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This study examines the empowerment of civil servants and its contribution to improving the quality of public services in Southwest Papua Province, with particular focus on the Human Resources Development Personnel Agency (BKPSDM: Badan Kepegawaian Pengembangan Sumber Daya Manusia). The research employs a qualitative descriptive approach to capture and analyze empowerment practices as well as their supporting and inhibiting factors. Data collection was carried out through interviews, observations, and documentation, involving key informants such as the Head of BKPSDM and relevant staff members. The data were analyzed using the interactive model of Miles, Huberman, and Saldana, which consists of three stages: data condensation, data display, and conclusion drawing/verification. The findings reveal that empowerment practices at BKPSDM encompass structured recruitment policies for both Indigenous Papuans (OAP) and non-OAPs, systematic career development, provision of education and training programs, and implementation of fair compensation mechanisms. These initiatives are aimed at enhancing civil servants’ competencies, professionalism, motivation, and accountability, ultimately contributing to better service delivery to the public. Supporting factors identified include the existence of strong regulatory frameworks, leadership commitment, competency-based training opportunities, high internal motivation, and the establishment of a collaborative work culture. On the other hand, several inhibiting factors persist, such as limited and unequal access to training, inadequate infrastructure, frequent changes in regulations, discriminatory practices, and low levels of digital literacy among some employees. The study concludes that civil servant empowerment represents a strategic pathway to building a professional, accountable, and responsive state apparatus capable of delivering high-quality public services. To strengthen these efforts, recommendations highlight the importance of expanding training access, improving digital skills, ensuring infrastructure readiness, and maintaining inclusive and transparent policies. By addressing these challenges, civil servant empowerment can be optimized to achieve sustainable improvements in public service performance across Southwest Papua Province.

Amal Madani Indonesia (AMI) is a zakat philanthropic institution based in Cimahi, West Java, with a vision to empower communities through professional, transparent, and accountable management of zakat, infaq, and alms (ZIS) funds. As a zakat institution, AMI focuses not only on the collection and distribution of funds but also emphasizes the importance of good governance so that the collected funds can have a real impact on improving community welfare. This study aims to analyze AMI's contribution to improving community economic empowerment, evaluate the efficiency of zakat distribution, and examine the practice of Islamic philanthropic governance in the Cimahi region. The research method used is a descriptive qualitative approach with data collection techniques through field observations, documentation studies, and in-depth interviews with administrators and beneficiaries. The results show that AMI has a significant role in encouraging the socio-economic development of the surrounding community. The programs implemented are not only oriented towards distributing consumer assistance, but also focus on sustainable empowerment, for example through entrepreneurship training, mentoring micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs), providing access to capital, and providing educational scholarships for children from underprivileged families. This strategy demonstrates that AMI is striving to shift the paradigm of zakat from merely a means of distributing welfare to an instrument for the economic development of the community. However, research also found several obstacles faced, including the program's distribution reach which is still limited to certain areas, limited human resources in managing empowerment programs, and low levels of zakat literacy among the community. The low understanding of some communities regarding the obligation of zakat has an impact on the potential for zakat collection that is not optimal. Therefore, efforts are needed to improve zakat education, optimize digital technology in collection and distribution, and strengthen collaboration with various parties, both government and the private sector.

This study aims to determine the effect of career development and organizational culture on employee performance at the Bima City Social Service. The research method used is quantitative with an associative approach. The sample in this study was 35 people who were civil servants. Data collection techniques were carried out using questionnaires, and data analysis included validity tests, reliability tests, classical assumption tests, multiple linear regression, t-tests, and f-tests. The results of the study indicate that career development has a positive and significant effect on employee performance. Organizational culture also has a positive and significant effect on employee performance. Simultaneously, career development and organizational culture have a positive and significant effect on employee performance. These findings indicate the importance of training, fair career opportunities, and an open and collaborative work culture in improving employee performance. Therefore, the Bima City Social Service is advised to continue improving career development and strengthening an organizational culture that supports performance. In addition, this study also highlights the importance of management's role in creating an environment that supports career development and a positive organizational culture. Fair and transparent career development not only provides opportunities for employees to improve their skills and knowledge but also motivates them to contribute more to organizational goals. Likewise, an inclusive and collaborative organizational culture can increase mutual trust, effective communication, and cooperation among employees, thus creating a work environment conducive to improved performance. The research concludes that these two factors—career development and organizational culture—interact to optimize employee performance. Therefore, the Bima City Social Service needs to continue developing policies that support both aspects, such as regular training, fair promotion programs, and the development of a work culture that emphasizes collaboration and appreciation for employee performance.

