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 Education in the 21st century demands a paradigm shift from passive learning to collaborative and student-centered learning, in line with the Merdeka Curriculum’s emphasis on the value of mutual cooperation. However, challenges arise due to the younger generation’s heavy reliance on technology, which tends to foster individualism. This study aims to examine the implementation of cooperative learning strategies as a solution to foster social interaction and student engagement. Cooperative learning strategies constitute a conceptual framework for a series of learning activities within heterogeneous small groups to achieve shared goals. Through a literature review, it was found that the implementation of these strategies involves systematic steps ranging from group formation, problem-solving discussions, to group recognition. The results of the analysis indicate that cooperative strategies have significant advantages in enhancing students’ self-confidence, independence, responsibility, and academic achievement. Although they have limitations regarding time management and the need for specific skills among educators, these strategies are considered highly relevant for fostering students’ character to be inclusive, tolerant, and capable of collaborating amidst differences.

This study aims to examine the level of regional financial independence and various financial ratios in assessing the performance of regency and city governments in the Special Region of Yogyakarta (DIY) for the 2019–2024 period. The method employed is a descriptive qualitative approach supported by quantitative data in the form of Budget Realization Reports (LRA). Performance measurement was conducted through several key indicators, including independence, effectiveness, efficiency, and growth ratios. The results indicate that the level of fiscal independence remains relatively low, characterized by a high dependency on transfer funds from the central government. On the other hand, the effectiveness ratio shows good achievement, as most regions were able to meet their revenue targets, particularly from Local Own-Source Revenue (PAD). However, the efficiency of expenditure management remains uneven across regions. Furthermore, the revenue growth ratio shows fluctuations influenced by economic conditions, including the impact of the pandemic. Overall, regional financial performance still needs to be improved, especially in strengthening fiscal independence and optimizing PAD potential.

This study aims to analyze the factors that influence the residential spatial system of the Marori and Mengge ethnic groups in Wasur Village, Merauke, South Papua, in the context of their involvement in the eucalyptus oil industry as a leading tourism product of Wasur National Park. A rationalistic qualitative approach is used with the main theory of behavioral setting to examine the relationship between behavior, local culture, and spatial structure. The results of the study indicate that houses not only function as domestic spaces, but also as places for the production of eucalyptus oil, especially at the packaging stage. The overlapping use of space causes space invasion, changes in function, and the emergence of high spatial flexibility. The space of the house undergoes a temporal functional transformation, adjusting to the intensity of economic activities and cultural rituals of the community. Private, semi-public, and spiritual spaces experience shifting boundaries, which have an impact on social relationship patterns and living comfort. This study also found that social structure, customary values (Boan/marga), and division of customary areas play an important role in the formation of the spatial system. These findings are expected to be an important contribution to the development of residential architecture based on behavior and local wisdom, as well as community-based conservation area management. This study also highlights the urgency of preserving the culture and existence of indigenous tribes amidst the current of modernization and the threat of extinction.

Background: Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) is a condition caused by compression of the median nerve at the wrist, resulting in pain, paresthesia, and decreased hand function. This condition is commonly experienced by individuals who perform repetitive wrist activities. Objective: To determine the effectiveness of a combination of neural mobilization exercises and electrotherapy modalities in improving hand function, increasing muscle strength, and reducing pain in a patient with Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. Methods: This study used a case report design involving a 57-year-old female patient (Mrs. Q) who presented with pain and sensory disturbances in the right hand. The intervention was administered for four weeks and consisted of ultrasound therapy, Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS), grip strengthening exercises, and nerve gliding exercises. Outcome measures included pain intensity assessed using the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS), muscle strength evaluated using Manual Muscle Testing (MMT), and functional ability measured using the Wrist Hand Disability Index (WHDI). Results: The evaluation showed a reduction in pain intensity, with resting pain at 0/10, tenderness at 4/10, and movement pain at 4/10. Muscle strength improved from grade 3 to grade 4 based on MMT. Functional ability also improved, as indicated by a 20% reduction in the WHDI score. The combination of these interventions proved effective as a conservative management approach for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. Conclusion: The administration of ultrasound, TENS, grip strengthening exercises, and nerve gliding exercises over four therapy sessions in Mrs. Q resulted in decreased pain, increased muscle strength, and improved hand functional ability.

