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Virtual land assets in the metaverse are becoming popular and have high investment potential. In Indonesia, virtual land is a new object in property law, and this object has not been regulated yet by positive law. This study aims to identify the legal position of virtual land in the context of material rights and the validity of material agreements in trading a virtual land asset on the metaverse platform according to the Indonesian Civil Code (KUHPerdata). The research method used is normative-juridical using secondary data. Based on the research results, it concludes that virtual land can be classified as an intangible movable object and can be attached to property rights. From the transaction’s validity, the Civil Code views virtual land transactions as asset exchange agreements, which are legal and recognized transactions based on positive Indonesian law

At the National Teacher's Day commemoration event in 2019 the Minister of Education and Culture or the Ministry of Education and Culture initiated the concept of "Free Learning Education". This concept is a response to the needs of the education system in the era of the industrial revolution 4.0, Minister Nadiem Makarim said that freedom to learn is freedom to think, freedom to think is determined by the teacher, so the main key that supports the new education system is the teacher, where the teacher is tasked with shaping the future. front of the nation. The concept of Freedom to Learn is no longer an idea but rather a policy that will be implemented. Freedom to learn is a word that is often interpreted and explained as freedom in its true sense. The point of the problem is that there are still restrictions everywhere, especially in education, educators and students cannot feel sufficient autonomy to determine the direction of policy in learning and teaching because they are still regulated by regulations which make the implementation and evaluation process plans carried out seem limited and tie. The concept of Freedom of Learning is an agreement in reconstructing the national education system, by reorganizing the education system in order to support the progress of change and progress of a nation that adapts to changing times.    

This article discusses the importance of reaching mutually beneficial solutions in international conflicts, focusing on negotiation and mediation as key elements. Negotiation allows both parties to resolve each other's differences, while mediation facilitates dialogue and promotes compromise. This research uses normative legal research methods with a statutory approach and case approach to analyze relevant laws and regulations related to the Indonesia-Malaysia maritime boundary, using the technique of collecting legal materials for literature studies. These disputes also impact social, political, economic, and environmental life, and both countries must accept the consequences of the Indonesia-Malaysia maritime dispute, such as dispute resolution costs, potential conflicts, and environmental impacts. The results of this study show that negotiations aim to achieve mutually beneficial solutions by providing a forum for communication, identifying common interests, constructive negotiations, and dialogue with regional, national, or international organizations such as the United Nations. Meanwhile, mediation plays an important role in reaching mutually beneficial solutions, assisting effective communication, information and education, claims actions, compromises, facilitating the negotiation process, and reaching mutual agreements.    

The sister city international agreement is an implementation of regional autonomy carried out by local governments in conducting parallel diplomacy. The Surabaya City Government seizes this opportunity and, among others, engages in sister city cooperation with Liverpool City. This study addresses the issue of the authority of the Surabaya City Government in making sister city international agreements and examines the strength and position of sister city international agreements in the form of a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) from the perspective of international law. The type of research used in this study is juridical-normative, thus the approach employed is a statutory approach by examining all statutory regulations related to sister city international agreements. The results of this research indicate that through the analysis of statutory regulations in Indonesia related to international agreements, the Local Government, in this case, the Surabaya City Government, has the authority to make sister city international agreements in an effort to conduct parallel diplomacy with Liverpool City. The position and strength of the sister city international agreement between the Surabaya City Government and Liverpool City in the form of a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) under international law are a valid international agreement with rights and obligations outlined therein and categorized as a treaty contract that only creates legal implications for the parties involved, namely the Surabaya City Government and Liverpool City.

Indonesia is one of the world's largest producers and exporters of Crude Palm Oil (CPO). This study aims to analyze the competitiveness level of Indonesian CPO and the competitive position of Indonesian CPO in the target countries of the United States and Pakistan. This research uses secondary data with a time span from 2018 to 2022. The methods used in this research are the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) method and Export Product Dynamic (EPD). The analysis results show that Indonesia's export competitiveness to the target countries of the United States and Pakistan is high. Then, the majority of the market share to the target countries of the United States and Pakistan is in the Rising Star position, which means there is positive growth. The government needs to synergize policies and create regulations regarding international trade agreements, the government can also simplify export licensing procedures, and Indonesian exporters need to pay more attention to the quality and composition of CPO products