Negotiation is the most fundamental form of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR), emphasizing the peaceful settlement of conflicts through direct dialogue between disputing parties without involving a third party. In Indonesia, negotiation has become one of the most widely used ADR mechanisms and has developed across various fields, including civil law, labor relations, administrative disputes, and environmental issues. This study aims to analyze negotiation as an ADR forum from two main perspectives. First, a theoretical review that examines the principles of negotiation, its stages, as well as its advantages and limitations compared to other dispute resolution mechanisms. Second, a practical review that elaborates on the implementation of negotiation within the Indonesian legal context through case studies of disputes resolved through negotiation. The research employs a normative-juridical approach to analyze the legal foundations and principles governing negotiation, combined with an empirical review through case data exploration and interviews with legal practitioners. The findings indicate that negotiation offers several advantages, including efficiency in time and cost, procedural flexibility, and the potential for mutually beneficial solutions (win–win solutions). However, this study also identifies challenges such as unequal bargaining positions between parties, limited legal recognition of negotiation outcomes, and the insufficient capacity of negotiators or informal mediators to fully grasp legal aspects. Based on these findings, the study recommends several strategic steps: enhancing legal recognition and protection for negotiation outcomes, strengthening the capacity and competence of negotiators through legal and communication skills training, and expanding the use of negotiation as an initial step in resolving various types of disputes. With stronger legal frameworks and improved human resources, negotiation has the potential to become a more effective, efficient, and sustainable dispute resolution instrument in Indonesia.

Corruption is an extraordinary crime that damages the foundation of the state. In the context of Government Procurement of Goods/Services (PBJP), corrupt behavior still occurs even though it has been regulated through Presidential Regulation Number 12 of 2021 as an amendment to Presidential Regulation Number 16 of 2018. The implementation of the PBJP policy is considered to be not able to effectively suppress the potential for corruption, so other variables are needed that affect the effectiveness of the policy. This study aims to analyze the direct and indirect influence of the leadership style and quality of human resources (HR) of the state civil apparatus on the potential for corruption through the implementation of PBJP policies. The research method used is quantitative with the Partial Least Squares - Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) approach, which aims to test the relationship between latent variables and confirm the influence of leadership style and quality of human resources on potential corruption through the effectiveness of PBJP implementation. The research population includes elements of PBJP policy implementation within the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK), including PPK, procurement officials, UKPBJ working groups, and goods/service providers. The sample was determined by purposive random sampling, consisting of internal and external implementers of PBJP at the KPK with a budget value of more than IDR 1 billion in the 2024 fiscal year. The results of the study show that leadership style has a positive effect on the implementation of PBJP and directly reduces the potential for corruption. The quality of ASN human resources has a positive effect on the implementation of PBJP, but it has a double effect on the potential for corruption. The mediation test showed that the implementation of PBJP mediated part of the influence of leadership style and human resource quality on potential corruption, with the direction of influence changing from positive to negative. These findings confirm the importance of the effectiveness of the implementation of PBJP policies in suppressing the potential for corruption within the KPK.

