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This study aims to carry out a thorough analysis of the use of stylistic elements, particularly in terms of diction and language style, as applied by Pitoyo Amrih to shape the character of Gatotkaca in the novel Sisi Gelap Gatotkaca. The character of Gatotkaca, traditionally depicted as a flawless heroic figure, is reimagined by the author through a more humanistic and reflective linguistic approach. Using a qualitative descriptive method alongside stylistic literary criticism, this article examines how linguistic units within the text serve as rhetorical tools to reveal internal conflicts, existential burdens, and the darker aspects of the main character. The analysis process involves identifying word choices that carry a melancholic tone as well as the prominent use of figurative language, including comparisons, contrasts, and emphatic statements. The findings indicate that the use of archaic and philosophical diction, combined with sharp irony and metaphor, effectively transforms the image of Gatotkaca from merely a symbol of physical strength into a representation of human psychological fragility. This research contributes to literary criticism by highlighting how an author’s language style can alter readers' perceptions of established myths within society's culture.

The environmental crisis is a global issue that has become increasingly evident and directly affects human life, including rural communities. Deforestation, environmental pollution, and changes in human lifestyles reflect an imbalanced relationship between humanity and nature. From a Christian faith perspective, the environmental crisis is not merely an ecological or social problem. This article aims to examine ecotheology as a foundation of Christian faith in responding to environmental crises, while also describing its practical implementation through a Community Service program conducted by lecturers and students of the Master’s Program in Christian Religious Education at IAKN Tarutung in 2025 in Situmeang Pintu Bosi Village, Sipoholon District, North Tapanuli Regency. The method employed is a qualitative approach using a participatory service model, which includes ecotheological material presentations, Bible-based reflective discussions, and the accompaniment of simple environmental care actions with the local community. The service materials emphasize the understanding of God as the Creator and Owner of all creation, the cultural mandate and stewardship, the reality of sin and its impact on the degradation of creation, and the role of the church and believers in preserving environmental integrity. The results indicate an increased theological understanding among the community regarding Christian responsibility toward the environment, along with the growth of ethical awareness to care for nature through concrete actions in daily life. This activity affirms that ecotheology is not merely conceptual, but has practical relevance in fostering faith-based ecological awareness.

In the contemporary era,many people have yet to fully comprehend or internalize the spiritual and social dimensions of prayer (shalat). As a result, shalat is often carried out merely as a routine obligation without deep reflection on its true purpose. In fact, shalat plays a significant role in shaping personal character and social behavior. This study employs a literature review approach by examining various sources, including books, academic journals, and educational articles that discuss the concept and significance of shalat as an act of worship. The findings indicate that a profound understanding of the inner meanings of shalat can foster self-awareness, self-control, and discipline. These values strongly contribute to the development of moral and ethical character. Furthermore, shalat reflects collective religiosity through its practices and procedures, symbolizing spiritual purification, reverence for God, and awareness of human limitations. Congregational prayer further emphasizes principles of unity, brotherhood, and equality, regardless of social status or background. In addition, shalat functions as a moral safeguard that prevents individuals from engaging in immoral and harmful actions. Therefore, shalat plays a crucial role not only in strengthening spiritual devotion but also in maintaining personal integrity and social harmony.

This study discusses the role of prayer in shaping character and daily ethics as one of the main pillars of Islamic teachings. Prayer is not merely a ritual act of worship but also serves as a means of spiritual and moral education and shapes the overall personality of Muslims. This study uses a literature review method by examining various sources such as books, journals, and scientific articles relevant to Google Scholar from 2020 to 2025, sourced from 20 Indonesian-language journals and 5 English-language journals. Based on this background, prayer plays an important role in instilling values of discipline, responsibility, sincerity, patience, and self-reflection, which contribute to the formation of an individual's character and integrity. In addition, prayer also serves as the foundation of social ethics by fostering honesty, justice, empathy, politeness, and solidarity in social interactions. There is also congregational prayer, which, when performed, can strengthen the values of togetherness, brotherhood, and social concern, which are the foundations of a harmonious social life. Research shows that consistent and solemn prayer practices can control desires, prevent immoral and evil deeds, and provide mental and spiritual balance for the practitioner. Thus, prayer is an important instrument in the moral and spiritual development of Muslims and is relevant in facing modern challenges such as stress and social ethical degradation.