Background: Knee osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease that often occurs in the geriatric population and causes pain, limited movement, and decreased function. In advanced conditions, management is carried out with Total Knee Replacement (TKR). However, post-surgery patients still experience functional limitations so that physiotherapy intervention is needed. Objective: To determine the effectiveness of static bicycle and quadriceps strengthening exercises on pain, range of motion, muscle strength, functional mobility, and quality of life in post-TKR patients. Methods: This study used a case study design in one patient with post-TKR dextra et causa bilateral knee osteoarthritis. The intervention was given for 3 weeks with a frequency of 2 times per week. Evaluation was carried out using the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS), goniometer, Manual Muscle Testing (MMT), Timed Up and Go Test (TUG), and the Knee Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS). Results: Results showed a decrease in motion pain from NRS 6 to 4 and stationary pain from 3 to 2. Knee range of motion increased from 75° to 90° of flexion and from -5° to 0° of extension. Muscle strength increased from MMT 3 to 4 in the quadriceps muscle. Functional mobility also improved, with TUG time decreasing from 22 seconds to 18 seconds. However, the KOOS score remained relatively unchanged at 38.84. Conclusion: Static bicycle and quadriceps strengthening exercises were effective in reducing pain, increasing ROM, muscle strength, and functional mobility in post-TKR patients. However, the improvement in quality of life as measured by the KOOS was not significant, requiring a longer rehabilitation period.

Tiku Beach in Tanjung Mutiara District, Agam Regency, West Sumatra is a 12.77 km coastal area experiencing continuous shoreline changes due to abrasion and accretion. This study aims to identify and map shoreline changes and calculate the area of abrasion and accretion in 2014, 2019, and 2024 using the Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI) method based on Landsat 8 OLI satellite imagery. The MNDWI method utilizes the reflectance difference in the Green band (Band 3) and SWIR band (Band 6) to automatically separate the land-water boundary. Shoreline change analysis was performed using Net Shoreline Movement (NSM) and End Point Rate (EPR) methods through ArcGIS 10.8 software with the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) extension. Analysis of 336 transects shows that accretion is more dominant than abrasion along Tiku Beach. The largest accretion was recorded at transect 230 with an NSM value of 71.3 m and an EPR rate of 7.12 m/year, while extreme abrasion occurred at transect 249 with an NSM value of -121.67 m and an EPR rate of -12.15 m/year. The evolution of the shoreline shows that in 2014 the coastline was still relatively stable, then in 2019 mild abrasion occurred in the west along with accretion in the east, and by 2024 this pattern became more pronounced. The results of this study are expected to serve as a scientific basis for decision-making in coastal disaster mitigation planning and sustainable coastal management in Agam Regency.

This study aims to analyze the implementation of emotional approach-based organizational management in Early Childhood Education (PAUD) in improving children's learning comfort. The emotional approach in PAUD organizational management is an important strategy in creating a safe, enjoyable, and supportive learning environment for children's social and emotional development. This research used a qualitative method with a descriptive approach. Data collection techniques were carried out through observations, interviews, and documentation involving principals, teachers, and students in PAUD institutions. The results showed that the implementation of an emotional approach in PAUD organizational management could improve children's learning comfort through warm communication between teachers and students, child-friendly classroom management, positive motivation, and good collaboration between schools and parents. In addition, the emotional approach helps children become more confident, active, and socially interactive. Therefore, emotional approach-based organizational management in PAUD plays an important role in creating a conducive learning atmosphere and supporting the optimal development of early childhood learners.

This study aims to describe the implementation of supervision management as an effort to improve the quality of education at SMAN 1 Panyabungan. Supervision is one of the functions of education management that plays an important role in improving the quality of the learning process, teacher competence, and the effectiveness of school management. This study uses a qualitative approach with a descriptive method. Data was obtained through observation, interviews, and documentation involving school principals, teachers, and education staff. The results of the study show that supervision management at SMAN 1 Panyabungan is carried out through the stages of planning, implementation, evaluation, and follow-up in a structured manner. The planning stage is carried out by preparing a supervision program according to the needs of the school, implementation is carried out through monitoring and teacher coaching activities, evaluation is carried out by assessing the results of supervision, while the follow-up is in the form of continuous improvement and development. Supervision activities have been proven to have a positive impact on improving teacher professionalism, learning quality, and achieving educational goals in schools. These findings confirm that effective supervision management can be one of the important strategies in improving the quality of education in a sustainable manner, while strengthening the role of school principals as quality improvement-oriented educational leaders.

