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Legal protection and human rights for workers are basic rights guaranteed by the constitution. The impact of the development of information technology through online buying and selling has created new jobs such as expedited couriers. However, the lack of protection, especially regarding Occupational Safety and Health (OHS), creates inequality of rights for expedition courier workers. This research aims to explore the legal protection arrangements, especially in the aspect of OHS, for expedition courier workers, with reference to the principles of Pancasila justice. The research method uses a statutory and conceptual approach, with the collection of legal materials through literature studies with legal material analysis techniques used in this legal research is deduction reasoning. The principles of Pancasila justice require regulation in accordance with the values of Pancasila. The lack of regulations covering OHS for couriers results in inequality of rights and frequent work accidents. Therefore, revision of the Occupational Safety regulation needs to be carried out by prioritizing the values of Pancasila justice to ensure the safety of workers, including expedition couriers. The government needs to review the Occupational Safety Law to cover new types of work, such as gojek and expedition services, in accordance with the justice values of Pancasila as the Ideology of the Indonesian nation

This research examines the effectiveness of regional formation based on Law Number 8 of 2023 in order to support regional autonomy in Indonesia. The phenomenon of large-scale regional formation is quite worrying considering that many proposals are colored by the self-interest of the local elites who support them. Regional formation has only become a commodity of "political business" by local elites. "Hijacking" or manipulation of the formation of this area ultimately gave rise to many conflicts and problems at the local level, both in the expansion area itself and in its parent area. The method used in this study is a library research method or approach. The results and discussion of the research are in accordance with the mandate of the 1945 Constitution, that Regional Governments have the authority to regulate and manage government affairs themselves according to the principles of autonomy and assistance duties. The granting of broad autonomy to regions is aimed at accelerating the realization of community welfare through improving services, empowerment and community participation.

Service is the main task of state apparatus. The scope of public interest services and services covers a broad field of public life. This mandate is contained in the 4th paragraph of the Preamble of the 1945 Constitution, but in practice, Indonesian public services have not run well. Provisions of public service to public civil servants are actually the result of the functioning of state institutions as civil servants. Therefore, the position of government agencies in staffing is very strategic because it determines the extent to which the government can best serve the community. .According to the purpose of the establishment. The results of this study indicate that the role of the village government in improving the economy of rural communities can be seen from the indicators of this study: governance, development implementation, community empowerment, and village community empowerment. The research method used to compile this article is a library survey. That is, reviewing the journal references we find and adapting them to the topic of this article. Based on the literature and reviews conducted in these journals, we found an impact between the welfare of teaching staff and improving the quality of education.

Every individual bears the responsibility of honoring the rights of others within the context of national and state life. This research aims to illustrate that while exercising their rights and freedoms, individuals are obligated to adhere to legal constraints. This adherence is intended to ensure the acknowledgment and respect for the rights and freedoms of others, as well as to fulfill equitable demands in alignment with moral considerations, security imperatives, and the maintenance of public order within a democratic society. This study employs a qualitative research method with a descriptive approach. The systematic, factual, and timely data collection is conducted following the research framework and objectives. The findings suggest that the current conceptualization of limitations on human rights may evolve in the future. The crucial question now pertains to how advocates for a shift in thought construction can effectively leverage the constitutional mechanisms available to them.

This study aims to explore the concept of Restorative Justice and its implementation in laws and regulations in Indonesia. Restorative justice is an approach to resolving criminal cases that prioritizes the restoration of relationships and social harmony rather than punishment. The research method used is a normative legal approach with analysis of primary and secondary legal materials. The results of the study show that the concept of restorative justice has been accommodated in various laws and regulations in Indonesia, such as the 1945 Constitution, Law Number 11 of 2012 concerning the Juvenile Criminal Justice System, Regulation of the Indonesian Prosecutor's Office Number 15 of 2020, and Regulation of the Indonesian Police Number 8 of 2021. The implementation of restorative justice in Indonesia is manifested in the form of diversion, mediation, and termination of prosecution based on restorative justice. This study concludes that the implementation of restorative justice in Indonesia is an effort to create a more humane, inclusive, and sustainable criminal justice system.

