schools remain largely dominated by conventional summative evaluation, which inadequately represents reflective learning processes and mastery of 21st-century competencies. This gap highlights the suboptimal implementation of formative and authentic assessments in educational practice, as well as the lack of conceptual models capable of systematically integrating both approaches. This article aims to examine and develop an integrative assessment model that combines three key approaches: formative assessment, authentic assessment, and Evidence-Centered Design (ECD), as a strategic framework to strengthen assessment practices for 21st-century learning. This study is based on a conceptual synthesis of more than 20 national and international sources. A narrative review approach is employed, focusing on the three main approaches: formative assessment, authentic assessment, and ECD. The results of the review produce an integrative assessment model articulated in the Claim–Task–Evidence–Feedback syntax, which merges competency mapping (claim), real-world task design (task), student performance evidence collection (evidence), and continuous formative feedback (feedback). This model not only unifies the strengths of the three approaches but also offers practical solutions to the challenges of assessment implementation in Indonesia through practice-based training, integration into instructional planning, and support from technical policy frameworks. The article contributes to the advancement of assessment design that is pedagogically valid, contextually relevant, and instrumental in driving learning transformation.

This study analyzes the health financing system in Indonesia from a human rights perspective, particularly after the enactment of Law No. 17 of 2023 concerning Health and Minister of Health Regulation No. 18 of 2022 concerning the Implementation of One Data in the Health Sector. These two regulations reflect the state's commitment to strengthening the national health system based on the principles of justice, transparency, and the fulfillment of citizens' constitutional rights to quality, equitable, and sustainable health services. Through a qualitative approach using document analysis of relevant regulations, policies, and academic literature, this study identifies a paradigmatic transformation in health financing, from merely a fiscal mechanism to a strategic instrument for guaranteeing human rights in the health sector. The results show that despite normative and institutional progress, the implementation of the health financing system still faces several challenges. These challenges include aspects of the community's economic accessibility to health services, limitations in transparency and accountability in fund management, and inequality in the distribution of financial resources between regions. In addition, funding sustainability and dependence on certain funding sources are also issues that need to be addressed. In response to these challenges, this study recommends three main strategies: (1) strengthening the integration and interoperability of financing data through the One Health Data system, (2) diversifying funding sources by involving the private sector, philanthropy, and other innovative schemes, and (3) reorienting health budget allocations to favor vulnerable groups and underdeveloped regions. These efforts are expected to encourage the realization of a fair, transparent, and sustainable health financing system within the framework of fulfilling human rights in Indonesia.

This study employs a normative juridical approach to examine the legal aspects of implementing financial technology (fintech) in healthcare financing in Indonesia. The rapid development of fintech offers potential solutions for addressing financial barriers in healthcare access. However, it also presents legal and regulatory challenges, particularly concerning consumer protection, data privacy, and institutional coordination. The analysis focuses on several key legal instruments, including Law No. 8 of 1999 on Consumer Protection, Law No. 11 of 2008 on Electronic Information and Transactions (ITE), Law No. 17 of 2023 on Health and its implementing regulation, Government Regulation No. 28 of 2024, and Law No. 27 of 2022 on Personal Data Protection. Additionally, regulations issued by the Financial Services Authority (OJK), which govern the operations of fintech companies in Indonesia, are also considered. The findings indicate that while there is a growing regulatory framework supporting fintech integration into the health sector, several gaps remain, particularly in terms of coordination between regulatory bodies and stakeholders in health and finance. The study identifies the need for comprehensive policy harmonization to ensure that fintech-based healthcare financing systems are secure, transparent, and inclusive. Furthermore, it emphasizes the importance of strengthening data protection mechanisms and enhancing regulatory oversight, especially for fintech services operating in partnership with healthcare providers. As fintech continues to reshape the landscape of healthcare financing, robust legal safeguards must be developed to mitigate potential risks and ensure equitable access to health services. The study concludes by recommending an integrated legal and institutional approach to support the safe and ethical implementation of fintech in Indonesia's healthcare sector.