This research discusses the power of unilateral execution carried out on state-owned collateral objects. There is a lot of gossip or uncertainty related to the status of state assets, in the sense that there are many legal rules that still intersect or overlap in defining state assets themselves. This overlapping of legal regulations has resulted in various interpretations regarding the extent to which the existence and definition of state assets can be applied, one of which is related to BUMN assets, whether they are included in state assets or not state assets. BUMN is a state-owned business entity which of course operates like a business entity in general, so that it carries out various legal and non-legal actions like business entities such as PT, CV, and so on. One of the BUMNs in the form of Persero took legal action by entering into a credit agreement in the form of cash collateral credit at BCA Bank, where it was discovered that the performance of the BUMN was starting to decline and of course this had an impact on the finances of the BUMN Persero itself, so this research will aim to provide a perspective on what the Bank can do if the state-owned company experiences default based on the applicable regulations. This research is using ‘normative-juridical’ as research type where the approach to the processing of legal materials is carried out by means of a literature review. Normative-juridical approach in this research used to analyse the power of unilateral execution of state-owned (BUMN) deposits in credit agreements with a cash collateral credit scheme at Bank X.      

Divorce is something that is undesirable for every husband and wife. However, as time goes by, every family will experience great disagreements or conditions that make the decision to divorce a last resort. Divorce can only be done in front of a court hearing. The Religious Court is the judicial institution that has the authority to decide on these cases. As with marriage, divorce must also be based on strong reasons underlying the lawsuit. Through this research, the author and researcher hopes that the research results can be used as a reference or learning material regarding the reasons why someone sues their partner for divorce. This research was prepared using normative juridical methods which were presented descriptively and supported by literature study. This research was also prepared to explore the causes of divorce that occurred in Magelang Regency in 2023, whether divorce divorce or divorce lawsuits filed by husband and wife to the Mungkid Class IA Religious Court as an authorized court and in accordance with its absolute and relative competence.

Fires in residential areas usually occur in densely populated areas. Rawa Buaya Village is a sub-district in West Jakarta City which has a fairly high population density and there is also a densely populated settlement located at RT.016/RW.04 with 445 families. This settlement experienced fire disasters five times in 2008, 2009, 2015, and twice in 2022. The aim of the research is to describe community preparedness to reduce the risk of fire as well as factors that support and inhibit community preparedness. This research uses descriptive methods through a qualitative approach. The results of the research show that 40% of the community knows that the cause of fires is due to human negligence, 81% have the desire to prevent fires, 76% have an agreement between the Head of the RT and the community, 74% have determined the evacuation location for victims, 67% do not know the evacuation route board, 91% have the desire to to help their relatives, 62% only knew that a fire simulation had been carried out once, 74% had no early warning system, and 60% had not prepared an emergency fund. So it was concluded that the community was sufficiently prepared to face fires by knowing the causes and things to prevent fires, having an agreement to prepare evacuation locations, helping relatives and participating in disaster simulations, but the vulnerability of the living environment was a factor that triggered fires.  

Basically, the term semiotics comes from the Greek word Semeion which means sign. The sign itself can be interpreted as something on the basis of a previously created social agreement that can be considered to represent something else. Previously, a sign could be interpreted as something that referred to the existence of another thing. Semiotic analysis here is an attempt to do something with the aim of feeling the presence or existence of something strange and foreign, something that we need to question more deeply when we observe the surrounding environment, read a text or certain narrative/discourse, observe the signs around us. We. Semiotics is also a scientific study which basically aims to understand and understand the existence of signs in human life. This can be interpreted as meaning that we must give everything that is in human life a meaning because we can see things related to human life as signs that have a meaning that has its own philosophical nature.    

This research aims to determine the impact of promotion and demotion mechanisms in teacher career development at SMA Labschool Unesa 1. This research uses a qualitative approach. The type of research used is interviews. The informant in this research was only one teacher. This research shows the mechanism of promotion and demotion in teacher career development at SMA Labschool Unesa 1. There are promotion and demotion indicators consisting of work performance, discipline, skills. Lastly, the demotion indicators consist of member incompetence, personal requests, and rationalization of numbers. The results of the discussion in this research are that in carrying out professional duties, teachers have the right to receive promotions in accordance with their duties and work performance, which includes promotion/increase in functional position. Furthermore, demotions are caused by the lack of performance of a teacher who is not good enough. Demoting a teacher does not happen directly, but there is a gradual evaluation, namely by evaluating several times with agreement with the other teachers. At SMA Labschool Unesa 1, there are no differences and there is a sense of family towards teachers who have just been demoted.