Islamic education in Indonesia plays a strategic role in shaping students’ religious character as well as their national identity, and therefore cannot be separated from the ideological foundations of Pancasila and the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia (NKRI). Islamic education functions not only as a means of transmitting religious values, but also as a medium for internalizing national ideology in line with the goals of national education. This study aims to analyze the ideological foundations of Islamic education based on the values of tauhid, Pancasila, and NKRI, as well as to examine their relevance to national education policies and curricula. This research employs a qualitative approach using a library research design. The data were obtained from secondary sources, including scholarly books, journal articles, education policy documents, and relevant legislation. Data collection was conducted through documentation studies, while data analysis applied a descriptive-analytical method to systematically examine the interrelationships among concepts. The findings indicate that the ideological values of Pancasila are substantively aligned with Islamic teachings, particularly in the aspects of divinity, humanity, unity, deliberation, and social justice. Within the framework of NKRI, Islamic education contributes significantly to the formation of religious-nationalist character and the strengthening of national integration. The integration of Pancasila values, religious moderation, and Islam rahmatan lil ‘alamin into national education policies and curricula, particularly through the Merdeka Curriculum and the Pancasila Student Profile, reflects a systematic effort to develop Islamic education that is adaptive and contextual. The implications of this study emphasize that strengthening the ideological foundations of Islamic education is a crucial prerequisite for producing learners who are faithful, knowledgeable, morally upright, and responsible citizens of Indonesia.

This article examines the theological thought of Saint Cyprian of Carthage, one of the third-century Church Fathers, within the context of the Church’s situation in his time, which was marked by profound struggles of faith, particularly the experience of persecution. The focus of the discussion is directed toward the historical and pastoral conditions that shaped Cyprian’s views on the unity of the Church, episcopal authority, and the validity of the sacrament of baptism. Accordingly, this article raises several key questions: What historical background formed Cyprian’s thinking on these three concepts? What were the central ideas he developed regarding ecclesial unity, episcopal authority, and baptism? And how are his ideas relevant to the Church’s teaching, especially in light of the Second Vatican Council? Using a historical and hermeneutical approach, this article traces Cyprian’s life background as well as his pastoral-theological responses to the concrete situations faced by Christians in his time. In the context of the post-persecution crisis, Cyprian played a significant role in addressing internal divisions within the Church, particularly debates concerning the readmission of the lapsi (those who had apostatized). From these struggles, it becomes evident how Cyprian firmly articulated the role of bishops as successors of the apostles and emphasized the sacrament of baptism as the legitimate gateway into ecclesial communion. Based on the historical background of Cyprian’s thought and these three central themes, the article then examines the contribution of Cyprian’s theology to the teachings of the Church as formulated in the Second Vatican Council. Thus, Cyprian’s thought is understood not only as a foundation of early ecclesiology, but also as a living source of faith reflection that remains relevant for the contemporary Church in responding to the dynamics and challenges of the modern age Keywords: Cyprian of Carthage, ecclesiology, unity of the Church, episcopal authority, sacrament of baptism, Second Vatican Council.

This study examines the implications of the micro-shopping phenomenon and omnichannel integration for market structure and competitive dynamics in Indonesia’s retail sector from an industrial organization perspective. The transformation of modern retail is characterized by a shift toward small-value, high-frequency transactions alongside increasing integration between physical stores and digital channels. Employing a descriptive-analytical approach, this study utilizes secondary data on market shares and the number of retail outlets operated by major firms during the 2022–2024 period. Market structure is assessed through market share distribution, outlet ownership ratios, the four-firm concentration ratio (CR4), and the Herfindahl–Hirschman Index (HHI). The results indicate that Indonesia’s retail market exhibits a highly concentrated, network-based oligopolistic structure. The dominance of large retail firms is reflected not only in their substantial market shares but also in their dense outlet networks, which enable the aggregation of dispersed micro-shopping transactions. Furthermore, omnichannel integration reinforces these structural advantages by enhancing logistical coordination and distribution efficiency. Overall, the findings suggest an increasing tendency toward market consolidation and a declining competitive space for small and traditional retailers, highlighting important implications for competition policy and the long-term sustainability of retail market structure.