Civil servants play a crucial role in governance and development to achieve the national goals as stipulated in the Preamble to the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. Civil servants (PNS) are the primary foundation for the implementation of the Indonesian government system, as they implement public policy and provide public services. Their integrity, competence, and legal status significantly determine the quality of government bureaucracy. This study aims to determine the role of the Regional Civil Service Agency (BKD) in handling cases involving civil servants using fake diplomas during recruitment or promotion. The approach used is normative juridical, reviewing existing regulations, such as Law Number 5 of 2014 concerning the State Civil Apparatus, Government Regulations, and other technical regulations. Data were also obtained through interviews with BKD officials and analysis of relevant case documentation. The results of the study indicate that in practice, there is still a discrepancy between established legal procedures and their implementation in the field. Several cases indicate that administrative sanctions or termination of civil servants found to have used fake diplomas have not been fully based on proper verification and sanction mechanisms. This raises doubts about the validity of decisions and has the potential to undermine public trust in government institutions. This study emphasizes the importance of enforcing administrative discipline and improving internal oversight systems, as well as the need for stricter and more coordinated regulations between central and regional agencies to ensure that every administrative action has a valid legal basis. Implementing the principles of accountability and transparency in personnel management must be a priority to create a clean and professional bureaucracy.

As the first principle of Pancasila, Belief in the One and Only God holds a fundamental position in shaping the moral and spiritual direction of the Indonesian nation. Divinity serves not only as an ideological foundation but also as an ethical guideline guiding individual behavior and national life. In the current global context, where secularism is rapidly advancing and encouraging a separation between religion and the public sphere, the relevance of divinity is even stronger. Uncontrolled secularism has the potential to weaken the moral foundations of society, erode social solidarity, and trigger a value crisis that threatens national integrity. Divinity serves as a counterbalance to global trends often dominated by materialistic and individualistic views. In this situation, strengthening divinity principles is a strategic necessity, both in the formulation of public policy, the national education system, and in the practice of social life. Public policies based on divinity can ensure that development does not merely pursue economic growth, but also pays attention to social justice, shared prosperity, and the preservation of human values. In education, internalizing religious values encourages the development of students' character with integrity, respect for diversity, and high moral awareness. Meanwhile, in the social realm, the application of these values strengthens tolerance, maintains harmony between religious communities, and affirms unity in diversity. This article emphasizes that religious values are not merely normative ideological symbols, but rather pillars of national integration capable of addressing the challenges of the times. By reviving the spirit of Belief in the One and Only God in every aspect of life, Indonesia can confront the influence of global secularism without losing its spiritual identity, while simultaneously building a just, civilized, and sustainable society. In addition, the application of religious values in Pancasila also has strategic relevance in Indonesia's cultural diplomacy and foreign policy.

Electronic commerce (e-commerce) has become a dominant trend in modern buying and selling transactions, offering easy access and efficiency. Marketplaces like Shopee act as intermediaries between merchants and buyers, providing fast, secure, and integrated transaction facilities. However, behind this convenience, significant legal issues arise, particularly regarding unilateral transaction cancellations by buyers through the refund feature. In practice, these refund requests are generally approved by the marketplace without thorough verification of the validity of the cancellation reason or the existence of the goods already shipped by the merchant. This study aims to analyze the legality of unilateral cancellations by buyers from the perspective of Indonesian civil law, with reference to the provisions of the Civil Code (KUHPerdata) and the concept of electronic contracts as stipulated in the Electronic Information and Transactions Law (UU ITE). The study uses a normative juridical approach by examining laws and regulations, legal literature, and analyzing two case studies involving merchants BZS and HK. The results indicate that unilateral cancellations by buyers without returning the goods constitute a form of breach of contract. This action not only violates the electronic contractual agreement established during the transaction but also causes financial and reputational harm to merchants. This phenomenon indicates weak legal protection for business actors in the e-commerce ecosystem, particularly regarding the bargaining power between sellers, buyers, and marketplace platforms. Therefore, strengthening fair and transparent digital dispute resolution mechanisms is necessary, including preventive legal protection to prevent losses and repressive protection to provide redress for injured parties. This step is crucial for realizing a healthy, balanced, and equitable digital trade ecosystem for all parties involved.

