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Human trafficking constitutes a transnational crime that inflicts physical, psychological, and economic suffering upon its victims. This research aims to analyze the fulfillment of restitution rights for victims of human trafficking and examine preventive efforts from the immigration perspective. According to Law Number 21 of 2007 concerning the Eradication of Human Trafficking, every victim has the right to restitution as compensation for losses suffered. However, implementation in practice still encounters numerous obstacles, including weak law enforcement, limited understanding among law enforcement officers, and insufficient technical regulations. This normative legal research employs statutory and conceptual approaches to examine primary legal materials, including Law Number 21 of 2007, Law Number 6 of 2011 on Immigration, and various implementing regulations. The findings indicate that legal protection for victims of human trafficking has not been optimal, with challenges including difficulties in proving immaterial losses, dual procedural systems between the Human Trafficking Law and Criminal Procedure Code, and weak coordination among law enforcement agencies. The Witness and Victim Protection Agency (LPSK) often cannot guarantee restitution payments as determined by judges. From the immigration perspective, the Directorate General of Immigration plays a strategic role in preventing human trafficking through travel document control, implementation of the Integrated Border Control Management (IBCM) system, education for prospective migrant workers, and cross-sectoral collaboration. However, challenges persist, including complex and evolving modus operandi, limited resources in remote border areas, and inter-agency coordination obstacles. The study concludes that synergy between institutions and improvements in education and regulation are required to ensure victims' restitution rights are fulfilled effectively.  

The development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has significantly influenced the formation of contracts in civil law, particularly through the automation of clause drafting, risk analysis, and the standardization of contractual documents. The use of AI in contract drafting raises complex legal issues, especially concerning the validity of agreements and the attribution of legal liability in the event of default. This study aims to analyze the validity of contracts created through Artificial Intelligence from the perspective of Indonesian civil law and to examine models of legal liability in AI-based contracts. This research employs a normative legal method with statutory and conceptual approaches, examining the provisions of the Indonesian Civil Code, particularly Article 1320, as well as legal doctrines and scholarly perspectives on digital contracts and AI. The findings indicate that AI-based contracts are, in principle, legally valid as long as they fulfill the requirements of a valid agreement, namely the consent of the parties, legal capacity, a specific object, and a lawful cause. Artificial Intelligence cannot be positioned as a legal subject because it lacks intent, consciousness, and the capacity to bear rights and obligations, and therefore functions solely as a technological tool. Consequently, legal intent and liability remain attached to the human or legal entity that uses, controls, or benefits from AI. This study also emphasizes that the primary challenge of AI-based contracts lies in the absence of specific legal regulations governing the allocation of liability among AI users, system providers, and developers, particularly when default occurs due to algorithmic errors or system failures. Therefore, clearer, adaptive, and comprehensive regulations are required to ensure legal certainty, protect the parties involved, and maintain a balance between technological innovation and the principles of justice in AI-based contractual practices in Indonesia.

The challenges faced by MSMEs in Indonesia, especially in Surabaya, often revolve around business management, finance, and taxation. One potential solution is the integration of the Business Model Canvas (BMC) with financial and tax strategies, which can help MSMEs streamline their operations. The Business Model Canvas (BMC) training program is designed to assist MSMEs in reorganizing their business models and implementing new strategies that address key operational challenges. This program also incorporates financial and tax considerations, helping MSMEs manage their finances more effectively and comply with tax regulations. With this approach, MSMEs are expected to improve their operational efficiency, enhance tax compliance, and strengthen their competitive edge in the market. The method involves direct engagement with MSMEs through hands-on workshops and personalized mentoring sessions. This initiative is set to take place in May 2025, offering MSMEs valuable tools to enhance their business practices, optimize financial management, and foster long-term growth and success in the market.

The right to health is a fundamental human right that remains inherent to prisoners. This study aims to examine the legal protection of prisoners' right to health care as regulated in Law Number 22 of 2022 on Corrections, as well as its implementation in correctional institutions. The research uses a normative juridical method with statutory and conceptual approaches. The findings show that Law Number 22 of 2022 formally guarantees prisoners' access to health services, including mental health care and special protection for vulnerable groups such as women, the elderly, and persons with disabilities. Key provisions in Articles 10, 11, 12, and 14 establish the state's obligation to provide adequate health services equivalent to community standards. However, in practice, the realization of this right faces several obstacles including: (1) overcapacity of correctional facilities exceeding 180% of ideal capacity, (2) limited medical personnel with many institutions lacking permanent doctors, (3) inadequate health facilities and medicine supplies, (4) complicated referral procedures causing delays in emergency treatment, and (5) insufficient budget allocation. Strengthening technical regulations, improving infrastructure, enhancing cross-sectoral collaboration, and implementing effective oversight mechanisms are essential to ensure effective protection of prisoners' health rights as mandated by the constitution and international human rights standards.

