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This empowerment program for senior citizens at Banjarnegara Polytechnic focuses on improving agricultural skills, particularly plant propagation techniques. Many senior citizens, despite their extensive farming experience, rely on outdated methods that yield suboptimal results, such as poor seedling quality and low germination rates. The program, held on October 3, 2024, at Banjarnegara Polytechnic, aimed to introduce modern agricultural techniques and enhance the participants' knowledge and skills in plant propagation. A total of 25 participants from the CoE BKL Istiqomah attended, with educational backgrounds ranging from elementary school to bachelor's degrees. The event utilized a combination of lectures, practical exercises, and discussions to provide both theoretical knowledge and hands-on experience. The lecture, conducted in Room C.1.2, introduced the basics of plant propagation, while the practical exercises took place at the nursery field of Banjarnegara Polytechnic. The participants gained valuable insights into modern techniques, which they applied directly at the site, ensuring a better understanding of the processes involved. The post-event questionnaire revealed that many participants still viewed farming as a valuable and promising profession, though concerns about the future of farming and its generational continuity were raised. Many participants expressed concerns about passing on farming traditions to the younger generation, indicating a gap between the older and younger generations in agricultural practices. Overall, the program successfully increased the participants' skills in plant propagation and revitalized their enthusiasm for agriculture. Through this activity, senior citizens have been empowered with modern farming knowledge, bridging the gap between traditional and contemporary agricultural practices. The program also opened opportunities for seniors to engage in the modern agricultural sector, fostering a sense of confidence and motivation to continue contributing to the community’s agricultural development.

This study aims to describe the role of the principal in improving the quality of education in Qismul Ali Al-Jam’Iyatul Washliyah. This study uses a qualitative approach with descriptive methods. Data sources were taken by purposive sampling and snowball sampling. Data collection was carried out through observation, interviews, and documentation studies. Data analysis was carried out using data reduction techniques, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. As for checking the validity of the data, namely by using triangulation of methods and sources. The results of the study indicate that there are 2 aspects of improvement carried out by the principal, namely: a) the role of the principal as a leader, namely by guiding and directing educators in creating interesting learning methods, then the principal tries to establish communication with his subordinates through greetings and listening directly to input from teachers and school employees regarding the problems they are facing, in decision making the principal applies a democratic and open system through deliberation and joint decisions, then the principal also becomes a good role model through diligent and disciplined behavior in working. To determine the program's achievement, the principal conducts regular supervision and evaluation of the learning process and learning materials, utilizing the results of this supervision to further improve learning activities through coaching and direction from the principal. b) The principal's role as a manager involves managing the school, starting with planning the school's work program at the beginning of the school year during work meetings involving teaching and administrative staff. The principal also involves teaching and administrative staff in various training activities to support competency. The principal also regularly maintains facilities and infrastructure. The findings of this study indicate that the principal has realized improvements in the quality of education at Qismul Ali Al-Jam'Iyatul Washliyah by implementing several improvement measures.

The development of digital technology has had a significant impact on the world of education, one of which is the introduction of various new media in learning, such as Smart TV. Smart TV, with its interactive multimedia features, offers a great opportunity to improve the quality and effectiveness of learning, particularly in increasing the enthusiasm and interest in reading for elementary school students. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of utilizing Smart TV as a digital transformation medium in increasing students' interest in reading at MI Darun Najah, Srobyong, Mlonggo, Jepara. The method used is a descriptive qualitative case study approach, involving fourth and fifth grade students and class teachers as research subjects. Data collection was carried out through participatory observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation to obtain a more comprehensive picture of the application of Smart TV in learning activities. The results of the study indicate that the use of Smart TV can increase active student engagement in the learning process. Students are more motivated and interested in reading, thanks to the attractive visual display and interactive multimedia features. Smart TV also creates a more enjoyable learning atmosphere, by integrating various types of media, such as images, videos, and text, which support learning. However, several obstacles were also found, including limited mastery of technology by teachers and limited time for technology integration in daily learning. Therefore, this study recommends ongoing training for teachers in operating Smart TVs and the development of a more flexible digital technology-based curriculum to maximize the benefits of using Smart TVs in elementary school learning. The study also suggests the need for regular evaluation of the effectiveness of Smart TV use in improving students' literacy skills.

