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This study aims to determine the relationship between family social support and the discipline of 4-5-year-old children at Pembina State Kindergarten. The study used a quantitative method with a descriptive correlational approach. A sample of 14 parents was selected using a purposive sampling technique. Data were obtained through a five-level Likert scale questionnaire and analyzed using the Pearson Product-Moment correlation test. The results showed that children's discipline was in the very high category at 93.5%, while family social support was also in the very high category at 94.9%. However, the correlation test showed an r value of –0.14, indicating a very weak and insignificant relationship between family social support and children's discipline. This finding indicates that, despite high family support, other factors such as role models and school habits likely have a greater influence on the development of children's discipline. This study emphasizes the importance of collaboration between families and educational institutions in supporting the development of discipline in early childhood.

Divorce is the legal and religious termination of a husband-wife relationship. This severance of the relationship can have psychological consequences, making children more susceptible to depression. These psychological impacts include deep sadness, resulting in depression, feelings of loss, shame, anger, disappointment, denial, self-acceptance, and feelings of blame toward the parents. These psychological impacts are naturally the result of the support, emotional support, and presence of the parents before, during, and after the divorce. This study employed a qualitative research method with a phenomenological approach, conducted through semi-structured interviews. The aim is to raise awareness among readers that divorce not only impacts the husband and wife but also the psychological impact on children, which is often considered unimportant. However, the mental health of children after divorce is a crucial issue that requires attention. This is where the role of parents is crucial in shaping their character and psychological development. This study concludes that children who are victims of divorce tend to seek out activities outside the home, as the integrity of their home is no longer there. Children experience sadness and loss most acutely. Furthermore, children are more wary of future relationships due to a loss of trust in the meaning of romantic relationships. Low self-acceptance also makes it difficult for children to control their emotions.

This study aims to analyze in depth the quality of Early Childhood Education (ECE) teachers in the learning process at schools and its implications for early childhood development. The quality of educators is viewed as one of the key factors determining the success of learning implementation and the achievement of educational objectives at the early childhood education level. This study employs a literature review method, which involves collecting various relevant scientific articles, books, and other academic sources related to the research topic, followed by systematic analysis to obtain a comprehensive understanding and conclude the findings. The results indicate that the quality of educators has a significant influence on teachers’ success in performing their roles as facilitators, mentors, and educators in supporting children’s cognitive, social, emotional, and motor development. Therefore, the quality of early childhood educators needs to be continuously developed and improved through education, training, and professional development to maintain and enhance the quality of learning activities in schools. In addition, support from various stakeholders, including the government, educational institutions, schools, and parents, plays a crucial role in efforts to improve the quality of early childhood educators in an optimal and sustainable manner.

Exposure to cigarette smoke is one of the environmental risk factors that is still widely found and has a significant impact on the health of the respiratory system, especially the upper respiratory tract. The irritants and toxic substances in cigarette smoke can trigger mucosal inflammation, interfere with the defenses of the airways, and increase susceptibility to various upper airway disorders. This study aims to systematically analyze the relationship between cigarette smoke exposure and upper airway disorders based on available scientific evidence. The method used is Systematic Literature Review (SLR) with reference to the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Literature searches were conducted through PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and Garuda databases. Articles were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, resulting in 26 articles that were analyzed narrative-synthesis. The results showed that most studies reported a meaningful association between exposure to cigarette smoke, both in active and passive smokers, and an increased risk of upper respiratory tract disorders such as rhinitis, sinusitis, recurrent upper respiratory tract infections, pharyngitis, and laryngitis. Higher risks are found in passive smokers, especially children, as well as in individuals with long-term, high-intensity exposure. The conclusion of this study confirms that exposure to cigarette smoke is an important and preventable risk factor for upper respiratory tract disorders. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the policy of non-smoking areas, public education, as well as promotive and preventive efforts in health services to reduce the impact of exposure to cigarette smoke on the health of the upper respiratory tract.