Cosmetics have varied purposes, including cleansing, increasing brightness, changing appearance, and protecting or maintaining certain conditions. The applicable cosmetics regulations are explained in the BPOM provisions, which mandate registration before cosmetics can be used by consumers. In this research, the results of two literature reviews are presented that support this statement. The first study by (Chandra Adi Gunawan Putra, 2023) shows that the need for state involvement in protecting consumers arises because of the power imbalance between business actors and consumers. The second study by (Ribka Amanda Dera, 2019) the regulation of cosmetic products has been regulated by BPOM number 12 of 2020 article 2 paragraph 1 which emphasizes that cosmetics producers must ensure that their products which will be distributed both domestically and abroad meet the criteria, safety and security standards. benefits, quality marking, and claims. The results of both studies show that the importance of terms and conditions related to cosmetics are under law and regulated in the Republic of Indonesia Constitution, the Health Law, provisions issued by the Minister of Health and decisions taken by the Head of the Republic of Indonesia Food and Drug Supervisory Agency and in BPOM regulations starting from formulation to product withdrawal. So that any party who commits an illegal act by producing or distributing pharmaceutical or cosmetic products without a permit will receive applicable sanctions in accordance with legal provisions.    

The management of oil and gas (Migas) in Indonesian energy law has witnessed a shift towards national control, including provisions in the 1945 Constitution that establish natural resources as state wealth. Law No. 22/2001 regulates various technical, economic, environmental, and community participation aspects of the oil and gas sector. Decisions by the Constitutional Court (MK) have clarified the state's ownership of Migas resources in accordance with the constitution. Renewable energy is crucial for Indonesia's sustainable development, with collaboration between the government and the private sector aimed at increasing the penetration of renewable energy, overcoming financial barriers, and protecting the environment. The MK's decision regarding Law No. 22/2001 supports state sovereignty, the interests of the people, and the goals of preserving natural resources and sustainable development. The key issue at hand is the nature of oil and gas management in Indonesian energy law and whether the legal considerations in the Constitutional Court's decision No. 36/PUU-X/2012 align with Indonesian energy law. The research method employed in this study is a normative juridical approach, also referred to as doctrinal research, which involves the examination of legal documents and literature. Through this research, Indonesia aims to fulfill its commitment to reducing environmental impact and dependence on fossil fuels through renewable energy sources.

The questions that arise as problems in this research arise, namely: 1) Are there signs or symbols regarding the appreciation of the value of diversity as a reinforcement of Indonesian human identity at SDN 049/IV Jambi Timur 2) Do individuals within them maintain harmony and mutual respect for differences in the world? SDN 049/Iv Jambi Timur school and 3) Has the appreciation of Pancasila values at SDN 049/Iv Jambi Timur been implemented as an effort to strengthen Indonesian human identity? This research uses qualitative research. This method is used to examine natural objects and the researcher acts as an instrument. key. The data collection techniques used are triangulation (combination) of data and data analysis. Researchers must describe data according to reality without adding or subtracting from existing holistic data and describing it using words and language. The appreciation of Pancasila values in schools strengthens the identity of Indonesian people, carried out through experience and strengthening the profile of Pancasila students, namely having faith, being devoted to God Almighty, and having noble character, global diversity, working together, being independent, reasoning critically, and being creative when you are in school. in the school environment and in the classroom. The values, norms and ethics that have been contained in Pancasila have truly become a very complete and rounded part and can be integrated with the personality of every school member. So, it can form patterns of behavior, thought patterns and patterns of action and provide direction. The Indonesian education system is structured based on the culture of the Indonesian nation and is based on Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution as a form of embodiment of the life values of the Indonesian nation. The application or cultivation of values in every detail Pancasila must be taught so that individuals have attitudes and behavior that are in accordance with the noble character of the nation and do not deviate from Pancasila values which are in accordance with the principles of Pancasila. Character education needs to use Pancasila as the philosophical or ideological basis for its implementation. The use of Pancasila as a philosophical and ideological basis for character education will be able to provide direction to the knowledge system that will be built, the value system that will be fostered and developed, the basis for developing competencies that will reflect the Indonesian human character that will be formed, and how the Indonesian human character will be formed. will be fully implemented.