This research was conducted from June to July 2025 in Binjai City, with the primary focus being analyzing the readiness of the Binjai City Regional Disaster Management Agency (BPBD) to implement a flood early warning system utilizing artificial intelligence (AI). The data collection process was conducted through a literature review, which involved reviewing various theories and previous research results regarding the application of AI and Internet of Things (IoT) technology in the context of disaster mitigation. Based on the results of the study, it was found that the use of technologies such as ultrasonic sensors, microcontrollers, fuzzy logic, and automatic notification systems can provide real-time warnings with a high level of accuracy and a fast response. This system enables early detection of rising river levels through automatic measurements, intelligent data processing, and sending notifications to authorities and affected communities within seconds. By integrating historical data and machine learning-based predictions, this system is also able to depict potential flooding before it occurs, providing a longer response time for evacuation. However, the readiness of the Binjai City BPBD still faces various challenges, such as limited digital infrastructure, the need for human resource training in the technology field, and inadequate budget allocation. Therefore, cross-sector collaboration and ongoing policy support are needed for optimal implementation of this system. The use of AI and IoT in early warning systems is not only technically relevant but also urgent in the face of increasing climate change and flood risks. A strategy involving cross-sector collaboration between government, academia, and the private sector is needed to develop an adaptive and sustainable early warning system.

Population administration services at the village level often face various challenges, such as technological limitations, lack of outreach, and low digital literacy among the community. These conditions hinder the provision of fast and efficient services, particularly in the KTP (National Identity Card) issuance process. Therefore, innovation in services is needed, one of which is the implementation of digital KTPs. This study aims to analyze the implementation of digital KTP services in Kelong Village, Bintan Pesisir District, Bintan Regency. This service is part of the government's efforts to digitize population administration, which is expected to improve the efficiency and quality of public services at the village level. The approach used in this study is descriptive qualitative, with data collection techniques through in-depth interviews, observation, and documentation. The theory used for analysis is the policy implementation theory of Van Horn and Van Meter, which involves six main indicators. The results show that the digital KTP service in Kelong Village has been implemented since 2022 and provides convenience for the community, especially in terms of service speed and the friendly attitude of village officials. The community feels that obtaining their KTPs is faster than the previous manual procedure. Furthermore, village officials demonstrated a friendly and helpful attitude during the service process, enhancing the community's positive experience. However, this study also identified several challenges in implementing digital ID card services, such as a lack of public awareness regarding the procedures and benefits of digital ID cards. Limited technological devices and unstable internet connections also hampered smooth service delivery. Furthermore, low levels of digital literacy in the community made it difficult for some to access the service effectively.

The implementation of digitalization in the healthcare sector through the Integrated Referral sistem (Sistem Informasi Rujukan Terintegrasi/SISRUTE) offers significant opportunities to expand access and improve the quality of healthcare services, especially in remote and underserved areas of Indonesia. This paper aims to analyze the challenges of implementing SISRUTE from a legal perspective, focusing on the principle of equitable healthcare access. The study uses a normative juridical approach combined with literature analysis, examining national regulations, including Law No. 17 of 2023 on Health, Government Regulation No. 47 of 2021 on Hospital Administration, and supporting ministerial policies. The research identifies several barriers that hinder the effectiveness of SISRUTE implementation, such as uneven distribution of digital infrastructure, limited internet connectivity, lack of adequately trained healthcare personnel, and the absence of supporting local regulations that align with national policy frameworks. These challenges create disparities in the utilization of SISRUTE, particularly in rural and remote areas, undermining the constitutional mandate for equal access to health services. From a legal standpoint, the principle of equity in healthcare has yet to be fully realized through SISRUTE due to these systemic gaps. The study concludes that strategic efforts are needed to improve intergovernmental coordination, harmonize health and digital regulations, strengthen healthcare workers' digital competencies, and invest in robust infrastructure development. Only through an integrated legal, technological, and human resource approach can SISRUTE fulfill its intended function in supporting a fair, inclusive, and effective healthcare referral system nationwide. This paper contributes to ongoing discourse on legal reforms for digital health equity in Indonesia.