Mission constitutes a fundamental dimension of the Catholic Church’s identity, intrinsically linked to the divine mandate to participate in God’s work of salvation in the world. Within this framework, the consecrated life of the Congregation of the Missionary Sisters Servants of the Holy Spirit (SSpS) embodies a distinctive expression of Trinitarian spirituality and a prophetic missionary vocation. In the context of Timor Island, this charism is concretely manifested through ministries that directly engage with the realities of local communities. This study adopts a qualitative methodology with a literature review approach, drawing on theological sources, congregational spirituality, and the SSpS Constitution to explore the theological and practical dimensions of the sisters’ mission. The research aims to analyze how the life and apostolate of the SSpS Sisters serve as a tangible witness to the presence of the Triune God, particularly through works in education, healthcare, social services, and pastoral ministry. The findings indicate that the sisters’ mission is deeply rooted in a faith experience centered on the Most Holy Trinity, which shapes their incarnational and intercultural approach to ministry. Their service reflects a prophetic commitment to empowering marginalized communities, promoting human dignity, and fostering social transformation. Furthermore, the integration of religious vows with active engagement in societal issues illustrates a spirituality that bridges contemplation and action, grounded in both fidelity to the Gospel and responsiveness to contextual needs. In conclusion, the consecrated life of the SSpS Sisters on Timor Island stands as a visible and dynamic sign of God’s salvific and prophetic presence. Through their holistic and transformative ministries, they contribute significantly to the mission of the Church and the common good of society, embodying a vision of the “civilization of love” rooted in Trinitarian communion and expressed in concrete service to humanity.

Indonesia is a country that highly upholds the law, this is stated in the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. In line with these provisions, one of the important principles of a state based on law is the guarantee of equality for everyone faced with the law. The emergence of legal disputes related to land begins with objections related to claims for land rights, both regarding land status, priority and ownership, with the hope of obtaining administrative resolution in accordance with applicable provisions. The problem raised in this study is about court decision no. 148 / pdt.g / 2024 / pn in Tabanan. This study uses an empirical legal research method, namely research with field data as the main data source, such as interview results and observations. In addition, this research is also supported by normative data sourced from books and legislative studies. The purpose of this study is In general, this report aims to provide an overview of the settlement of criminal acts of court decisions in Tabanan. Based on the formulation of the problem How is the Implementation of Decision No.148/Pdt.G/2024/PN.Tab Regarding the Validity of Land Ownership Certificates, What legal remedies can be taken by legitimate heirs in the event of cancellation of the transfer of land ownership certificates. The results of the research conducted. It is known that the lack of concreteness of the Tabanan District Court's decision so that the settlement of civil cases is still ongoing, in process or ongoing, so far the parties involved are still trying to find a solution by collecting evidence and witnesses to resolve land disputes in Tabanan, the author concludes that the court has a central role in deciding cases and the author also advises all people before making land purchases and sales to check the completeness of documents, for example certificates.  

Agreement is one of the most important sources of engagement in civil law. In practice, agreements become the legal basis for parties to regulate mutual rights and obligations. As in credit agreements where credit agreements are one of the most common forms of agreements in banking practices and financing activities in Indonesia. This agreement becomes the legal basis for the relationship between creditors and debtors in the context of providing loan facilities. This article discusses the juridical aspects of credit agreements, starting from the elements of a valid agreement, the principles that underlie it, to the legal consequences that arise in the event of default or unlawful acts by one of the parties. The research was conducted using a normative juridical method that focuses on analyzing laws and regulations, especially the Civil Code and the Banking Law. The results of the study show that credit agreements are not only civilly binding, but also contain potential criminal law consequences in the event of misuse. Therefore, it is important for the parties to understand the contents and legal consequences of the credit agreement thoroughly.