 The third source of law referred to in the civil law system is jurisprudence. When argued that customary law applies to all members of society as a whole not directly, but through jurisprudence. However, the position of jurisprudence as legal sources in the civil law system have not long been accepted. This was caused by the view that rules of conduct, especially statutory rules, are aimed at to regulate the existing situation and avoid conflict, thus the rules made for matters after the law was enacted. Law in p This is a guideline regarding what can and cannot be done. The forms of legal sources in the formal sense in the Civil Law legal system are: Legislation, customs and jurisprudence. Countries Civil law adherents place the constitution at the highest level in the hierarchy of regulations Legislation  

 Over the years, value has been an important part of philosophical discussions, both implicitly and directly. Spiritualism is a teaching that says that the soul is the absolute reality of nature in the universe, and that the soul is the basis of the universe and provides a rational explanation. The first principle of Pancasila, Belief in One God, shows the value of spiritualism in its foundation. The value of spiritualism in its general form can be seen in the articles of the 1945 Constitution, especially Article 29 of the Amended 1945 Constitution. Spirituality focuses on a way of life, rather than abstract and speculative philosophical formulations. "Spirituality" is also considered a way that can be used to bring a person to the desired life. Exploring the values of Pancasila as a Liberating Spirituality is an effort and commitment as citizens of the nation, state, and religious communities to make Pancasila a guiding spirit in carrying out the governance of personal and social life of the nation and state. The national spirit of Pancasila truly becomes an inclusive social virtue, inspiring, uniting, and liberating all social groups, ethnicities, religions, languages, and aspirations. The spiritual values contained in Pancasila are divinity, humanity, unity, deliberation, and justice. These values are aligned with the universal values of all religions. Taking Pancasila as a liberating spirituality can help integrate the diversity-also known as kebhinekaan-that characterizes Indonesia around the world. In the face of the COVID-19 pandemic, the national spirit and liberating spirituality of Pancasila values are essential to anticipate and deal with such a crisis. The incarnation of the spirit of Pancasila can be seen in the benefits of national life, such as harmony, tolerance, solidarity, compassion, gotong royong, equality of the dignity of every Indonesian before the law, freedom of expression responsibly, and social solidarity. The sense of nationality reminds us how important it is for every Indonesian son and daughter to stick to the basic principles of national life, namely the love of the homeland, language, and one nation, Indonesia. Loyalty is not limited to religion, culture or geographical region. Basic human values can serve as benchmarks for a country's political, legal and economic systems, so that the spiritual values of Pancasila can liberate and liberate every citizen.

Pancasila as a national ideology implies a religious view of the nation, which upholds the values of God Almighty. This is as determined in the constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, which is stated in Article 29 A paragraph (1) of the 1945 Constitution as a result of the amendment of Chapter XI which states that "The state is based on the Almighty God" so that religious legitimacy is still needed in various aspects of the life of the nation and state, so that it cannot be separated from the Theory of Theocracy which states that the supreme power in a country is God's power which means, no one has supreme power in a country, apart from God. The purpose of this study is to examine and analyse carefully the practice of the nation and state based on divinity in Indonesia in relation to the theory of the formation of theocratic states. The legal research method used is normative juridical legal research method by conducting research on library materials and using statute approach. The result of the research is that the practice of religious life should strengthen and strengthen unity, integrity, and national resilience with Pancasila as the state philosophy and ideology of the nation as a determinant of national integration, a source of ethics for state administration, and continue to clarify and reinforce the role of religion as a state direction in the nation and state.

To ensure legal certainty in a country, various countries in the world have different legal systems which are acclimated to the needs and characteristics of each country. In general, two legal systems are commonly applied, namely the civil law legal system and the common law legal system. The civil law system is a legal system that originates from mainland Europe and is based on Roman law with the main characteristic being the existence of a codification system of the main legal principles. The three primary features of civil law legal systems are codification, non-precedential judges, and an inquisitorial judiciary. Meanwhile, the common law system is a system that refers to customs in England that are not written down and which through judge decisions are then made legally binding. The choice of the legal system will affect the preparation of legal products and the results decided. The choice of legal system significantly impacts legal products produced, whether regulations or jurisprudence. Indonesia's recent Constitutional Court verdict (90/PUU-XXI/2023) is raising concerns over its legitimacy and potential impact on the country's legal framework. Further analysis and scrutiny are necessary.