Children at the elementary school level are in a phase of rapid growth, encompassing intellectual, physical, and social development. Within the age range of 6–12 years, children are expected to begin managing their own self-care, including maintaining daily personal hygiene. Personal hygiene refers to a set of self-care practices performed to maintain physical health and psychological well-being. Independence in personal hygiene can be defined as a child’s ability to carry out personal hygiene activities independently without reliance on others, related to both physical cleanliness and psychological comfort. This study aimed to describe the level of personal hygiene independence among school-age children at SD Negeri 1 Gianyar. The research employed a quantitative descriptive design with a cross-sectional approach. The study population consisted of 376 students from grades I to III, with a sample of 194 students selected using proportionate stratified random sampling. The results showed that the majority of respondents demonstrated good independence in personal hygiene, with 186 children (95.9%) categorized as independent, while 8 children (4.1%) were categorized as moderately independent. Children’s independence tended to increase with age, and no significant differences were found between male and female students. These findings indicate that the role of families and schools, through consistent habituation and support, plays a crucial role in fostering children’s independence in maintaining personal hygiene.  

Early Childhood Education (ECE) plays a crucial role in providing safe, comfortable, and child-friendly educational services for young children. However, as the second environment after the family, the potential for violence against children may still occur in ECE institutions if they are not managed optimally. Therefore, efforts to prevent violence against young children need to be implemented comprehensively through a holistic approach that integrates education, caregiving, and early prevention strategies. This study aims to analyze how ECE institutions, such as kindergartens and daycare centers, can function as the first line of defense in detecting, preventing, and addressing various forms of violence, including physical, emotional, and sexual abuse, among children aged 0–6 years. The research method employed is a literature review and policy analysis related to child protection and the implementation of Early Childhood Education. The findings indicate that capacity building through teacher training, the implementation of child protection–sensitive curricula, and strengthened collaboration among schools, families, and communities have proven effective in reducing the risk of violence by up to 40%, based on case studies in Indonesia. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of strengthening regulations, ensuring continuous supervision, and investing in human resource development to reinforce the role of ECE as a key agent in violence prevention and in creating a safe, healthy, and supportive environment for optimal early childhood development.

Learning is the process of children getting to know knowledge that aims to increase knowledge as a basis for forming behavior. The learning process is carried out so that children experience behavioral changes and gain an overall improvement in knowledge, skills, and attitudes. Learning is very closely related to daily life, therefore it is important for children to learn continuously, one of which is through learning mathematics. Mathematics learning has a very important role in the sustainability of children's education because mathematics is one of the fundamental non-physical tools in the world of education and daily life. Through mathematics learning, children are trained to think logically, systematically, critically, and creatively in solving various problems. In addition, mathematics helps children solve calculation problems that are often encountered in daily activities, such as counting money, measuring length, time, and distance, and interpreting simple data. Mathematics learning also plays a role in developing the ability to reason and make appropriate decisions. Therefore, mathematics learning is a subject that must be followed because it has a great influence on thinking skills, learning independence, and children's readiness to face life challenges and scientific development in the future.

Early childhood is a period of rapid growth and development in a child's life. At this stage, children begin to form the foundations of their intelligence, character, and social and emotional abilities that will influence their future lives. Therefore, early childhood education plays a very important role in providing stimulation and learning experiences that are appropriate for their stage of development. In West Sumatra Province, public awareness of the importance of early childhood education services continues to increase along with the growing number of early childhood education institutions. However, the increase in the number of institutions has not been accompanied by an improvement in service quality. Many institutions still face obstacles such as a shortage of qualified teachers, a lack of facilities and infrastructure, and low teacher welfare. This situation has an impact on the quality of services received by children and the satisfaction of parents as service recipients. The results of this study are expected to provide a deeper understanding of the importance of improving service quality as an effort to create high-quality, competitive PAUD institutions that are able to meet the expectations of the community.