 This research was conducted with the aim of finding out how civil disputes are resolved in the District Court, either through Simple Lawsuits in Court or through Mediation in Court. By using normative juridical research methods, it is concluded: (1) The stages of simple lawsuit settlement in the District Court include registration, examination of the completeness of a simple lawsuit, determination of judges and appointment of substitute clerks, preliminary examination, determination of hearing days and summoning of parties, trial and peace hearings, evidence and decisions To resolve disputes in a simple and practical manner and avoid complicated settlements and in-depth examinations, Law Number 8 Year 1999 requires that amicable settlement, which is a legal remedy first attempted by the parties to the dispute, before the parties choose voluntarily to resolve disputes through the Judicial Body or other forum. (1) The Mediation Procedure in Article 13 on Submission of Case Resume and Duration of Mediation Procedure, states: (1) Within a maximum of 5 (five) working days after the parties have appointed an agreed mediator, each party may submit the case resume to each other and to the mediator. (2) Within a maximum of 5 (five) working days after the parties fail to select a mediator, each party may submit the case resume to the appointed mediator judge. (3) The mediation procedure shall last for a maximum of 40 (forty) working days from the time the mediator is selected by the parties or appointed by the chairman of the panel of judges as referred to in article 11 paragraphs (5) and ( 6). (4) Based on the agreement of the parties, the mediation period may be extended by a maximum of 14 (fourteen) working days from the expiry of the 40 (forty) day period as referred to in paragraph 3: (5) The period of the mediation procedure shall not include the period of case examination. (6) If necessary and based on the agreement of the parties, mediation may be conducted remotely using communication devices. Settlement of civil disputes in principle has two aspects, namely settlement through litigation and non-litigation, in the District Court itself where litigation settlement can be pursued also prioritizing the principles of fast, cheap, and simple.

This research is a normative legal research with a statutory approach. Shopee Paylater is a method of paying for an item in installments, where people can buy goods now and make payments at a later date in installments for 1, 3, 6, 12, 18, or 24 months on a predetermined due date. This research was conducted to determine the application of the principle of balance in Shopee paylater for loan recipients which is included in a standard agreement and is prone to violating the provisions in the applicable regulations. The result of this research is that the terms and conditions of Shopee paylater for loan recipients have not applied the principle of balance.

Investment-linked insurance, otherwise known as unit-linked insurance, offer attractive potential benefits because in addition to providing life protection, they also offer investments for policyholders. However, it also involves the construction of complex legal relationships between policyholders and insurance companies. The purpose of this study is to determine and analyze the construction of legal relationships in insurance schemes linked to investment. This research uses normative legal research methods through data collection techniques in the form of literature studies. The approach used is the statute approach. The results show that the unit-linked insurance agreement scheme involves at least two key elements, namely policyholders and insurance companies. Policyholders can choose to invest their funds in financial instruments managed by investment managers. The legal relationship between the parties is based on an insurance contract known as a policy. The insurance policy regulates the rights and obligations of each party. Premiums paid by policyholders are allocated to the basic premium for insurance protection and investment premiums. Meanwhile, the insurance company provides a return on the premium in the form of life protection and investment management.

Khamar is a drink that has the potential to be intoxicating if consumed at normal levels by a normal person, it is unlawful to drink it. Consuming wine contains a major sin, although there are benefits in human life, but the harm is greater than the benefits. Khamar is regulated in Islamic criminal law because consuming it is an offence. The aim of this research is to analyze the punishment for perpetrators of the crime of khamar in Islamic criminal law. Jarimah drinking alcoholic beverages (khamr) is a case of jarimah hudud, and is threatened with a had punishment, namely the punishment of not less than 40 lashes and may be more. According to the agreement of the ulama, the punishment for those who drink khamr was initially 40 (forty) lashes. Meanwhile, the friends agreed to stipulate 80 (eighty) lashes for reasons of benefit. With the existence of the law of law, more and more people will experience the deterrent effect of drinking alcohol.