This article discusses the implementation of policies to create a conducive school culture and climate as an important part of efforts to improve the quality of learning. A safe, comfortable, and orderly learning environment is essential for effective and enjoyable learning. This study aims to analyze the strategies and roles of the principal and all school members in shaping a positive school culture and climate. The main focus lies on four managerial aspects: program planning, organization, leadership implementation, and structured control. This study uses a qualitative method with a case study approach, applied in several elementary schools. Data were collected through field observation techniques, in-depth interviews with related parties (such as the principal, teachers, and students), and documentation studies of school policies and programs. The main findings indicate that a conducive school culture and climate are formed through a series of consistently implemented positive habits, strong collaboration among school members, and the visionary and communicative leadership of the principal. In addition, the active involvement of all school elements in creating an atmosphere of mutual respect and support is very influential in building a positive learning environment. Policy implementation is not merely administrative, but also emphasizes the development of character values, discipline, and a sense of shared responsibility. The end result is improved learning quality and improved student character, demonstrating that school climate and culture play a crucial role in the overall educational process.

This article explores the dynamics of implementing the New Student Admission (PPDB) policy, focusing on the zoning system. The study aims to analyze how this policy is carried out at the school level and the various challenges encountered during its implementation. Using a qualitative approach through observations, interviews, and document studies, the findings show that although the zoning system has succeeded in reducing the distance between students’ homes and schools, disparities in school quality remain unresolved. The affirmative pathway has not effectively reached its target groups due to limited outreach and lack of supporting facilities. Additionally, technical issues such as online system errors, address manipulation, and poor coordination between schools and education offices are significant obstacles in implementation. The study concludes that improving digital systems, enhancing human resource capacity, and actively involving communities are essential steps to ensure equitable access to and quality of education as envisioned by the policy.

The misuse of personal data in financial technology (fintech) services, particularly in peer-to-peer lending practices, is showing a worrying upward trend and is an urgent legal issue that requires addressing. Article 32 of Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning Electronic Information and Transactions (UU ITE) serves as a primary legal basis for protecting electronic data. However, the effective implementation of this article in the context of fintech services still faces various challenges. This study employed an empirical legal approach with a combination of literature study and interviews. Interviews were conducted at the Surakarta Financial Services Authority (OJK) Office and with a number of fintech service users as respondents. The results showed that approximately 70% of personal data misuse cases originated from illegal online lending services. The most frequently reported violations included unauthorized use of data (40%), access to contacts and galleries on personal devices (35%), and threats of personal data dissemination (25%). The main obstacles in implementing Article 32 of the ITE Law include the difficulty of tracking perpetrators' jurisdiction, technical limitations in digital forensics, and low public legal literacy. Therefore, policy integration with Law Number 27 of 2022 concerning Personal Data Protection and the Financial Services Authority (OJK) provisions in POJK No. 77/POJK.01/2016 is necessary. This study recommends strengthening regulations, establishing an independent supervisory authority, increasing public education, and utilizing digital technology to promote more effective personal data protection in the Indonesian fintech ecosystem.

This research investigates the enforcement of explosive fishing prohibitions under Indonesia's Fisheries Law No. 45 of 2009 in Tambelan District, Bintan Regency. The destructive practice of fish bombing, primarily conducted by external fishermen, causes severe marine ecosystem damage, particularly to coral reefs, while reducing local fishermen's catches. Using qualitative descriptive methodology, data were gathered through interviews, observations, and documentation involving law enforcement officials, Fisheries Civil Servant Investigators (PPNS), and fishing communities. The study applies Van Meter and Van Horn's policy implementation framework, analyzing policy objectives and standards, resources, implementing agency characteristics, implementer disposition, inter-organizational communication and coordination, plus social, economic, and political conditions. Results demonstrate suboptimal policy implementation due to resource constraints. Although violations have declined, this reduction does not guarantee future prevention, particularly given Tambelan District's severe infrastructure and facility limitations that hinder comprehensive policy execution. The research recommends strengthening surveillance capacity, conducting regular community outreach programs, and improving cross-sectoral coordination to enhance policy effectiveness and preserve marine resources in Tambelan District.