The transformation of Islamic Religious Education (PAI) learning in senior high schools has become an urgent necessity in response to the demands of modern education that emphasize humanistic and student-centered learning. This study aims to describe the implementation of a humanistic approach in PAI learning, analyze its impact on students’ development, and identify supporting and inhibiting factors in its classroom application. This research employed a qualitative approach with a case study design. Data were collected through classroom observations, in-depth interviews with PAI teachers, questionnaires distributed to students, and document analysis of lesson plans and instructional materials. The findings reveal that the implementation of dialogic, reflective, and experience-based learning strategies creates a more comfortable and engaging learning environment. Students feel more appreciated, gain opportunities to express their ideas, and demonstrate improvements in learning autonomy, self-confidence, and moral responsibility. In addition, teachers increasingly integrate cognitive, affective, and spiritual dimensions into instructional planning, making PAI learning more relevant to real-life contexts. These results indicate that the humanistic approach not only enriches the learning process but also contributes significantly to the comprehensive and sustainable development of students’ character.

The rapid development of the digital era requires human resources to not only master software, but also understand hardware infrastructure. This community service program aims to improve the technical competence and digital literacy of the people of Pati Regency through a PC assembly and optimization workshop. The method used is the Participatory Action Learning Sistem (PALS), in collaboration with "Pati Tech" as an industry partner, and utilizing the campus computer laboratory as a training center. Activities consisted of orientation, planning, and hands-on practice in PC assembly. The results of the community service program showed a significant increase in the technical skills of participants, as reflected in the average pre-test score of 52.5 which increased to 86.4 in the post-test. Participants are now able to assemble and optimize sistem independently. The implication of this activity is the formation of independent digital talents who can manage digital infrastructure, which is expected to support the development of the local creative economy in Pati Regency. This program contributes to improving technological skills relevant to the needs of the digital market.

This study examines the legal protection of Indonesian Migrant Workers (PMI) following the revocation of the moratorium on deployment to Saudi Arabia. Using a normative juridical approach with a descriptive-analytical specification, the research explores the effectiveness of Law Number 18 of 2017 concerning the Protection of Indonesian Migrant Workers, the impact of the moratorium revocation on the rights and security of PMI, and the implementation of bilateral cooperation through the Indonesia–Saudi Arabia Memorandum of Understanding (MoU). The findings reveal that although the existing legal framework is comprehensive, its implementation remains weak, particularly regarding supervision and law enforcement in destination countries. The study identifies a gap between administrative regulations and substantive protection, as reflected in the persistent cases of violence, delayed wages, and exploitation in the domestic sector. Strengthening the effectiveness of PMI protection requires synergy between legal reform, digital-based monitoring systems, and human rights–based diplomacy. Therefore, Indonesia must reinforce its political commitment, institutional coordination, and bilateral mechanisms to ensure the fulfillment of migrant workers’ fundamental rights and dignity abroad.

Language is part of culture. Not everyone knows the philosophy and meaning behind the names of food. The purpose of this study is to find out the meaning, function, and value of the names of jenang in Purworejo Regency, Central Java. In addition, to find out what the philosophy of naming jenang is in Purworejo Regency, Central Java. From the perspective of semiotics (Roland Barthes' semiotic theory), semantics, culture and philosophy, several conclusions can be drawn. This research method includes a qualitative descriptive research method. Research data were obtained using the technique of listening and speaking. The data analysis method uses qualitative descriptive. Data analysis uses Rolland Barthes' semiotic theory. The author also briefly touches on meaning using a semantic perspective. In Purworejo Regency, eight (8) types of jenang are familiar in the daily lives of the people in Purworejo Regency, namely jenang sumsum, jenang abang putih, jenang procot, jenang candil, jenang katul, jenang pathi kerut (jenang garut), jenang krasikan, and jenang alot.

Enforced disappearance during the New Order era represents a historical reality that has left profound wounds and prolonged uncertainty for both the victims and the families left behind. This reality is powerfully represented in Laut Bercerita, a novel by Leila S. Chudori, through the use of symbolic and evocative literary language. This study aims to reveal the representation of enforced disappearance through the use of figures of speech and metaphors in the novel. The research employs a descriptive qualitative method with a stylistic approach. The data consist of narrative excerpts containing figures of speech and metaphors related to experiences of loss, suffering, memory, and resistance. Data collection was conducted through intensive reading and systematic note-taking, while data analysis involved classifying types of figures of speech and interpreting their contextual meanings. The findings indicate that metaphors of the sea, silence, darkness, and alienation play a crucial role in constructing the representation of enforced disappearance as a traumatic experience that is not only physical but also psychological and collective in nature. The use of figurative language strengthens the narrative’s expressive power in conveying criticism of state violence while simultaneously preserving the memory of humanitarian tragedies that are often marginalized. This study implies that literary works can function as reflective media and as cultural documentation of histories of violence.