This study aims to analyze the management of Islamic Religious Education (PAI) learning as an effort to improve students’ discipline in performing congregational prayers at SDN 188 Simangambat. Learning management in PAI includes planning, implementation, and evaluation strategies carried out by teachers to instill religious values and develop students’ awareness of the importance of praying together. This research uses a qualitative approach with descriptive methods to describe the role of PAI learning management in shaping students’ prayer discipline. The results indicate that effective PAI learning management can encourage students to perform congregational prayers regularly through teacher guidance, habituation programs, and a supportive school environment. Teachers play an important role as educators and role models in building students’ responsibility and obedience in carrying out religious activities. The implementation of structured learning activities, monitoring, and evaluation contributes to improving students’ discipline and spiritual character. Therefore, proper management of PAI learning is an important factor in developing students’ religious habits and strengthening Islamic character education in elementary schools.

The implementation of active learning models such as Problem-Based Learning (PBL) and Project-Based Learning (PjBL) at the junior high school level is often constrained by the complexity of instructional time management. This study aims to examine the role of the principal’s instructional leadership in addressing time management dilemmas in the implementation of active learning at SMP Negeri 6 Panyabungan. A qualitative approach with a descriptive method was employed in this study. Data were collected through non-participant observation and in-depth interviews with key informants, namely the school principal and an Islamic Religious Education (PAI) teacher selected as representatives of field conditions. The findings reveal three main results. First, teachers’ time management constraints are caused by weak control of learning activity transitions, noisy classroom conditions during group division, and low initial student learning readiness. Second, the principal implemented several concrete interventions, including the adoption of block scheduling, clinical supervision focused on classroom management, and the optimization of the Subject Teacher Forum (MGMP) or school learning community. Third, these interventions improved teachers’ instructional efficiency, strengthened classroom activity control, and created a more structured active learning process. However, sustainability challenges remain, particularly resistance from senior teachers who tend to prefer conventional teaching methods. This study concludes that adaptive and solution-oriented instructional leadership is a key factor in addressing the complexity of time management constraints in active learning implementation.

Introduction: Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) is the most common neuropathy caused by compression and tension of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel of the wrist. The most common symptoms of CTS include pain and paresthesia (tingling) with or without numbness in the me dian nerve area of ​​the wrist. Method: The method used was a case study on a 72-year-old male patient diagnosed with bilateral CTS who experienced pain (NRS 7/10), tingling, numbness, and limitations in hand movement and functional activity. Physiotherapy interventions provided included Ultrasound therapy (US), Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS), nerve mobilization, and structured exercise therapy in the form of stretching and median nerve gliding. Evaluation was carried out using the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) for pain and the Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire (BCTQ) for functional activity. Result: The results showed a significant reduction in pain, with motion pain decreasing from a scale of 7 to 3 and pressure pain from 5 to 1 after three therapy sessions. Furthermore, there was an increase in functional activity, as indicated by a decrease in BCTQ scores, namely the Symptom Severity Scale (SSS) from 4 to 2 and the Functional Status Scale (FSS) from 4 to 2. This indicates a gradual improvement from the moderate-severe category to approaching mild. Conclusion: A multimodal physiotherapy approach is effective in reducing pain, reducing paresthesias, and improving hand function in CTS patients. Combining various therapeutic modalities has been shown to be more optimal than single therapies because it can address various pathological aspects simultaneously. Therefore, comprehensive, evidence-based physiotherapy interventions are highly recommended in the conservative management of CTS.

Islamic education management in the contemporary era is no longer adequate if understood solely as an administrative activity, but must be built on a solid philosophical, ethical, and spiritual foundation. This article aims to analyze the concept of Islamic education management from the perspective of Al-Ghazali and Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas and examine the relevance of its implementation for contemporary Islamic education management. This study uses a qualitative approach with a library research type. Data were obtained from the primary works of both figures and various relevant secondary sources, then analyzed through a comparative-conceptual approach with qualitative content analysis techniques and hermeneutic reading. The results show that Al-Ghazali emphasizes the ethical-spiritual dimension of education through the integration of knowledge, charity, morals, and purification of the soul, while al-Attas emphasizes the epistemological-philosophical dimension through the concepts of ta'dib, adab, and the Islamic worldview. Both have a common ground in the view that Islamic education must be directed at the formation of knowledgeable, civilized, and moral human beings, and should not be reduced to a technical process with neutral value. In terms of implementation, this study synthesizes the thoughts of both figures relevant to strengthening education, leadership, curriculum and learning management, institutional culture formation, and holistic educational evaluation. Therefore, Islamic educational management is ideally built on a foundation of ethical-spiritual and epistemological-philosophical integration to ensure effective, valuable, and transcendental-oriented educational governance.