The practice of withholding a diploma as a condition of employment is still widespread in employment relationships in Indonesia. Generally, employers argue that withholding a diploma is intended to guarantee that workers complete the agreed-upon work contract period. However, this practice raises legal issues because it has the potential to violate the principle of freedom of contract, especially when viewed in light of the provisions of Article 1320 of the Civil Code (KUH Perdata), which regulates the conditions for a valid agreement. A diploma withholding clause can affect the fulfillment of the element of free agreement, because such clauses are often agreed to under duress or without fair alternatives for workers. This study aims to examine the validity of diploma withholding clauses in employment agreements and assess the legal consequences if such clauses are declared invalid. The research method used is a normative juridical approach by analyzing relevant laws and regulations, legal doctrine, and court decisions. The results of the analysis show that diploma withholding clauses often conflict with the conditions for a valid agreement, especially the element of lawful cause, because they conflict with the principles of protecting workers' rights and the principle of justice in freedom of contract. Furthermore, this practice can lead to human rights violations, considering that diplomas are important personal documents and cannot be confiscated without a clear legal basis. If the diploma retention clause is declared invalid, the clause is null and void and does not bind the parties. Consequently, the employer is obliged to return the diploma to the employee unconditionally, and the employee has the right to claim compensation if they suffer losses due to the retention. This study recommends the need for stricter regulations in employment regulations to prohibit the practice of diploma retention, in order to ensure the creation of fair and equal employment relationships in accordance with the principles of contract law.

Advances in digital technology have brought significant changes to various aspects of life, including socio-economic activities such as arisan (social gathering). Arisan, which was previously conducted conventionally, has now begun to transform into online arisan. This change offers several advantages, including ease of access, reduced time constraints, and a wider range of participation. However, behind this convenience, an equally important challenge lies the lack of regulation and oversight of online arisan practices, which are prone to legal threats. This study aims to examine the urgency of creating written agreements in the implementation of online arisan and examine their legal force as a form of legal protection for the actors, both organizers and members. Using a normative juridical method through a regulatory-statutory approach and case studies, this study emphasizes the importance of legal validity in civil relations formed through online arisan. Data were obtained through observation, interviews, and documentation, which were then analyzed through a process of data reduction, presentation, and drawing conclusions. The results of the study indicate that written agreements in online arisan have legally binding force as long as they meet the requirements for a valid agreement according to Article 1320 of the Civil Code. The existence of a written agreement can increase legal certainty, strengthen the legal standing of the parties, and serve as valid evidence in the event of a breach of contract. Therefore, creating a written agreement is crucial to avoid losses and strengthen legal protection in online arisan (social savings and credit) practices. Furthermore, a written agreement also reflects the good faith of the parties in carrying out their commitments professionally and responsibly. This serves as an important foundation for building trust and creating a transparent and accountable online arisan system. Therefore, it is recommended that every online arisan participant create a clear written agreement and have it notarized to strengthen its legality.

This study explains the POLITICAL COMMUNICATION STRATEGY OF THE CHRISTIAN WIDODO – SERENA FRANCIS PAIR IN THE MAYORAL ELECTION OF KUPANG IN THE 2024 REGIONAL ELECTION. This study aims to determine the political strategy of the Christian Widodo – Serena Francis pair to win the 2024 regional election in Maulafa sub-district. The approach in this study is Qualitative. The results of the study show that the candidate pair for Mayor and Deputy Mayor of Kupang, dr. Christian Widodo and Serena Francis (CS'an), led the vote count in the 2024-2029 Kupang City Regional Head Election (Pilkada). Based on the provisional results of the C1 Plano tabulation recapitulation conducted by the CS-an Center, which was collected from 552 Polling Stations (TPS), this pair won 36.29% of the vote or 68,853 votes, significantly ahead of their closest competitor, Jefri-Adinda, who won 26.4% of the vote or 50,192 votes. CS'an dominated in five of the six sub-districts in Kupang City, namely Kota Lama, Kelapa Lima, Maulafa, and Oebobo. It can be concluded that Christian Widodo and Serena Francis' political strategies show consistency in building narratives that are relevant to the needs of the community, especially in the areas of local economic empowerment and public service reform. They optimize social media and digital communication to reach young voters, strengthen public engagement, and shape their image as adaptive and modern leaders. Both build strategic coalitions with civil society groups and youth organizations that expand their electoral reach, especially in urban and semi-urban areas. Serena Francis specifically raises the issue of women's representation and political inclusivity, which has succeeded in attracting the attention of women and marginalized groups.