Choking is a dangerous thing for children, especially children with special needs who require proper handling, and parents as the closest people to the child must have first aid skills for choking. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of ANSIVI (Animation and Simulation Video) Choking Management on parents' ability in first aid for choking. The research design was a pre-experimental design with a one-group pretest-posttest approach without control. The purposive sampling technique obtained 36 respondents. The research instrument used an observation sheet for first aid for choking. The statistical test was the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test with α 0.05. The results of the study before being given the ANSIVI (Animation and Simulation Video) Choking Management intervention showed that all (100%) respondents had insufficient ability, and after the intervention the majority (52.8%) of respondents had sufficient ability. The results of the statistical analysis obtained a p-value of 0.013 < α 0.05, so there is an effect of ANSIVI (Animation and Simulation Video) choking management on parents' ability in first aid for choking. The ANSIVI method (Video Animation and Simulation) combines two methods so that it is more interesting, interactive, and effective because the video is captured by the eyes and ears and then will be detected and converted into signals to the optic nerve and auditory nerve and forwarded to the brain, program area, and frontal area to be associated so that it will affect the respondent's ability. The ANSIVI method can be used in education for all parents and school residents as a first aid effort for choking, especially for children with special needs.

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global public health problem and is one of the leading causes of death after HIV/AIDS. This disease has a high transmission rate, especially among children. This study aims to identify and analyze the determinants contributing to the incidence of tuberculosis in children based on previous studies. The method used was a literature review, which analyzed scientific articles related to the determinants of TB in children. Articles were searched through databases such as Google Scholar, Crossref, and Sinta using related keywords. Of the five articles that met the inclusion criteria, it was found that a history of contact with an adult TB patient was the main factor in transmission in children. Children are highly susceptible to contracting TB germs transmitted through droplets from coughing or talking. In addition, BCG immunization can provide protection against TB infection in children by developing antibodies. A scoring system was used to examine the history of contact in children at risk. In conclusion, there is a significant relationship between history of contact and the incidence of TB in children. Therefore, it is important for adult TB sufferers who live with children to practice preventive behaviors, such as cough etiquette, wearing masks, and proper phlegm disposal.

Physical motor development is an essential and easily observable indicator of children’s growth. Parental involvement plays a crucial role in optimizing this development, particularly during the child’s golden age. This study aims to analyze the importance of motor development and examine how parents support children’s learning through a developmental psychology perspective. Using a literature review method, the findings reveal that child development is shaped by genetic and environmental factors, while active support from parents and teachers has long-term effects on children’s physical, emotional, and social readiness. Understanding developmental psychology enables parents to provide appropriate stimulation that maximizes children’s potential. Using literature review methods, it was found that motor development is influenced by genetic and environmental factors, while positive interactions between children, parents, and educators contribute to long-term physical, social, and emotional development. A deep understanding of developmental psychology enables parents to design appropriate stimulation strategies to maximize their children's potential.

The elderly are highly susceptible to ascariasis infection because, in addition to the occurrence of immunosenescence, helminths possess the ability to evade host immune responses, making them difficult to eradicate. This community service activity aimed to improve health literacy and early detection of diseases among the elderly in Pejaten, South Jakarta, with a specific focus on Ascariasis. The program was successfully attended by approximately 70 residents, where a medical team from the Faculty of Medicine and Health conducted comprehensive health history assessments and free medical check-ups. This education proved vital as a catalyst for behavioral change, shifting the community's initial perception that worm infections only affect children to an understanding that adults and the elderly are also at high risk. Through health screenings, residents also gained critical insights into their physical condition, including blood pressure, heart, lung, digestive, and skin health, as well as identifying personal risk factors for Ascariasis.

The advancement of information technology has increased young children’s exposure to digital devices, which potentially affects language development. This study aims to analyze the relationship between daily screen time duration and language development of children aged 5–6 years in Desa Mendalo Indah, Kecamatan Jambi Luar Kota, Kabupaten Muaro Jambi. This research employed a descriptive qualitative approach with a case study design. The subjects were six children aged 5–6 years who had more than two hours of daily screen time. Data were collected through observations of children’s language abilities, interviews with parents, and documentation of daily activities, and analyzed using Miles and Huberman’s (2014) interactive model, including data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. The results showed variations in children’s language abilities despite having relatively similar screen time durations. Children who received active parental guidance and accessed educational content demonstrated better receptive and expressive language skills, including following sequential instructions, forming simple sentences, and expressing ideas verbally. Conversely, children who used screen time passively without supervision tended to have limitations in vocabulary acquisition, concentration, and verbal interaction. These findings indicate that screen time duration alone is not the sole determinant of children’s language development; it is also influenced by the quality of parental guidance, the type of content accessed, and social interaction experiences. This study is expected to provide guidance for parents, teachers, and early childhood education practitioners in managing digital media use wisely to optimally support children’s language development.