Diabetes mellitus type 2 is a chronic metabolic disorder that frequently affects elderly patients and is often accompanied by multiple comorbidities. The increasing prevalence of diabetes in the aging population contributes to higher morbidity and mortality, especially when complicated by geriatric syndromes, electrolyte imbalances, and infections such as pneumonia. This study aims to present a case of type 2 diabetes mellitus in an elderly patient with associated geriatric problems, electrolyte disturbances, and pneumonia. The method used is a descriptive case report based on clinical findings, laboratory examinations, and radiological assessment. A 76-year-old male presented with generalized weakness, weight loss, decreased appetite, respiratory symptoms, and functional decline. Physical examination and laboratory findings revealed uncontrolled diabetes, electrolyte imbalance, hypoalbuminemia, and signs of infection. Chest radiography confirmed pneumonia. Management included pharmacological therapy such as antibiotics, fluid and electrolyte correction, and supportive care, along with non-pharmacological interventions including dietary regulation and monitoring. The findings highlight the complexity of managing elderly patients with multiple comorbid conditions, emphasizing the need for a comprehensive and multidisciplinary approach. Early detection and appropriate management are essential to improve clinical outcomes and prevent further complications in geriatric patients with diabetes mellitus.

Hypertension is a major public health concern with a high prevalence and a significant risk of complications if left uncontrolled. Effective management requires not only pharmacological treatment but also non-pharmacological approaches and active family involvement. One potential non-pharmacological therapy is the use of celery (Apium graveolens), which is believed to lower blood pressure. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of family education combined with celery decoction administration in reducing blood pressure among patients with hypertension. A descriptive case study design was employed using a family nursing care approach over three home visits, each lasting 30–45 minutes. The intervention included health education on hypertension and a demonstration of how to prepare and administer celery decoction, which was consumed twice daily. Data were collected through interviews, observation, and blood pressure measurements. The results showed a reduction in blood pressure from 159/90 mmHg to 130/80 mmHg, along with a decrease in symptoms such as headaches and dizziness. In addition, there was an improvement in family knowledge, caregiving skills, and the ability to modify the home environment. In conclusion, family-based education combined with the administration of celery decoction appears to be effective in reducing blood pressure and enhancing the family’s role in managing hypertension.

Vertigo is a clinical symptom that is often found and can be related to vestibular disorders or systemic conditions such as hypertension. The case report described a 58-year-old female patient who came in with complaints of dizziness that disappeared from 12 hours before admission to the hospital, accompanied by double vision, nausea, severe headache, flatulence, and stiffness of the left shoulder. Physical examination showed increased blood pressure and bidirectional nystagmus on neurological examination. Laboratory tests show mild electrolyte abnormalities and increased cholesterol. The patient was diagnosed with uncontrolled vestibular vertigo et causa hypertension and received intravenous fluid therapy, symptomatic therapy, antihypertensive therapy, and vestibular suppressants. Clinical improvements were obtained during follow-up. Education related to blood pressure control, medication adherence, and lifestyle changes such as low-salt diet settings and stress management is also provided to patients. In addition, periodic monitoring is required to prevent recurrence and further complications. This case emphasizes the importance of identifying hypertension as a contributing factor to vertigo as well as comprehensive management to improve patient outcomes and improve the quality of life of patients.

Cholelithiasis is the formation of hardened bile deposits within the gallbladder due to an imbalance in the chemical composition of bile, which can cause symptoms ranging from abdominal pain to serious complications such as cholecystitis, biliary obstruction, and gallbladder infection. This study aimed to determine the relationship between patient characteristics and the length of hospital stay in cholelithiasis patients at Cut Meutia General Hospital. This study used an analytical observational design with a cross-sectional approach and a retrospective study, employing a total sampling technique with 50 patients. The results showed that most patients were female (52.0%), with the largest age group being late elderly (28.0%). The most common surgical technique was laparoscopic cholecystectomy (42.0%), and the majority of patients received surgical management (60.0%). Bivariate analysis using the Chi-Square test showed significant relationships between age (p=0.000), gender (p=0.044), surgical technique (p=0.029), and management (p=0.045) with the length of hospital stay in cholelithiasis patients. The conclusion of this study is that there is a relationship between patient characteristics and the length of hospital stay in cholelithiasis patients.