The rapid development of information and communication technology has brought significant changes to social, economic, and political life in Indonesia. However, the complex and rapidly changing dynamics of cyberspace present major challenges in statute, personal data protection, disinformation, and cybersecurity. Unfortunately, the existing regulatory framework is still sectoral and has not yet responded holistically to the various digital issues that arise. This fragmented approach often leads to overlapping authorities, inconsistent enforcement, and gaps in addressing emerging cyber threats. Therefore, the establishment of the National Digital Commission is urgently needed as an independent institution tasked with coordinating, formulating, and overseeing digital policies in an integrated and systematic manner. This commission should consist of multidisciplinary experts in law, technology, and public policy, ensuring balanced perspectives in policy formulation. In addition, it should serve as a bridge between the government, the private sector, and civil society to facilitate inclusive and transparent digital governance. The National Digital Commission is expected to ensure cyberspace governance that is responsive to technological developments while maintaining digital resilience. It must also actively promote digital literacy, ethical online behavior, and responsible use of social media platforms to combat hoaxes and hate speech. Furthermore, the commission must strengthen Indonesia’s cybersecurity infrastructure to protect national interests and uphold the rights of its citizens in the digital space. By creating a unified regulatory framework and robust oversight mechanism, Indonesia can build a safer and more democratic digital ecosystem. This effort is essential in reinforcing accountability, defending cybersecurity, advancing democracy, ensuring governance, and safeguarding innovation in the face of rapid digital transformation.

This study aims to analyze the implementation of the principle of public interest in the implementation of public services by the Population and Civil Registration Office (Disdukcapil) of Bekasi Regency, as well as to evaluate the extent to which the implementation of these principles contributes to efforts to realize people's welfare. The principle of public interest is one of the basic principles in the implementation of public services that emphasizes the fulfillment of basic rights of the community in a fair, fast, equitable, and accountable manner. This research uses a qualitative approach with a case study method, where data is collected through in-depth interviews, direct observations in the field, and documentation studies on various policies and service reports. The results of the study show that the Bekasi Regency Disdukcapil has adopted various innovations in services, such as online services, digital queue systems, the use of information technology-based applications, and increasing the transparency of service information through social media and official websites. These steps are taken to improve accessibility, efficiency, effectiveness, and community satisfaction as service recipients. However, the implementation of the principle of public interest still faces several obstacles, such as limited competent human resources (HR), uneven information technology infrastructure, and low digital literacy among certain communities, especially the elderly and people in suburban areas. This condition results in the suboptimal public service oriented to the public interest to the maximum. Therefore, continuous efforts are needed through increasing the capacity of the apparatus, the development of inclusive and adaptive public service technology, and massive education to the public to increase participation, understanding, and awareness of the available services. Thus, the public services that are carried out can really contribute to realizing the welfare of the people as a whole, equitable, and just.

The family is an essential social unit that contributes significantly to the protection of children's rights and welfare. In the context of Indonesian law, the legal status of children born out of wedlock was severely limited before the Constitutional Court Decision No. 46/PUU-VIII/2010. This study aims to examine changes in the legal status of out-of-wedlock children and their implications for custody after the decision. This research uses a qualitative method with a literature research approach, through the analysis of primary and secondary legal materials, such as Constitutional Court decisions, scientific literature, legal journals, and relevant laws and regulations. Prior to the Constitutional Court's ruling, children born out of wedlock were only recognized as having a civil relationship with their mother and mother's family, which had an impact on limited children's access to legal identity, custody, and inheritance. However, the Constitutional Court Decision No. 46/PUU-VIII/2010 opens up the opportunity to recognize the legal relationship between an out-of-wedlock child and his biological father, as long as it can be scientifically proven (through DNA tests) and legally. This change strengthens the position of children in obtaining custody (alimentasi), including the right to maintenance, protection, education, and financial support from the biological father. This ruling reflects significant progress in the protection of children's rights and the application of the principle of non-discrimination in Indonesian family law. Nevertheless, implementation in the field still faces challenges, both administratively, such as the convoluted recognition process, and socially, especially the stigma against children out of wedlock. Other challenges include low public legal literacy, limited access to scientific proof institutions, and the non-optimal role of the state in guaranteeing the rights of children born out of wedlock.