This study aims to analyse the role of the Department of Manpower in providing protection to former Indonesian Migrant Workers (PMI) returning from abroad and to identify the challenges encountered in performing this function. This research employs a normative juridical approach using secondary data sources, including statutory regulations, scientific journals, and institutional reports from 2020 to 2025. The findings reveal that the Department of Manpower plays several key roles, including providing information and education, coordinating with related agencies, offering legal assistance, supporting social and economic reintegration, and monitoring non-procedural placements. These roles are firmly grounded in Law Number 18 of 2017 concerning the Protection of Indonesian Migrant Workers and Government Regulation Number 59 of 2021. However, implementation remains constrained by inaccurate data, limited human resources and budget, weak institutional coordination, and suboptimal legal complaint services. Despite these challenges, efforts have been made through strengthening integrated services, staff training, public education, and the use of information technology. This study concludes that the protection of former migrant workers requires a holistic, participatory, and sustainable approach to ensure the fulfilment of their rights as mandated by law.

The phenomenon of marriages between Indonesian citizens (WNI) and refugees represents a complex legal challenge due to the absence of specific regulations governing such relationships. This study examines the legal protection for Indonesian citizens who become victims of manipulative marriages by refugees, employing a normative juridical approach with statutory and conceptual methods. The research analyses primary legal materials, including the 1945 Constitution, Law Number 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage, Law Number 39 of 1999 concerning Human Rights, and Presidential Regulation Number 125 of 2016 concerning the Handling of Refugees from Abroad. The findings reveal that Indonesian national law does not specifically regulate marriages between Indonesian citizens and refugees or asylum seekers, creating a significant legal vacuum (rechtsvacuum) that renders such relationships vulnerable to abuse, violence, and legal uncertainty. Furthermore, the state's responsibility in protecting Indonesian citizen victims of manipulative marriages by refugees has not been optimally implemented, despite constitutional and juridical foundations requiring protection from all forms of violence, discrimination, and exploitation. The study recommends the formulation of specific regulations addressing marriages between Indonesian citizens and refugees, strengthening the role of victim protection institutions, and establishing inter-agency coordination systems, including international organisations such as UNHCR and IOM, to prevent abuse and strengthen law enforcement mechanisms.

Phishing constitutes a form of cybercrime that continues to proliferate alongside the rapid advancement of information technology, causing significant impacts on data security and financial losses. This study aims to analyse the forms of criminal liability applicable to phishing perpetrators under Indonesian criminal law and to identify the challenges and solutions in its enforcement. The research employs a normative juridical approach utilising literature review methodology. The findings demonstrate that criminal liability for phishing perpetrators can be established through provisions in the Electronic Information and Transactions Law (ITE Law) as amended by Law Number 1 of 2024, the Indonesian Penal Code (KUHP), and related regulations. However, law enforcement faces numerous obstacles, including inadequate specific legal regulations, limited digital forensic technology, low public legal literacy, and cross-border jurisdictional barriers. In judicial proceedings, evidentiary processes are frequently hindered by the complexity of electronic evidence and the limited technical understanding among law enforcement officers. This study recommends regulatory reform, capacity building for human resources, international cooperation, and public education to strengthen the effectiveness of law enforcement against phishing crimes.

The Ten Scholars per Village Scholarship Program (SESAR) is an initiative of the Bojonegoro Regency Government to expand access to higher education for rural communities. This study evaluates the implementation of the program using the CIPP model (Context, Input, Process, Product). The evaluation was conducted through interviews, document analysis, observations, and information from program implementers to assess policy relevance, resource readiness, process quality, and achieved outcomes. The results indicate that the program is relevant to the goal of educational equity; however, the distribution of beneficiaries has not been even due to differences in the number of applicants and socio-economic conditions among villages. In terms of context, the program aligns with the need for equitable access to higher education, although beneficiary distribution remains uneven. From the input perspective, regulations and funding are adequate, but administrative requirements and higher education accreditation criteria still limit potential applicants. Regarding the process, the selection mechanism follows the established guidelines; nevertheless, socialization remains insufficient, document verification poses challenges, and fund disbursement is often delayed. In the product aspect, the program provides tangible benefits by supporting the continuity of higher education for rural students, although its overall effectiveness still requires improvement.