In debt and credit problems, bankruptcy is often the last solution to resolve the problem. State-Owned Enterprises or SOEs are also not immune from debt and credit problems that lead to bankruptcy. The regulation regarding the bankruptcy of SOEs itself is regulated in Article 2 Paragraph (5) of the Bankruptcy Law and its explanation. However, problems then arise when the subsidiaries of SOEs become bankruptcy respondents. There is no legislation that specifically regulates the bankruptcy of SOEs Subsidiaries, so this has led to confusion and debate in the community regarding the status of SOEs Subsidiaries in terms of bankruptcy. The ambiguity and debate can be seen in the implications of the bankruptcy petition case filed by the Kinarya Liman Margaseta Consortium against PT Indonesia Power, which is a Subsidiary of SOEs, namely PT PLN. This research aims to find out how the position of a SOEs Subsidiary in terms of bankruptcy is reviewed from the Bankruptcy Law and SOEs Law. The type of research used in this research is normative legal research. The research specifications used in this research are descriptive analysis. The approach used in this research is a statutory approach and case approach. Based on the results of this case study, it can be seen that when viewed from the Bankruptcy Law and the SOEs Law, basically the subsidiaries of SOEs and SOEs cannot be equated in status and position. This is supported by several theories and strengthened by the Constitutional Court Decision and the Supreme Court Decision. Thus, PT Indonesia Power's bankruptcy petition should be filed by its creditors in addition to the Minister of Finance.

One of the main pillars of effective democracy is freedom of speech, which allows everyone to express their opinions and perspectives freely without fear of facing repressive actions or unjustified barriers. Everyone is entitled to the freedom of association, assembly, and speech, as stated in Article 28E (3) of the 1945 Constitution. The aim of this research is to study the legal aspects of the existence of hate speech on social media. This study examines the current legal framework governing freedom of speech and efforts to protect human rights in relation to racial harassment by reviewing existing legal regulations. The research method employed is literature review (bibliographical study). In legal research, the normative jurisprudence method is based on legal provisions such as human rights books' regulations, as well as information from research journals related to the research subject. Initial research findings suggest that hate speech is not a form of freedom of speech, and society should not respond to hate speech with more hateful speech. Instead, they can report hate speech content to the Ministry of Communication and Informatics for removal. The Information and Electronic Transactions Law (ITE Law) can serve as a resolution due to the existence of hate speech on social media by proving the occurrence of hate speech, whether it involves defamation or hate speech against Ethnicity, Religion, Race, or Inter-group relations.   Keywords: HAM, ITE Law, Hate Speech

This study aims to examine how law enforcement against illegal fishing and overfishing in the Indonesian ocean region is carried out by "Foreign Countries" such as Malaysia, Vietnam and other countries. We know that marine resources, in this case fisheries in Indonesia, are one form of the country's "defense" aspects. Indonesia's Exclusive Economic Zone or called ZEEI in the North Natuna Sea is an area that is often the case. For example, Indonesia there will be arrests of Vietnamese – flagged fishing vessels in early 2023 and until November 2018 the Indonesian Government had handled 134 illegal fishing cases and 41 of them had permanent legal force. Illegal fishing itself is often associated with large-scale fishing or overfishing thatresults in damage to the underwater ecosystem. Underwater ecosystems will become extinct if illegal fishing and overfishing cases are not seriously handled by the Government and Law Enforcement Officials. Foreign ships of illegal fishing and overfishing can be sanctioned in the form of violations of Law Number 31 of 2004 concerning Fisheries as amended by Law Number 45 of 2009 with the threat of a maximum prison sentence of 6 years and a maximum of Rp 20 billion rupiah. Also in the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia mandates in article 27 paragraph (3) and article 30 paragraph (1) that state defense and security are the rights and obligations of each citizen to participate in the national defense and security effort and defending the country. The data collection method

In the Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia article 30 paragraph (1) Every citizen is entitled and obliged to participate in the defence and security efforts of the state and paragraph (2) The defence and security efforts of the state are carried out through a universal people's defence and security system by the Indonesian National Army and the Indonesian National Police of the Republic of Indonesia as the main force, and the people as a supporting force. This relates to the development of state security and resilience efforts, one of which is the conscription efforts that have been implemented in several countries such as South Korea and Thailand. But military training in Indonesia is only given to the Indonesian National Army, which in essence is something that is directly related to the profession being undertaken. This study uses a descriptive research method which approaches by collecting literature data and analysed by the author. The results of this study confirm that currently Indonesia does not need conscription because it is not in a state of emergency or war for a long period of time so far.