The development of Solar Photovoltaic Power Plants (SPPVs) as Renewable Energy in Indonesia is increasingly growing. However, SPPVs have a relatively short lifespan, necessitating the proper management of their waste, particularly solar panels. This research aims are, firstly, to analyse the regulations governing the parties responsible for managing waste from SPPVs that have reached the end of their lifespan. And, secondly, to compare waste management regulations for solar panels implemented in Europe and America as best practices for handling end-of-life SPPV waste. This research employs a normative juridical and comparative-descriptive research method, comparing regulations and implementation of SPPV waste management in Indonesia and other countries. The Finding of this research are in line with Law No. 32 of 2009 on Environmental Protection and Management and Government Regulation No. 22 of 2021, which states that any person or business entity generating waste is obligated to handle and restore it, in practice, the Power Purchase Agreement stipulates that waste management of SPPVs is the responsibility of the winning Project Company (in this case, the Consortium). And, in Europe and several US states have issued regulations for managing waste from end-of-life SPPVs. These regulations require solar panel manufacturers to have a recycling program for their own products after their end-of-life. However, managing end-of-life solar panel waste is a complex issue that requires cooperation from various stakeholders, including the government, project companies, and solar panel manufacturers. Adopting waste management policies from Europe and America is recommended to ensure that SPPV waste management is conducted responsibly and environmentally friendly.    

In general, insurance is providing risk protection to the insurer, namely an insurance organization and an agreement agreed upon for a certain period of time. PT Sun Life Syariah Medan Branch is a Sharia general insurance organization located on Jl. Captain Jumhana No. 127, Sukaramai II, Kec. Medan Area, Medan City, North Sumatra. The aim of this research is to find out how to increase the efficiency and quality of superior Sharia general insurance products at PT Sun Life Syariah Medan Branch. The research method uses qualitative methods. The research results obtained are that the level of efficiency of an organization is not determined by the amount of total income, total expenditure, or the total capital owned by the company. However, on the contrary, it is influenced by the business's ability to maximize profits through the effective use of its own resources, which determines the level of efficiency. For this reason, it can be concluded that the Sun Life Financial Syariah Medan Branch organization has better management skills than traditional insurance organizations to design products optimally and minimize the costs required.  

This journal discusses the legal requirements for fish catch as the object of a production sharing agreement in Pohuwato Regency. In the context of business cooperation between ship owners and crew members, production sharing agreements have become common practice, although they are often done verbally. This research aims to examine the legal requirements that must be fulfilled by fish catches in order to be the object of a valid production sharing agreement. In this research, normative research methods were used with a legislative approach, a case approach and a conceptual approach. The data used is secondary data obtained through literature study and analysis carried out qualitatively. The research results show that there are four legal conditions that must be fulfilled in an agreement, namely agreement between both parties, ability to carry out the agreement, clear and halal objects, and a form that complies with applicable legal provisions. Apart from that, it was also stated that Law Number 16 of 1964 concerning Fishery Profit Sharing provides an outline of the minimum percentage of profit sharing that must be received by fishermen. However, this research also reveals that the production sharing agreement system in Pohuwato Regency does not always work as it should, especially due to inhibiting factors such as low levels of education. Therefore, the legal protection of fishermen as parties entering into production sharing agreements needs to be improved. In conclusion, to fulfill the legal requirements for fish catch as the object of a production sharing agreement, there needs to be an agreement between both parties, fulfillment of applicable legal requirements, as well as adequate legal protection for fishermen as parties involved in the agreement. Efforts to increase legal understanding and awareness of fishermen's rights need to be made to ensure fairness in the distribution of fish catches in Pohuwato Regency.