This study seeks to analyze the ideas and practices of transnational Islamic educational ideologies and their impact on Islamic educational institutions across diverse local settings. Employing a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method, the research systematically reviews a range of relevant scholarly sources, including peer-reviewed journal articles, dissertations, and research reports published between 2014 and 2024. The findings demonstrate that transnational movements such as Salafism, the Muslim Brotherhood, and Hizbut Tahrir significantly influence curriculum design, religious orientation, and the institutional culture of Islamic education. Nevertheless, this influence does not operate in a straightforward or uniform manner; instead, it is shaped through continuous negotiation with local contexts, particularly via state regulations, sociocultural conditions, and adaptive educational practices. The study highlights that local actors actively reinterpret and mediate transnational ideological frameworks to align them with national educational policies and community needs. Overall, this research offers comprehensive insights into the complex interactions between transnational Islamic ideologies and the ongoing transformation of contemporary Islamic education in different socio-political environments.

This study aims to analyze the role and optimization strategies of Pecalang Segara in monitoring fishing activities that contribute to coral reef ecosystem degradation in the Traditional Village of Pemuteran, North Bali. Pecalang Segara is a customary security institution that holds social legitimacy and customary authority in maintaining order within coastal areas. This research applies an empirical legal approach using a qualitative descriptive method. Data were collected through field observations, interviews with customary leaders and coastal communities, and a literature review of environmental laws and related regulations. The findings indicate that Pecalang Segara plays a strategic role in supervising fishing activities based on local wisdom, particularly in preventing destructive fishing practices that damage coral reefs. However, the effectiveness of this role remains limited due to insufficient technical capacity, low environmental legal awareness, and weak integration between customary law and formal legal systems. The study highlights the importance of strengthening Pecalang Segara through environmental education, regulatory-based monitoring training, and institutional coordination with local government authorities. The integration of customary law and national environmental law is expected to establish a sustainable community-based marine monitoring model capable of effectively protecting coral reef ecosystems and supporting environmental governance in coastal areas.

The capital market plays a strategic role in supporting national economic growth through its function of raising funds and providing investment vehicles for the public. However, the integrity of the capital market is often threatened by the practice of insider trading, which involves securities transactions conducted using material, non-public information by certain parties for personal gain. This practice violates the principles of fairness and transparency and has the potential to harm public investors and undermine confidence in the capital market. This study aims to analyze the law enforcement mechanisms for insider trading in the Indonesian capital market and examine legal protection efforts for investors. The research method used is qualitative research with a descriptive approach through a literature review of laws and regulations, scientific journals, books, and publications from the Financial Services Authority (OJK) and the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The results indicate that law enforcement against insider trading is carried out through mechanisms of supervision, investigation, and the imposition of administrative, civil, and criminal sanctions. However, the effectiveness of law enforcement still faces various challenges, particularly in proving the use of insider information and the complexity of transaction technology. Furthermore, insider trading negatively impacts investor confidence and capital market stability. Investor protection efforts are implemented through a preventative approach, including information disclosure, supervision, and investor education, as well as a repressive approach through legal sanctions, dispute resolution, and whistleblower protection. This research is expected to provide theoretical contributions to the development of capital market law and practical recommendations for strengthening law enforcement and investor protection in Indonesia.

This study aims to analyze the relationship between the implementation of Law Number 16 of 2019 on Marriage and socioeconomic status with public awareness of early marriage in Wirosari District, Grobogan Regency. The phenomenon of early marriage in this area remains high despite the existence of regulations that set a minimum marriage age. A quantitative approach was used, with data collected through questionnaires, interviews, and documentation. The research population consisted of 169 couples who married early in the last three years, with a sample of 43 couples selected through purposive sampling. The data were analyzed using the product moment correlation test to determine the relationships between the variables. The results show that the implementation of Law Number 16 of 2019 has no significant relationship with public awareness of early marriage, indicating that despite the existence of the regulation, the public's understanding of the importance of the minimum marriage age is still not optimal. Conversely, socioeconomic status has a positive and significant relationship with public awareness, indicating that the higher the socioeconomic status, the higher the public's awareness of the negative impacts of early marriage.

