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Economic diversification is crucial for Iraq to overcome the limitations imposed by its heavy reliance on oil. This study explores Iraq's economic history, current structure, and the urgent challenges it faces, emphasizing the need for structural transformation. It examines the vulnerabilities caused by fluctuating global oil prices, geopolitical instability, and internal demographic pressures for the period of 2004 to 2022. By analyzing government policies, sectoral developments, and international collaborations, this research highlights the efforts and obstacles in achieving economic diversification. The findings indicate that while Iraq has made strides toward diversifying its economy, it still faces significant challenges such as bureaucratic inefficiencies, political instability, and security concerns. International collaborations and foreign direct investment (FDI) emerge as crucial components, providing the financial support and technological expertise needed for economic transformation. Lastly, economic diversification is more than just an economic strategy for Iraq; it is a comprehensive approach to achieving long-term stability and growth. A diversified economy can help Iraq build resilience against external shocks, promote inclusive growth, and secure a sustainable and prosperous future. The imperative for economic diversification is clear: to create a stable, balanced, and resilient economy that can withstand global market fluctuations and geopolitical dynamics, ultimately improving the well-being of its population

This research examines the influence of habitus on the lifestyle and social identity of Jakarta State University students through Pierre Bourdieu's perspective. Habitus, as a set of internal dispositions resulting from interactions with social structures, plays an important role in shaping individuals' mindsets, values and preferences. This research focuses on how factors such as socio-economic background, family education, friendship experiences, and interactions with peers and lecturers influence the formation of students' habitus. Furthermore, it explores how habitus influences lifestyles, including consumption patterns and cultural preferences, as well as social identities that shape students' self-perceptions within the context of a particular social group. Through a qualitative approach, this study aims to understand the relationship between habitus, lifestyle, and social identity of students, as well as the implications of these findings for the development of educational policies in the campus environment.

Construction projects are related to infrastructure development in Indonesia, which is an important foundation for economic growth by supporting mobility, trade, and connectivity between regions. Infrastructure development also supports the utilization of labor resources in Indonesia. This research aims to analyze the availability of labor in a construction project. The Resource Leveling method is used to level the labor needs in the project. The results showed that there was an allocation of labor that exceeded the maximum daily availability before equalization. The initial allocation based on qualifications showed that the maximum number of workers consisted of 2 foremen, 1 head carpenter, 1 head ironworker, 1 head mason, 5 carpenters, 5 ironworkers, 1 mason, and 13 workers. After equalizing the workforce, the maximum number of workers required is 1 foreman, 1 head carpenter, 1 head ironworker, 1 head mason, 4 carpenters, 4 ironworkers, 1 mason, and 13 workers. This research emphasizes the importance of workforce equalization to avoid over-allocation and ensure efficiency in construction projects.

It is very common to find journal publications and scienntific articles according to certain fields and the influence of a method on cases that have been investigated first, then reviewed in a scientific article. However, language errors are often found in scientific articles that have been read, both in spelling, punctuation, and so on. This research is qualitative research that uses descriptive methods. The data collection technique used in this research is document study. After conducting a review, the researcher still found several errors in language, for example the author still could not differentiate between standard and non-standart words. There are still structural errors. Therefore, through review by other researchers to analyze journals that have been released, it will certainly help to improve future journals.

Corrections are activities that provide guidance for Correctional Inmates (WBP) which are carried out by correctional institutions in accordance with the mandate of Law Number 22 of 2022. Carrying out prison guidance also contributes to the reintegration of Inmates into society. The goal is for inmates to become better people when they are free. The aim of this research is to see how the program for fostering children's independence is used to prevent crime, especially at the Batam Class II Special Children's Penitentiary. This research was conducted there using a normative juridical approach. To do this, literature studies, observations and interviews were carried out. Data sources include structured interviews, the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, and laws relating to the development of child prisoners. The research results show that Law Number 22 of 2022 and other laws that complement it can function as a legal basis for fostering the independence of child prisoners. This will enable the implementation of fostering independence for child prisoners to be clearer so that the determination process can run as it should.