This study is motivated by the fact that the regulation of securities investment and direct investment in Indonesia still faces legal harmonization issues between the provisions of Law No. 4 of 2023 concerning the Development and Strengthening of the Financial Sector particularly those governing the capital market and Government Regulation No. 63 of 2019 concerning Government Investment. This research aims to analyze the compatibility, substantial differences, and legal implications of the two regulations in the context of establishing an integrated and equitable investment legal system. This study applies a normative juridical approach with a descriptive analysis method. Data were collected using a literature study technique through a review of legislation, legal literature, and related policy documents. Furthermore, the data was analyzed using qualitative data analysis techniques with an emphasis on systematic interpretation and the principle of harmonization of laws and regulations. The results of this study indicate that there is still a lack of synchronization between the regulation of securities investment in the capital market and the mechanism of direct investment by the government, particularly in terms of authority, risk management, and legal accountability. The findings of this study imply the need for improvements to derivative regulations and implementation guidelines that are capable of integrating capital market legal principles with government investment policies in order to create legal certainty and effective management of national investments. Keywords: Legal Harmonization, Securities Investment, and Government Investment

This study aims to analyze the role of brand equity in enhancing the competitiveness of batik sandal products at “Dinara Wooden Heel.” The research adopts a qualitative approach using a case study method to gain an in-depth understanding of how the elements of brand equity namely brand awareness, perceived quality, brand association, and brand loyalty are developed and utilized by the business actors. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with the business owner and consumers, direct observation, and documentation. The data analysis technique was conducted descriptively through the stages of data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. The findings indicate that brand equity plays a significant role in improving the competitiveness of Dinara Wooden Heel. The dimensions of perceived quality and brand association serve as the primary strengths in creating competitive advantage through consistent product quality and culture-based differentiation. Meanwhile, brand awareness declined due to distribution limitations during the pandemic, but has gradually recovered through the utilization of social media. On the other hand, brand loyalty has been established through repeat purchases, although its management remains relatively informal. Overall, the four dimensions of brand equity are integrated in enhancing competitiveness through brand visibility, product differentiation, consumer trust, and customer loyalty.

Green transportation policy has increasingly been regarded as a cornerstone of urban mobility reform worldwide, yet its explicit orientation toward cyclist safety remains insufficiently developed. This paper examines how sustainable transportation management policies can be normatively designed to advance cyclist safety as a primary policy objective, not a secondary concern. Drawing on a qualitative literature review, the study explores the structural relationship between green transportation frameworks and the protection of cyclists within urban road systems. The discussion covers key policy dimensions including physical infrastructure standards, speed regulation, legal frameworks, public education, technological support systems, and inter-agency coordination. The study argues that a coherent policy architecture is essential for ensuring that the promotion of cycling as a low-emission mode is accompanied by robust safety provisions. Without this coherence, green transportation policy risks generating a structural contradiction between its environmental aspirations and its duty of care toward vulnerable road users. The findings affirm that cyclist safety and environmental sustainability are mutually reinforcing values that must be embedded together within any credible urban transportation governance framework.

This systematic literature study conducts a comparative analysis of Reliability-Centered Maintenance (RCM) and Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) in manufacturing, and proposes an integrated hybrid model. The research concludes that RCM and TPM are fundamentally distinct methodologies: RCM excels in risk-based, analytical management of complex, high-criticality assets, while TPM is superior for achieving broad-based productivity gains and cultural empowerment through total employee involvement. The effectiveness of each approach is contingent upon factors such as asset characteristics, organizational culture, data availability, and level of automation. To leverage their complementary strengths, the study proposes the Synergistic RCM-TPM Hybrid Model (SRTHM). This framework advocates for a sequential implementation where TPM establishes the foundational operational stability, discipline, and data culture, upon which selective RCM analysis is applied to critical assets for precision risk management. The model incorporates explicit feedback mechanisms to create a continuous organizational learning cycle. The study provides a contingency framework for methodology selection and a practical roadmap for integration, offering theoretical and practical guidance for building more resilient and context-appropriate maintenance systems in modern manufacturing.