English Correspondence is an important course for university students from non-English departments as it equips them with professional writing skills needed in the workplace, including job application letter writing. This study aims to describe students’ writing outcomes in writing job application letters after receiving instruction in an English Correspondence course. The study employed a descriptive qualitative research design. The participants consisted of 22 students from a non-English department enrolled in the English Correspondence course at Stekom university. The data were obtained from students’ final job application letters and analyzed using an analytic writing assessment rubric focusing on content relevance, completeness of letter structure, organization, and use of formal English. The findings reveal that students generally achieved good writing outcomes in writing job application letters. The strongest aspect was the completeness of letter structure, indicating that most students were able to apply the standard format and components of a job application letter appropriately. Students also demonstrated relatively good performance in content relevance and use of formal English. However, weaknesses were identified in organization and language accuracy, particularly in developing coherent ideas and using grammatically accurate formal expressions. The analysis of representative excerpts from students’ letters further illustrates variations in writing quality across aspects. Overall, the findings suggest that instruction in the English Correspondence course contributed positively to students’ ability to write job application letters. This study highlights the importance of examining students’ writing outcomes holistically to provide insights for improving instructional practices in teaching professional writing.

The economic valuation of natural resources (NR) is an important instrument in supporting evidence-based decision-making, particularly in sustainable environmental management. Cost–Benefit Analysis (CBA) serves as a primary approach to assess the economic feasibility of programs or policies by integrating all benefits and costs, including non-market values. This article presents a systematic literature review of studies employing CBA for NR valuation during the period 2010–2024, based on searches in Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, Taylor & Francis, and Google Scholar, using stringent selection criteria. The review findings indicate that CBA has been widely applied in forest management, biodiversity conservation, land rehabilitation, water and air pollution control, and ecotourism development, providing a quantitative depiction of economic feasibility through indicators such as Net Present Value (NPV), Benefit–Cost Ratio (BCR), and Internal Rate of Return (IRR). Key challenges were identified in non-market valuation, long-term uncertainty, data limitations, and sensitivity to discount rate assumptions. These findings underscore the importance of integrating environmental valuation methods, conducting comprehensive sensitivity analyses, and adopting multidisciplinary approaches to strengthen the application of CBA in sustainable NR management, while also offering strategic recommendations and directions for future research for policymakers and environmental economics scholars.

Article 20 of the Personal Data Protection Law (PDP Law) normatively regulates the protection of data subjects and constitutes a pivotal provision that underscores the principle of consent as the legal basis for the processing of personal data for commercial purposes. This normative framework safeguards individuals’ right to privacy, encompassing the validity of explicit consent, the right to withdraw such consent, and the accountability of data controllers. In parallel, Articles 65 to 70 of the PDP Law substantively establish various categories of criminal offenses within the context of personal data protection. These include the unlawful acquisition, disclosure, processing, falsification, and utilization of personal data. Collectively, these provisions reflect the State’s commitment to ensuring criminal legal protection against violations of personal data.This research adopts a doctrinal legal methodology with a descriptive-normative approach to address two primary issues: First, to examine and identify the scope of legal protection concerning the trade of personal data under the PDP Law; and Second, to assess and determine the degree of legal certainty afforded to the trade of personal data within the framework of the PDP Law.Notwithstanding the protective intent embodied in Article 20—particularly concerning the commercial use of personal data—this provision gives rise to legal uncertainty due to the absence of comprehensive regulatory clarity on several critical aspects. Similarly, Articles 65 to 70 continue to exhibit significant legal ambiguities, particularly with respect to the constituent elements of offenses, the definition of harm, corporate liability, regulatory overlap with other legislative instruments, and the lack of clear enforcement mechanisms and implementing institutions.

The increasing trend of secondhand clothing consumption, commonly known as thrift shopping, reflects a major shift in consumer behavior. This study aims to analyze the influence of product quality, price, and lifestyle on consumers’ purchase decisions for secondhand clothing at the Tugu Pahlawan Sunday Morning Market in Surabaya. This research employed a quantitative approach using a non-probability sampling design. Primary data were obtained from 167 respondents through structured questionnaires utilizing a five-point Likert scale. Data analysis was conducted using multiple linear regression with the support of SPSS software, preceded by validity, reliability, and classical assumption tests. The results show that product quality, price, and lifestyle simultaneously have a significant influence on purchase decisions. Partially, product quality and lifestyle have a positive and significant effect, while price shows a weaker but still significant influence. These findings indicate that consumers’ decisions to purchase secondhand clothing are not solely driven by low prices but also influenced by perceived product quality and lifestyle preferences. This study contributes to the understanding of consumer behavior in informal markets and provides practical implications for business practitioners and policymakers to enhance sustainable consumption patterns.