MSMEs in Ciawi village generally conduct transactions in their business only relying on simple work and through direct buying and selling transactions and there is no recording system that complies with bookkeeping regulations in accounting or only debit credit, so it is very difficult to know the details of cash in and cash out. The service method used is the ABCD Method (Asset-Based-Community-Driven) by accompanying participants to delve deeper into digital marketing and training MSMEs in cash flow-based bookkeeping, including: cash flow, income statement, capital change report, cost of goods sold, and break event point (BEP) digitally. The results of this digital marketing mentoring and cash flow-based bookkeeping preparation are able to prove that MSMEs in Ciawi village can know the details about digital marketing and digital finance regarding the calculation of financial reports, especially knowing the actual profit and loss report, and cash flow of cash expenditures and cash income.

The purpose of this research is to find out the legal basis in the science of hadith or Islamic law and positive law related to DNA testing which is used as a strong argument for determining the legal certainty of child lineage and how to resolve the problem of child lineage in Indonesia and Islam. In the research process used is normative research and library research with a legislative approach taken from positive law and Islamic legal sources, namely the Qur'an and the hadith approach as a basis for legal theory. The resulting research study that DNA testing can resolve the uncertainty of abak lineage and DNA test results can be used as proof of determining a child's lineage to his father. In the teachings or regulations of Islamic law, there are four methods used in determining lineage in accordance with the terms and conditions of the application of the four methods, namely; al-firasy, al-iqrar, al-bayyinah, and al-Qiyafah. With the development of today's technology, the four methods have been developed through cutting-edge technology as a medium for tracing a person's lineage to obtain justice and benefit. From a positive Indonesian legal perspective, DNA testing has been recognized as a means of proving parentage. Therefore, children born as victims of rape, marriages not officially registered by the Office of Religious Affairs (KUA), and marriages that took place secretly (in other words, under the table) can claim their rights as children, including child support and parentage, from their father.

This study examines the implementation of the Manak Salah tradition in Padang Bulia Customary Village from the perspectives of legal certainty and human rights protection. Manak Salah is a customary practice associated with the birth of opposite-sex twins, which in Balinese Hindu cosmology is considered a sacred event that may disrupt the balance between the sekala and niskala realms, thereby requiring purification rituals. Although the contemporary practice of this tradition has become more humane and no longer involves social exclusion, its regulation remains unwritten and has not been formally codified in the village’s Awig-awig (customary law). This condition creates the risk of multiple interpretations, legal uncertainty, and insufficient protection of the rights of children and affected families. This research employs an empirical juridical method with a qualitative approach, using interviews with customary leaders, field observations, and document analysis of statutory regulations and customary legal sources. The findings reveal that the absence of written norms causes the implementation of Manak Salah to rely heavily on the discretion of customary authorities, leading to potential inconsistency and normative vulnerability. This study emphasizes the urgency of codifying the Manak Salah tradition into the Awig-awig as a form of customary law reform aimed at ensuring legal certainty, strengthening institutional accountability within customary villages, and harmonizing customary law with Bali Provincial Regulation No. 4 of 2019 and fundamental human rights principles.

Higher education in Indonesia has undergone significant transformation due to the implementation of a capitalist system that emphasizes profit orientation and business logic. The commercialization of educational institutions has resulted in limited access, particularly for low- and middle-income communities, and has led to social inequality and a shift in the educational paradigm toward commodification. This study uses qualitative methods with literature review to examine the impact of capitalism and commercialization in higher education. The findings reveal an increase in tuition fees, the commodification of knowledge, and the privatization of universities, which reduce access and lower the quality of education. Criticism of educational capitalism emphasizes the importance of social and spiritual values and equal access. Therefore, it is recommended that policy reforms balance the roles of the state and the private sector, strengthen regulations, and expand access to fair and quality education for the sake of higher education that is oriented towards social welfare and sustainability.