The Indonesian Constitutional Court in its judicial review of the Criminal Procedure Code No. 34/PUU-XI/2013 stated that Article 268 paragraph (3) regarding the limit on filing for judicial review of criminal cases is contrary to the 1945 Constitution and has no binding legal force. The Supreme Court responded to the decision by issuing Supreme Court Circular Letter No. 07/2014 which continues to limit judicial review to only one time based on the Judicial Power Act and the Supreme Court Act. Departing from regulatory dualism, this paper formulates the problem of the legal products issued by the Supreme Court and the Constitutional Court in terms of material testing of Law Number 8 of 1981 concerning the Criminal Procedure Code. This study uses normative legal research methods through a review of literature sources. Through Gustav Radbruch's Legal Theory, this study found that first, the position of the SEMA was issued even though it was in accordance with existing laws and regulations, but this decision was contrary to Gustav Radbruch's Legal Theory. Second, the legal consequences after the Constitutional Court Decision. The Supreme Court through SEMA that limits the filing of judicial review to one time is legally flawed both in terms of substance and formal formation because it contradicts the Constitutional Court Decision.

Satu langkah di bawah presiden di cabang eksekutif adalah wakil presiden. Wakil presiden membantu presiden dalam melaksanakan tugasnya, sesuai dengan Pasal 4 Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945. Meskipun ada perubahan sebelumnya pada Konstitusi, struktur konstitusional Republik Indonesia tidak secara tegas mendefinisikan tanggung jawab dan wewenang wakil presiden. Akibatnya, tidak jelas apa tanggung jawab wakil presiden. Wakil presiden masih dianggap sebagai individu yang terpisah. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif, jenis penyelidikan hukum yang mencakup proses pengumpulan data menyeluruh yang melibatkan pencarian perpustakaan untuk literatur yang relevan atau sumber sekunder. Ketika presiden meninggalkan jabatannya karena pengunduran diri, hambatan untuk melakukan tanggung jawabnya, seperti ketika dia meninggal saat menjabat, atau ketika dia memindahkan kepresidenan, Wakil Presiden memiliki tanggung jawab dan kekuasaan untuk melakukannya.

  Pancasila contains five basic meanings that are interrelated with the nation's history, national ideology, ethics and various other aspects. Ethics is a system of values ​​or moral norms that serve as guidelines for a person or group of people to behave and act. The application of Pancasila in life can be said to be still not fully implemented. There are still various deviations from Pancasila values. Deviations that can still be seen clearly are forest fires. Various irresponsible human actions such as cutting down trees on a large scale and throwing cigarette butts carelessly are the causes of forest fires. The importance of forests for the survival of life is one of the important factors for the need for forest protection. Humans are required to have good ethics and are in harmony with the nation's ideology. Regarding this matter, Pancasila is emphasizing in the Preamble to the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia as a guide, source of law, and legal principles in drafting laws and regulations regarding the environment, especially forests. Keywords: Pancasila, nation, ethics

Growth and development disorders are a problem that is often found in society, so it is very important that all components involved in children's growth and development, namely parents, teachers and the community, can work together in early monitoring. The determining factors for the quality of a child's growth and development are constitutional genetic-heredo potential (intrinsic) and the role of the environment (extrinsic). Child growth and development disorders occur when there are genetic factors and/or environmental factors that are unable to meet the child's basic growth and development needs. Factors that influence a child's growth and development are genetic factors, and are more influenced by environmental factors and the diseases experienced by the child. Appropriate detection and intervention can optimize the quality of the child's subsequent growth and development. Babies who experience delays in development will make the baby's parents feel anxious and worried, which will affect how parents meet their baby's needs, such as mothers who do not encourage their babies to talk and mothers who do not exercise their hands and feet regularly at certain times. So that the baby has difficulty walking and lacks language, the lack of stimulation given to the baby will worsen the baby's developmental delays (Hurlock, 2002).Based on a preliminary survey conducted at the BP Nauli Community Health Center on 10 mothers who had babies, there were 5 mothers who did not provide stimulation to their children when their children were not going through the crawling phase and did not know the effect on the child's development, so based on these problems the researchers wanted to conduct research with the title "The Effect of Assisted Crawling Stimulation on the Crawling Ability of Babies at the BP Nauli Community Health Center, Kec. Siantar Let's See Pematang Siantar City in 2023   .