The phenomenon of students displaying lazy attitudes and a lack of learning motivation represents a major challenge in the teaching and learning process of Islamic Religious Education (PAI) in various schools across Indonesia. This condition has a direct impact on low levels of student engagement and the achievement of expected learning objectives. This article provides an in-depth analysis of the multidimensional causes of this phenomenon, including internal student factors such as learning interest, levels of self-efficacy, intrinsic motivation, and learning styles, as well as external factors encompassing the role of teachers, particularly in the selection of instructional methods, classroom management, and pedagogical interactions. In addition, the family environment, peer influence, and digital culture are also important factors affecting students’ learning motivation. The article also presents various practical and integrated strategies that can be implemented by PAI teachers to enhance students’ learning motivation. The proposed approaches include strengthening value-based classroom management rooted in Islamic principles, applying active, participatory, and contextual learning methods, and reinforcing collaboration between schools and families in building a positive learning culture. Using a descriptive qualitative approach and classroom action research (CAR), the analysis shows that teachers’ emotional engagement, the implementation of educational reward systems, reflection on religious values, and experiential learning are able to increase students’ intrinsic motivation. This study implies the importance of curriculum innovation and strengthening professional development for PAI teachers to better orient learning toward fostering students’ enthusiasm for learning and the sustainable development of religious character in the digital era.

The process of determining scholarship eligibility often faces challenges related to subjectivity and uncertainty in assessment criteria, which can result in inaccurate and unfair decisions. Scholarship selection generally involves multiple criteria, such as academic achievement, family economic conditions, and supporting factors that are difficult to evaluate using conventional decision-making methods. Therefore, an appropriate decision support approach is required to handle such uncertainty effectively. This study aims to implement the Fuzzy Mamdani method in a decision support system to determine scholarship eligibility more objectively and accurately. The research method consists of data collection, fuzzification of input variables, formulation of fuzzy rules, inference using the Mamdani approach, and defuzzification using the centroid method to obtain a crisp eligibility value. The results show that the Fuzzy Mamdani method is capable of producing flexible eligibility scores by considering the degree of membership of each criterion. The generated output reflects real conditions more comprehensively compared to traditional methods. The implementation of this method can assist decision-makers in improving transparency, consistency, and fairness in scholarship selection. This research is expected to contribute to the development of intelligent decision support systems in the field of educational assessment.

The process of determining eligibility for social assistance recipients is often constrained by subjective assessments and uncertainty in decision-making criteria. This condition can lead to inaccurate targeting and unfair distribution of aid. Therefore, an appropriate decision support method is required to handle data uncertainty effectively. This study aims to apply the Fuzzy Mamdani method to determine the eligibility of social assistance recipients based on several assessment criteria. The criteria used in this study include monthly income, number of dependents, and housing conditions. The research method consists of data collection, fuzzification, formulation of fuzzy rules, inference using the Mamdani approach, and defuzzification to obtain a crisp output value. The results show that the Fuzzy Mamdani method is able to classify recipients into eligible and non-eligible categories more flexibly compared to conventional methods. The generated eligibility values reflect real conditions more accurately by considering degrees of membership for each criterion. The implementation of this method can assist decision-makers in improving the accuracy, objectivity, and fairness of social assistance distribution. This research is expected to contribute to the development of intelligent decision support systems in the social welfare sector.

Biodiversity represents the condition and level of ecosystem complexity in a particular area, reflecting the presence of various living organisms and their interactions with the environment. Based on its ecological conditions, Mooat Lake in East Bolaang Mongondow Regency serves as a habitat for various plant species, one of which is moss (Bryophyta), which plays an important role in maintaining ecosystem balance. The presence of Bryophyta in this area has the potential to be utilized as a contextual learning resource in biology education. This study aims to determine the validity level of an interactive e-book based on Bryophyta research conducted at Mooat Lake, East Bolaang Mongondow Regency, as a biology learning material for tenth-grade senior high school students. This research employed a Research and Development (R&D) method using the ADDIE development model, which consists of the stages of analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. The product developed in this study was an interactive e-book containing biodiversity material based on field research findings. The results showed that the material expert validation obtained a percentage of 94.2%, categorized as very valid, while the media expert validation obtained a percentage of 83.7%, also categorized as very valid. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that the interactive e-book based on moss research meets the criteria of being very valid and is suitable for use as a learning resource in biology subjects, particularly on biodiversity topics.