This study explores the crucial role of legal certainty in the management of natural resources, with a focus on forest areas, as a key factor in ensuring a balanced approach to economic use, environmental sustainability, and the protection of community rights. Forests, both with and without tree cover, require clear legal frameworks to prevent overlapping claims, illegal activities, and degradation. The state's authority in regulating the status and function of forest areas is vital and must be supported by coherent, enforceable policies. Employing a normative juridical method, this research examines primary, secondary, and tertiary legal sources, particularly Law Number 41 of 1999 concerning Forestry, to assess the extent to which Indonesia’s legal system provides certainty in forest area governance. The findings reveal that legal certainty is still challenged by overlapping regulations, inconsistencies in enforcement, and gaps between formal legal provisions and their implementation in the field. These issues often lead to land conflicts, unclear tenure rights, and unsustainable exploitation. Nevertheless, when implemented effectively, the legal framework has the potential to promote responsible management practices, preserve biodiversity, and safeguard indigenous and local communities' rights. The study underscores the need for harmonizing sectoral laws, strengthening institutional coordination, and improving transparency in forest area designation and use. Legal certainty is not only a prerequisite for sustainable development but also a cornerstone for legal justice and equitable resource governance. This paper contributes to the discourse on forest policy reform and aims to inform legislators, policymakers, and stakeholders involved in natural resources management about the importance of strengthening legal foundations for better governance and sustainability.

This study aims to analyze the development, effectiveness, challenges, and research gaps in the implementation of anti-corruption education globally during the 2015–2025 period. Employing a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) framework, the study systematically identified, evaluated, and synthesized 37 peer-reviewed articles indexed in the Scopus database. The findings indicate a significant increase in both academic publications and the implementation of anti-corruption education programs worldwide. These programs adopt diverse approaches, including curriculum integration, the use of digital media, and participatory learning strategies. Evidence of program effectiveness is reflected in behavioral changes and long-term social impacts reported in several studies. However, the review also reveals persistent challenges: cultural (social norms tolerant of corruption), structural (absence of national standards or policy frameworks), and technical (limited access to technological infrastructure). Furthermore, the research landscape shows notable gaps, such as the lack of longitudinal studies, minimal focus on vulnerable groups (e.g., children with disabilities), and underutilization of emerging tools like artificial intelligence (AI) and big data analytics. Future research is recommended to adopt interdisciplinary perspectives, develop context-based learning modules, and leverage advanced technologies to enhance engagement and scalability. Overall, the findings highlight the urgency of implementing holistic and adaptive strategies to strengthen the role of education in combating corruption at various levels of society.

This study aims to analyze the implementation of election-level simplification from a legal perspective to overcome the waste of election resources and costs. Elections in Indonesia have faced various challenges, including waste in excessive paper usage, overlapping stages, and inefficient budget allocations. These inefficiencies not only burden the General Elections Commission (KPU) but also affect the effectiveness and transparency of the democratic process. Simplification of election levels is expected to be an effective solution to reduce the administrative and material burdens that hinder the implementation of elections. By streamlining the structure and reducing redundant stages, election organizers can focus more on quality, security, and public participation. This study uses a normative juridical approach by analyzing relevant laws and regulations, such as Law Number 7 of 2017 concerning General Elections, as well as various policies and proposals related to election-level simplification. The analysis also includes legal principles such as efficiency, effectiveness, and legal certainty. Furthermore, the study examines how other democratic countries manage election logistics efficiently to draw lessons that can be contextualized in Indonesia. The results of this study are expected to provide concrete policy recommendations that support the implementation of simplified election systems. These recommendations are aimed at optimizing the election process by minimizing waste, both in terms of budget and the use of natural and human resources, while maintaining the integrity and legitimacy of the democratic process. Thus, this study contributes to the discourse on election reform and democratic strengthening in Indonesia.

Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) serve as a key pillar of Indonesia’s national economy, contributing significantly to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and employment absorption. Nevertheless, MSME actors continue to face various challenges, including limited access to capital, low digital literacy, and bureaucratic hurdles in business licensing. Law Number 11 of 2020 on Job Creation (UU Cipta Kerja) was introduced as a regulatory breakthrough to address these obstacles by simplifying bureaucracy, offering business incentives, and easing access to digital markets. This study focuses on the implementation of this policy in Kampung Batik Turi, Blitar City, a hub of local wisdom-based MSMEs. The research aims to analyze the local-level application of the Job Creation Law, identify supporting and inhibiting factors, and assess its impact on the growth and independence of batik MSME actors. The findings are expected to offer practical recommendations to strengthen the alignment between national regulation and the actual needs of regional MSMEs, fostering more inclusive and sustainable MSME empowerment.