Malnutrition in children remains a serious public health challenge in Indonesia because it directly impacts growth, cognitive development, and the child's future quality of life. Parents play a crucial role in maintaining children's health, particularly in providing balanced nutrition and preventing nutritional problems such as stunting and malnutrition. This study aims to analyze the role of parents in maintaining children's health due to malnutrition based on a literature review. The method used is a qualitative literature study, through a search of various written sources in the form of scientific journals, articles, and relevant books obtained from Google Scholar. The results of the study indicate that the level of knowledge, education, parenting patterns, socioeconomic conditions, and active involvement of parents in monitoring children's growth significantly influence children's nutritional status and health. Parents play a role as providers of nutritious food, nutrition educators, role models of healthy lifestyles, and regular monitors of children's growth and development. Parents' lack of understanding of balanced nutrition, the habit of consuming instant foods, and minimal participation in health programs are risk factors for malnutrition in children. Therefore, increasing parental education and involvement through a family-based approach is an important strategy in efforts to prevent and address child nutrition problems sustainably.

Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections remain a public health problem among children in tropical regions with high environmental exposure. One potential but underexplored transmission route is toenails, which may serve as a mechanical medium for helminth egg contamination. This study aimed to analyze the association between personal hygiene and STH contamination on children’s toenails in Polimak 1, Jayapura City. An observational analytic study with a cross-sectional design was conducted among school-aged children selected based on inclusion criteria. Personal hygiene data were collected using a structured questionnaire, including handwashing practices, footwear use, and nail care habits. STH contamination on toenails was examined microscopically, and statistical tests were applied to assess associations. The results showed that STH contamination on toenails was still present in a considerable proportion of children, with Ascaris lumbricoides eggs being the most frequently detected. Statistical analysis revealed a significant association between personal hygiene and STH contamination on toenails (p < 0.05), including handwashing habits, footwear use, and nail care practices. This study concludes that personal hygiene plays a crucial role in STH contamination on children’s toenails, and toenails can be used as an indicator of environmental exposure. These findings highlight the importance of consistent personal hygiene practices in preventing helminth infections among children.

This study aims to analyze the implementation of gender-based public policy through the Child-Friendly School Program at SDN 01 Bendosari, Plantungan District, Kendal Regency. This research employed a descriptive qualitative approach using in-depth interviews, observation, and documentation as data collection techniques. Data analysis was conducted using the public policy implementation model proposed by George C. Edwards III, which emphasizes four key variables: communication, resources, implementers’ disposition, and bureaucratic structure. The findings reveal that the implementation of the Child-Friendly School policy at SDN 01 Bendosari has been carried out through an integrative approach by incorporating child-friendly principles into existing school programs and culture. Effective policy communication and positive implementers’ disposition, particularly among teachers and the school principal, have supported the implementation process. However, limited financial resources remain a major obstacle to fully optimizing the policy implementation. This study concludes that successful public policy implementation depends not only on regulatory frameworks but also on resource availability, implementers’ commitment, and institutional capacity to adapt policies to local conditions.

Low back pain (LBP) is one of the most common musculoskeletal complaints globally and is the main cause of decreased work productivity. One of the risk factors that has been widely studied in the literature is prolonged sitting duration. Prolonged sitting activities cause increased static pressure on the lumbar spine, fatigue of the supporting muscles, as well as a decrease in local blood flow that can trigger chronic pain. This study is a literature review with a meta-analytical approach that aims to analyze the relationship between long-term sitting and the incidence of LBP. The review process was carried out following PRISMA guidelines through searches on PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar databases for publication in 2020–2025. Of the 20 previous studies analyzed, most showed a positive association between sitting time and an increased risk of LBP, both in adults, adolescents, and children. Sitting for more than 6 hours per day increases the risk of LBP by 33%, especially in individuals with low physical activity. In addition, longer sitting durations with poor posture and minimal active rest were found in the group of office workers and professional drivers who had a high prevalence of LBP. Physical activity has been shown to play a protective role against the risk of LBP, while ergonomic interventions such as lumbar support can reduce pain complaints. Although most studies were observational, the consistency of results supports the importance of prevention through reduced sitting time, increased physical activity, and ergonomic work environment settings. These findings provide a scientific basis for multidimensional interventions to effectively reduce the incidence of LBP.  