The public’s demand for excellent service encourages the government to continuously innovate. In response, the Population and Civil Registration Office of Pangandaran Regency developed an innovation called the mobile service pickup program. This innovation integrates offline services to accelerate and simplify the processing of population documents, particularly in the issuance of birth certificates. The mobile service pickup program is designed to improve the efficiency, effectiveness, and transparency of public services in the field of population administration in Pangandaran Regency. This study refers to the innovation theory by Everett M. Rogers, as cited in Prabowo H. (2022), which states that there are five attributes of innovation that influence its acceptance: relative advantage, compatibility, trialability, and observability. The research method used in this study is qualitative descriptive, with data collected through interviews, documentation, and observation. Meanwhile, informants were selected purposively to obtain relevant and in-depth data. The research results reveal that the mobile service pickup program innovation has not yet been optimally implemented, with time effectiveness being a crucial factor for the community. Therefore, this innovation must continue to be developed to gain wider acceptance among the public.

Early marriage remains a social issue occurring in various regions, including Golo Kondeng Village, West Manggarai Regency, East Nusa Tenggara Province. This study aims to examine the form of legal protection afforded to the status of children born from early marriages conducted based on local customary law. This research employs a qualitative approach with a case study method, collecting data through in-depth interviews with community leaders, parents, and relevant village authorities. The findings indicate that early marriage practices in Golo Kondeng Village are influenced by several factors, including cultural values, family economic conditions, and the community’s level of education. Although existing laws—such as Law Number 16 of 2019, which amends Law Number 1 of 1974 on Marriage by establishing the minimum marriage age at 19 for both men and women, and Law Number 35 of 2014 on Child Protection—clearly regulate the legal age for marriage, the reality shows that early marriages continue to occur, often neglecting the fulfillment of children’s rights. The current legal protections are not yet fully effective in securing the legal status of these children, both in terms of civil and social rights. Based on these findings, this study recommends enhancing legal education and outreach to the community regarding marriage laws and children's rights. In addition, the active involvement of traditional leaders and local government is considered essential in addressing the issue of early marriage. It is hoped that through these efforts, children born from early marriages can receive adequate legal protection and have their rights fully fulfilled.

This research investigates the enforcement of explosive fishing prohibitions under Indonesia's Fisheries Law No. 45 of 2009 in Tambelan District, Bintan Regency. The destructive practice of fish bombing, primarily conducted by external fishermen, causes severe marine ecosystem damage, particularly to coral reefs, while reducing local fishermen's catches. Using qualitative descriptive methodology, data were gathered through interviews, observations, and documentation involving law enforcement officials, Fisheries Civil Servant Investigators (PPNS), and fishing communities. The study applies Van Meter and Van Horn's policy implementation framework, analyzing policy objectives and standards, resources, implementing agency characteristics, implementer disposition, inter-organizational communication and coordination, plus social, economic, and political conditions. Results demonstrate suboptimal policy implementation due to resource constraints. Although violations have declined, this reduction does not guarantee future prevention, particularly given Tambelan District's severe infrastructure and facility limitations that hinder comprehensive policy execution. The research recommends strengthening surveillance capacity, conducting regular community outreach programs, and improving cross-sectoral coordination to enhance policy effectiveness and preserve marine resources in Tambelan District.