The background to this research is that the speaking skills of grade 4 students are still lacking because many students are still embarrassed to answer questions given by the teacher and are also lazy to express opinions during lesson discussions and when called to come forward, they are asked questions and do not want to answer. Apart from that, speaking fluency, accuracy of word choice, sentence structure, logic or reasoning and communicativeness or eye contact are still relatively low. The aim of this research is to determine the implementation of speaking skills using the sociodrama method and to determine the factors inhibiting the use of the implementation of speaking skills using the sociodrama method in PAI subjects at SD N 09 Paninggahan. This research uses a qualitative approach. With data collection techniques through observation and interviews. The key informants are class IV students and the supporting informants are PAI teachers and class teachers. Data analysis in this research involves data reduction, data display, and then conclusions. Based on the research results, it was found: (1) The implementation of students' speaking skills using the sociodrama method in PAI subjects at SDN 09 Paninggahan, Solok Regency has been implemented well. This shows that in sociodrama students are fluent in speaking, students are precise in choosing words, students are in sentence structure. sociodrama is categorized as very good, students' logic and reasoning are also very good, and students' communicativeness and eye contact. (2) Factors Inhibiting Students' Speaking Skills Using the Sociodrama Method in PAI Subjects at SD N 09 Paninggahan, Solok Regency include students experiencing concentration problems, fear of making mistakes, shame and lack of self-motivation, but the most dominant is that students feel afraid of doing mistakes due to nervousness.

Health and fitness for the elderly is important in maintaining their quality of life and independence. This community service activity aimed to increase cadres' knowledge about health and fitness for the elderly at Posyandu Lansia. Posyandu cadres are important in providing information and health services for the elderly. Through structured training and education, it is hoped that cadres better understand and implement optimal health practices for the elderly. The methods used counselling sessions, material discussions, assisting cadres in providing physical exercise to improve physical fitness, assisting cadres in carrying out elderly fitness checks using the six-minute walking test (6MWT), as well as pre-post tests to determine the success of cadres' understanding, about the material that has been given. The activity results showed a significant increase in cadres' knowledge regarding the fitness and health aspects of the elderly, with the average score on the pre-test being 65,625 to 90 on the post-test. In addition, cadres reported increased confidence in providing physical exercise education to the elderly and measuring physical fitness with the 6MWT. In conclusion, this training program effectively increases the knowledge and capacity of cadres, which can contribute to improving the quality of life of elderly people in elderly communities. This service activity recommends implementing similar programs in other posyandu to improve the fitness and health of the elderly at large.

Education is the main foundation in shaping the character and personality of the younger generation. Every educational institution has a responsibility to not only convey knowledge, but also guide its students in emotional and social aspects. In this context, guidance and counseling services play an important role in helping students overcome the various challenges they face, both in the school environment and outside of school. This research aims to explore how the implementation of guidance and counseling services at Al-Madina Middle School Wonosobo works, as well as its impact on student development. This research uses a qualitative descriptive method with data collection techniques through interviews, observation and documentation studies. The research results show that Al-Madina Middle School Wonosobo has implemented various structured and comprehensive counseling guidance programs. These programs include academic guidance, personal guidance, and social guidance. Implementation of this service has been proven to help students increase learning motivation, overcome personal problems, improve social interactions, and plan their future.

Language plays an important role as a communication tool for conveying thoughts and feelings. In Indonesia, Bahasa Indonesia serves as the unifying language that brings the nation together. Language users need to master linguistic skills, including the use of standard words and punctuation, to communicate effectively. Linguistic errors, such as improper use of standard words and punctuation mistakes, often occur in academic writing. This study aims to analyze linguistic errors in the scientific paper "Proposal Bahasa Indonesia" by Sundari, a student at Universitas Negeri Medan. Using a qualitative approach and a descriptive-narrative method, this research identifies and analyzes these errors. The results show errors in the use of standard words, punctuation, and writing in the paper. These errors include the use of non-standard words, punctuation mistakes, and incorrect spelling and sentence structure.

Advertising as one of the forms of communication has an important role in introducing a product that is goods or services to the society. And advertising is one of the parts of the discourse, which is called the advertising discourses. This study aims to describe the assumption analysis in the Takaful Ikhlas 2024 publicity discourse. As for the method used in this research, it is qualitative descriptive. The source of the data used is data collected using the technique of logging and logging. The researchers took a video of the Takaful Ikhlas 2024 publicity, and then recorded all the announcements for classification and analysis. The subject of this study is Takaful Ikhlas 2024. Data analysis process using data reduction, data display (data presentation), conclusion withdrawal (verification). The results of the study found that there are six types of assumptions found: 1) factual assumption (following the vocabulary that can be considered as a fact), 2) non-factual (assuming not true), 3) structural (constantly and conventionally that the part of the structure has been assumed to be true), 4) lexical (interpreting not expressed as understood), 5) existential (associating the existence of an existence), and 6) contractual (not just untrue but the opposite of the truth or not of the fact).    