Down Syndrome (DS) is a genetic disorder characterized by trisomy of chromosome 21 and is inherently associated with clinical manifestations such as hypotonia, joint laxity, and neuromuscular deficits, all of which collectively contribute to impaired postural control and balance. These balance impairments significantly affect the attainment of motor milestones, performance of daily activities, and increase the risk of falls. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of core stability training in improving balance among children with DS. A narrative review approach was employed by conducting a literature search across electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and ResearchGate. Inclusion criteria consisted of primary studies (RCTs, quasi-experimental designs) published within the last ten years (2015–2025) that examined core stability interventions targeting balance or postural control in children with DS. A review of 10 relevant studies demonstrated that core stability training, either as a standalone intervention or combined with other modalities (e.g., treadmill training or balance training), resulted in significant improvements in both static and dynamic balance. These improvements are facilitated through the strengthening of deep trunk muscles (such as the multifidus, transversus abdominis, and rectus abdominis), which play a crucial role in proximal stabilization and force transfer to the extremities. In conclusion, core stability training is an effective and recommended intervention modality within physiotherapy rehabilitation programs to enhance the quality of life and motor independence of children with Down Syndrome.  

The phenomenon of unregistered marriages in Indonesia is a complex issue that continues to spark debate between religious legitimacy and legal validity under national law. From an Islamic legal perspective, marriage is considered valid if it meets the essential pillars and requirements, such as the presence of a guardian, two witnesses, a dowry, and the consent (ijab qabul) both the bride and groom. However, according Indonesian national law, specifically Law Number 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage and the Compilation of Islamic Law (KHI), every marriage must be officially registered to receive legal recognition and protection. This discrepancy between the two legal systems raises serious problems, particularly regarding the legal status of wives and children, inheritance rights, and legal protection for women in both the private and public spheres. This study aims analyze the issue of unregistered marriages in Indonesia from the perspectives of Islamic law and national law, and to identify the social and legal impacts unregistered marriages. The approach used is normative-juridical, by analyzing legislation, classical and contemporary Islamic legal literature, and empirical case studies in the community. Research findings indicate that although unregistered marriages are considered valid religiously, they lack legal force the eyes of the state, leading to unequal rights for women and children. This situation results in difficulties obtaining birth certificates, inheritance rights, and legal protection cases divorce or domestic violence. This research emphasizes the need for synchronization between Islamic and national legal systems through strengthening regulations and public education regarding the importance of marriage registration.

Social emotional development in early childhood is an important foundation for children's psychological and social functioning in later stages of development. This process is greatly influenced by the quality of interactions within the family environment, including the level and quality of the father's involvement in parenting. Although various studies show that fathers play a significant role in shaping children's emotional regulation, independence, and social competence, studies that systematically integrate the role of fathers within the framework of psychosocial and sociocultural development theory are still relatively limited. This study aims to critically analyze the role of fathers in shaping the emotions and socialization of early childhood based on the perspectives of Erik Erikson's psychosocial development theory and Lev Vygotsky's sociocultural theory. This study uses a qualitative approach with a Literature Study Review (LSR) method of reputable national and international journal articles, academic books, and scientific proceedings published in the period 2020–2025. The data were analyzed through thematic synthesis and conceptual analysis. The results of the study show that consistent, responsive, and supportive father involvement contributes significantly to the development of emotional regulation, self-confidence, social initiative, and adaptive social interaction skills in children. These findings confirm the relevance of Erikson and Vygotsky's theories and provide theoretical and practical implications for the development of family parenting patterns and early childhood education policies that encourage optimal father involvement.