Climate change has emerged as a serious threat to both humanity and the global ecosystem, necessitating a coordinated global response. The Paris Agreement embodies these efforts by emphasizing the principle of Common but Differentiated Responsibilities and Respective Capabilities (CBDR-RC), which underscores the awareness of shared responsibility with varying capacities among nations. This principle is reflected in the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), serving as tangible manifestations of each country's commitment. This research addresses two main issues: Firstly, why is the CBDR-RC principle the foundation for implementing NDCs in Indonesia? Secondly, to what extent does the implementation of NDCs in Indonesia align with the CBDR-RC principle and Indonesia's commitments in the Paris Agreement to achieve sustainable development and address climate change? This study the study utilizes legislative, comparative, conceptual, and historical methodologies. Findings reveal that the CBDR-RC principle forms the basis of NDC implementation in Indonesia, grounded in Indonesia's membership status in the Paris Agreement. However, practical execution falls short, revealing a disparity between idealism and reality in realizing commitments and ambitions to address climate change.

In summary, the comprehensive analysis of students' responses to 11 distinct questions about the utilization of TikTok as a learning medium in English-speaking classes yields valuable insights. The unanimous agreement among the interviewed students underscores the overall advantage of TikTok as an effective and versatile learning tool. Firstly, TikTok proves to be a valuable supplementary resource, providing diverse content that aids in better understanding study materials. Students emphasize that the platform's content enhances their comprehension, offering additional learning material that is both engaging and accessible. Secondly, TikTok's interactive features, such as stitch videos and duets, emerge as pivotal components that inject an engaging and enjoyable dimension into the learning process. Students express a strong preference for these features, highlighting their positive impact on the learning experience. Thirdly, TikTok significantly contributes to bolstering students' confidence in speaking English. The students' responses emphasize that the platform acts as a transformative space where they overcome initial apprehensions about fluency. Through consistent speaking practice, students report feeling more motivated and self-assured when communicating in English. Additionally, the analysis reflects a positive correlation between TikTok usage and increased motivation to learn English. The platform's dynamic and interactive nature contributes to a more stimulating learning environment, encouraging students to actively engage with the language. Furthermore, students note that TikTok facilitates a deeper understanding of English materials. The visual and auditory elements in TikTok videos enhance their comprehension and retention of vocabulary and pronunciation. Despite these positive aspects, it's essential to acknowledge potential drawbacks. Some students express concerns about distractions on TikTok, which may divert their focus from the intended educational content. This highlights the need for effective time management and self-discipline when using TikTok as a learning tool. In conclusion, the data-driven analysis reveals a multifaceted perspective on the advantages and disadvantages of using TikTok as an English learning tool. While it significantly contributes to supplementary learning, interactivity, and confidence-building, students need to navigate potential distractions. Ultimately, TikTok emerges as a valuable and effective tool in language education, requiring a balanced approach to optimize its benefits for English learners.    

The use of cryptocurrency assets in Indonesia is still prohibited as a means of payment but as an investment instrument it can be included as a commodity that can be traded on a term exchange as regulated in the regulation of Law No. 10 of 2011 concerning amendments to Law No. 32 of 1997. The positive impact of cryptocurrencies in consumer protection such as cryptocurrency financial access can provide access to the traditional banking system, thereby increasing financial inclusion. There are also negative impacts to consider in consumer protection: security risks associated with theft or hacking of cryptocurrency exchange platforms and digital wallets can threaten the security of consumer funds. This study aims to analyze about consumer protection of cryptocurrencies in the digital age. This research uses normative research methods and uses qualitative data types. The results of this study show that consumer protection in cryptocurrency in the digital era, among others, preventively, in cryptocurrency trading transactions as assets is also strengthened by the Regulation of the Commodity Futures Trading Supervisory Agency Number 9 of 2019 concerning Amendments to the Regulation of the Commodity Futures Trading Supervisory Agency Number 5 of 2019 concerning Textile Arrangements for the Implementation of the Physical Market of Cryptocurrency Assets on Futures Exchanges. Meanwhile, if repressively to protect what is given after a dispute arises in the form of sanctions, fines, imprisonment, and penalties imposed a dispute occurs, regulated in Article 22 of PerBappeti Number 5 of 2019 concerning Technical Provisions for the Implementation of the Physical Market of Cryptocurrency Assets on the Futures Exchange, that dispute resolution is carried out by deliberation to reach consensus if it does not reach consensus the parties can resolve through the Futures Trading Arbitration Agency Commodity (BAKTI) and the State Court as stated in the agreement between the parties. Bank Indonesia reaffirms the ban on the use of virtual currencies in cryptocurrency, both in the form of selling, buying, and trading with these currencies.