The study aimed to investigate the alkaloid content in cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmannii) powder using the Soxhlet extraction method. Alkaloids are organic chemical compounds widely found in nature as secondary metabolites in both plants and animals. They possess a cyclic structure containing one or more basic nitrogen atoms, conferring unique basic properties. The research was conducted to provide a deeper understanding of the potential utilization of plant-derived alkaloids, particularly from cinnamon, in drug development. The study sought to determine the color of the precipitate formed in the extraction solution after the addition of Mayer's reagent and to investigate the effect of the number of Soxhlet extraction cycles on the color of the ethanol used in the research with cinnamon samples. The findings from this study contribute to the exploration of the alkaloid content in cinnamon and its potential applications in pharmaceutical development.

BIM technology in the construction world is growing. However, the application of BIM in Indonesia has not been carried out thoroughly. BIM technology can help quantity take off work that affects the success or failure of a project. BIM can reduce the error rate of quantity take off planning calculations compared to manual calculations. Tekla Structure is one of the software developments of BIM that can produce quantity take off building output along with 3D visualisation. This research conducts 3D modelling and discusses the comparison of quantity take off using BIM-based software Tekla Structures with a recap of the manual calculation contained in the initial Bill of Quantity for the X Building Project planning. This difference can be used as a consideration for the application of BIM in the initial calculation of project planning. The percentage difference obtained for the pile cap  resulted in concrete volume deviation of 0.69% and -19.1% for reinforcement volume. The spun piles work resulted in a concrete volume deviation of -0.8% and reinforcement volume of 8.45%. In the calculation of column work, the deviation value for concrete volume is 3.14%, while the volume of reinforcement is -12.2%. The results of the BIM quantity take-off are deemed more reliable due to the 3D visualization of BIM objects and the ability to adjust the detail of work elements.

The implementation of the No Smoking Area is important in the campus environment because the campus is one of the places that should implement the No Smoking Area. In addition, the campus is a place of learning, where people in it are not only people who smoke, but there are also many passive smokers. Student smoking behavior that is carried out every day inside and outside the lecture hall causes the prevalence of cigarette smoke in the campus environment. With several reasons, there are many male students who smoke. This study aims to determine the implementation of the KTR policy by academics within the scope of the Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Makassar State University. This research uses a qualitative study design with data collection methods in this study, namely interviews and participatory observation. The results of this study, namely the implementation of academics regarding communication, resources, bureaucratic structure, and disposition towards KTR policies in the FIKK UNM environment become an obstacle to the enforcement of policy compliance. The conclusion of the results of interviews with observations of research variables in the campus environment is not in line in its implementation. It is recommended to the Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences UNM to increase compliance with KTR policies in the campus environment by increasing communication variables, disposition, resources and bureaucratic structures so that it will reduce the prevalence of smoking rates in the campus environment.

In this study, it is investigated how the optimal capital structure can impact the value characteristics of coal companies and whether the capital structure will have an impact on firm value through the mediating variable of profitability. The data collection technique used panel data from leading coal companies and applied regression analysis method to test the influence between independent variables, mediating variables, and dependent variables. The research findings show that there is a significant influence between capital structure and probability characteristics, with the mediating variable of profitability playing a significant role. The findings can provide valuable insights for coal company management in adapting its capital structure.

This study examines the effects of family structure on adolescent academic achievement, focusing on nuclear, single-parent, and extended family settings. Drawing on data from diverse cultural backgrounds, the research investigates how parental involvement, socioeconomic status, and family support impact academic outcomes. The findings reveal that family support plays a pivotal role in academic success across all family structures, with adolescents in stable and supportive environments achieving better academic results.