This study aims to analyze the compatibility between land use practices and watershed management regulations in Gorontalo Regency through ecological, normative, and axiological approaches. Rapid land cover changes from the upstream to downstream areas, particularly in the Biyonga, Alo-Pohu, and Limboto watersheds, have caused severe impacts such as increased erosion, sedimentation, and reduced hydrological function. The study employs a qualitative analysis using a literature-based method, reviewing key scientific articles from Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sustainability (MDPI), and Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, as well as regulatory documents such as Government Regulation No. 37 of 2012, Government Regulation No. 27 of 2023, Regional Regulation of Gorontalo Province No. 11 of 2014, and Governor Regulation No. 19 of 2019. The findings reveal that, ecologically, the conversion of agricultural lands into settlements has increased sediment yield and reduced soil infiltration capacity. Normatively, most land use activities remain inconsistent with soil and water conservation regulations. Axiologically, there is a gap between sustainability values embedded in policy and the community’s practical behavior in managing land resources. This study highlights the need for integrating scientific, legal, and ethical perspectives to strengthen sustainable watershed management in Gorontalo. Therefore, the findings are expected to serve as a policy recommendation framework for local governments in developing adaptive and ecologically grounded watershed management strategies.

Digital transformation has transformed the tourism promotion landscape through social media, travel marketplaces, and user-experience-based content. Visual, interactive, and rapidly disseminating digital information shapes destination images and influences traveler decisions. However, the lack of digital promotion standards allows for misleading promotional practices, visual manipulation, false testimonials, and exaggerated claims that have the potential to harm tourism consumers. This study aims to analyze the synchronization between the Electronic Information and Transactions Law (UU ITE) and the Tourism Law in overseeing digital tourism promotion. This study uses a normative juridical method with a legislative approach and a literature review of academic documents and related news. The research findings show that while both laws share the same goal of ensuring accurate and non-misleading information, neither provides specific technical standards for digital promotion. The ITE Law is general and does not specifically regulate tourism promotion, while the Tourism Law was drafted before social media became a primary tool for destination marketing. This has resulted in regulatory gaps and fragmented authority between the Ministry of Communication and Informatics, the Ministry of Tourism and Creative Economy, BPKN, and BPSK. This research recommends the establishment of derivative regulations related to digital promotion, ethical content standards, advertising transparency, and an integrated cross-agency oversight mechanism to protect tourism consumers in the digital space.

This study aims to analyze the supervisory strategy of the Panwascam (Central Election Supervisory Agency) of Sinjai Borong District in handling election violations in the 2024 Simultaneous Regional Elections in Sinjai Regency. The study focuses on two main aspects, namely preventive strategies and repressive strategies. The research method uses a qualitative approach with case studies, through in-depth interviews, observation, documentation, and interactive data analysis. The results show that the Panwascam's preventive strategies include socialization of election regulations, political education, and strengthening coordination with village officials and community leaders. This strategy has been proven to increase regulatory understanding among lower-level election organizers and public political awareness, especially first-time voters. Meanwhile, the repressive strategy is implemented through violation handling mechanisms, preparing legal recommendations, and summoning perpetrators and witnesses. Based on field findings, the Panwascam successfully handled one case of violation of ASN neutrality that was recommended to the Regency Bawaslu. This study concludes that the supervision of the Sinjai Borong Panwascam is relatively effective, although it still faces limited resources, low public legal literacy, and strong local political patronage. The results of this study provide a conceptual contribution to strengthening the community-based electoral supervision model, which integrates regulatory, educational, and collaborative aspects. They also serve as practical recommendations for improving the quality of electoral democracy at the local level.

The rapid development of information technology has increased the use of online lending services, including illegal platforms that impose excessive interest rates, misuse personal data, and employ intimidating debt collection practices. Limited legal and digital literacy has made communities more vulnerable to these risks. This Community Service Program aims to enhance the understanding of residents in Kradenan Village, Tuban Regency regarding the characteristics of illegal online loans, their social, economic, and psychological impacts, and the relevant legal protections under regulations such as the Electronic Information and Transactions Law, the Personal Data Protection Law, and OJK Regulation No. 77/2016. Through participatory legal education and interactive discussions, the program achieved full participation and improved participants’ knowledge by up to 75%. Residents became more capable of identifying illegal loan applications, recognizing data misuse risks, and understanding preventive measures and available legal remedies. This program effectively increased public awareness to use digital financial services more responsibly and avoid the dangers of illegal online lending.