According to the WHO (World Health Organization), housing is a physical structure where people use it for shelter where the environment of the structure is included as well as all facilities and services that are in the hospital, equipment that is useful for physical and spiritual health and good social conditions for families and individuals. A healthy house is one of the health facilities to achieve an optimal degree of health (World Health Organization). To find out the level of knowledge and behavior of the community towards healthy houses in the Land of Tamala, Leihitu District, Central Maluku Regency. The type of research used is descriptive research to obtain an overview of the level of knowledge, attitudes and actions of the community towards healthy houses in the country of Malala, Leihitu District, Central Maluku district.  The results of this study show that the knowledge of the people of Mamala has a level of knowledge in the Good Category of 83%, Sufficient as 15%, Lacking as much as 2%, The attitude of the people of Mamala has a good attitude as much as 100%, the actions of the people of Mamala have good actions as much as 53%, Sufficient as much as 47%. Based on the results of the research that has been carried out in Mamala Country, Leihitu District, Central Maluku Regency, it can be concluded that the public's knowledge about healthy houses is in the good category with a presentation of 83%, the attitude of the respondents is in the good category with a percentage of 100%, and the action is in the good category with a percentage of 53%.

Background: The rapid growth of warehouse automation and autonomous mobile robots has increased the need for adaptive navigation systems capable of operating safely and efficiently in dynamic industrial environments. Classical path planning algorithms such as A* and RRT perform well in structured settings but exhibit limitations when handling moving obstacles and environmental uncertainty. Objective: This study aims to develop and evaluate a reinforcement learning based navigation framework integrated with sensor fusion to improve path efficiency, collision avoidance, and robustness in dynamic warehouse scenarios. Method: An experimental research design was implemented combining high-fidelity simulation and real-world warehouse prototype testing. Deep Q-Network and Proximal Policy Optimization models were developed and trained using multi-sensor inputs from LiDAR, camera, and inertial measurement units. Performance was evaluated using path efficiency, collision rate, computational cost, and robustness metrics, with benchmarking against classical algorithms. Results: The results demonstrate that the Proximal Policy Optimization model achieved the highest path efficiency and lowest collision rate while maintaining stable computational performance under dynamic conditions. Reinforcement learning models significantly outperformed classical planners in adaptability and robustness, confirming their suitability for scalable industrial warehouse automation.

The limitations of traditional cost systems in capturing the complexity of operational activities lead to inaccuracies in cost allocation, which has an impact on the determination of cost of production and transfer prices between divisions. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the Activity-Based Costing (ABC) method in improving the accuracy of cost information and examine the factors that affect its success. The method used is a literature study of major journals and supporting literature. The results of the study show that ABC is more accurate in allocating overhead costs based on relevant activities and cost drivers, and is able to reduce cost information distortion. The adoption of ABCs is influenced by cost structure, product diversification, and competitive intensity. However, successful implementation requires organizational readiness, managerial support, and an understanding of the operational context. These findings confirm the importance of implementing an adaptive cost system to support efficiency and transparency.

 This study aims to identify and analyze the forms of homographs found in the Makassar language as used by the community in Pattene Village. This study also aims to describe how the multiple meanings of the homographs are represented in the context of everyday communication, and how the understanding of the meaning is influenced by the situation, intonation, and social relations between speakers. This study uses a qualitative approach with a descriptive method. This approach was chosen to study and describe in depth the linguistic phenomenon of multiple meanings (homographs) in the Makassar language based on data obtained from native speakers in Pattene Village. The focus of the study is directed at the use of homographs in oral communication among the community, as well as the context that influences changes in their meaning. The main data sources in this study are community speech recorded through interviews, participatory observations, and documentation of everyday conversations. The results of the study show that the community in Pattene Village uses a number of homograph words in the Makassar language that have multiple meanings depending on the context of the speech. A total of 12 main homographs were successfully identified through interviews and field observations. These homographs have the same phonological structure but show different meanings based on situational context, tone of voice, and position in a sentence. For example, the word "balla" can mean house in a general context, but is also used to express the meaning of an extended family or origin in a traditional context. This shows that the understanding of the meaning of homographs is highly dependent on the cultural knowledge and social experience of the speaker.

Planning is a process of describe an activities that will be done later in order to achieve the goals that have been set. In the world of education, planning of facilities and infrastructure is very necessary in improving the quality of student learning. Facilities are tools or facilities that are used directly in an activity, while infrastructure is the physical structure and basic facilities that support the operation of these facilities. The method used in this study is descriptive qualitative, including field surveys, interviews with stakeholders, and analysis of data from various sources. The results of the study indicate that complete and advanced facilities and infrastructure have a positive correlation with improving the quality of learning and improving students' abilities in achieving learning goals. This study concludes that investment in planning and managing facilities and infrastructure is a priority for Madrasahs in improving educational progress.