This study aims to find out the role of the El-Diina Sukabumi Play Group (KB) in improving the quality of early childhood education. The background of this research is based on the importance of early childhood education institutions as the main foundation in shaping children's character and basic abilities, especially in the midst of increasing demands on the quality of national education. Quality early childhood education is one of the important factors in supporting children's optimal growth and development from an early age, both from cognitive and emotional aspects. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach with observation techniques, in-depth interviews, and documentation as the main methods in data collection. The research subjects included school principals, teachers, and parents of students at KB El-Diina Sukabumi who were selected purposively in accordance with the research objectives. The results of the study show that KB El-Diina has implemented various strategies in improving the quality of educational services, including the implementation of a character-based curriculum, regular teacher training, active involvement of parents in the learning process, and the creation of a safe, comfortable, and fun learning environment for children. In addition, the use of learning methods that are in accordance with the child's developmental stage is also one of the success factors of the institution in improving the quality of education. The findings show that these efforts have a positive impact on children's cognitive, social, emotional, and motor development. Children look more confident, independent, and active in daily learning activities in the classroom and outdoors. The implications of this study emphasize the importance of professional, sustainable, and adaptive management of family planning institutions to the needs of children's development. This is the foundation for creating quality, relevant, and holistic child development early childhood education services.

Self-evaluation is an important instrument in teacher professional development, as it can help identify strengths and weaknesses in learning practices. This study aims to describe in depth the practice of teacher self-evaluation, the supporting and inhibiting factors, and its impact on teacher professional development in the school environment. This study used a descriptive qualitative approach with a case study method focused on a teacher at SMA Negeri 1 Maumere. Data collection techniques were conducted through an open-ended questionnaire designed to explore teachers' understanding of self-evaluation practices, as well as observations of lesson planning documents. The results showed that the teachers who were the subjects of the study had fairly good lesson planning and demonstrated a commitment to improving the quality of teaching. However, several challenges remained, such as difficulties in optimally adapting the curriculum to student needs and limitations in developing and implementing relevant learning evaluation instruments. Furthermore, the utilization of evaluation results for learning improvement has not been optimal. Although teachers have been active in Classroom Action Research (CAR), the integration of self-evaluation results into learning innovations still requires strengthening. Factors supporting self-evaluation include teachers' intrinsic motivation to develop, principal support, and relevant training. Meanwhile, inhibiting factors include time constraints, administrative burdens, and the lack of reflective forums at the school level. This study confirms that self-evaluation conducted in a structured and reflective manner can play a significant role in improving teachers' professional competence and the quality of learning in schools.

This article explores the dynamics of implementing the New Student Admission (PPDB) policy, focusing on the zoning system. The study aims to analyze how this policy is carried out at the school level and the various challenges encountered during its implementation. Using a qualitative approach through observations, interviews, and document studies, the findings show that although the zoning system has succeeded in reducing the distance between students’ homes and schools, disparities in school quality remain unresolved. The affirmative pathway has not effectively reached its target groups due to limited outreach and lack of supporting facilities. Additionally, technical issues such as online system errors, address manipulation, and poor coordination between schools and education offices are significant obstacles in implementation. The study concludes that improving digital systems, enhancing human resource capacity, and actively involving communities are essential steps to ensure equitable access to and quality of education as envisioned by the policy.

This article discusses the implementation of policies to create a conducive school culture and climate as an important part of efforts to improve the quality of learning. A safe, comfortable, and orderly learning environment is essential for effective and enjoyable learning. This study aims to analyze the strategies and roles of the principal and all school members in shaping a positive school culture and climate. The main focus lies on four managerial aspects: program planning, organization, leadership implementation, and structured control. This study uses a qualitative method with a case study approach, applied in several elementary schools. Data were collected through field observation techniques, in-depth interviews with related parties (such as the principal, teachers, and students), and documentation studies of school policies and programs. The main findings indicate that a conducive school culture and climate are formed through a series of consistently implemented positive habits, strong collaboration among school members, and the visionary and communicative leadership of the principal. In addition, the active involvement of all school elements in creating an atmosphere of mutual respect and support is very influential in building a positive learning environment. Policy implementation is not merely administrative, but also emphasizes the development of character values, discipline, and a sense of shared responsibility. The end result is improved learning quality and improved student character, demonstrating that school climate and culture play a crucial role in the overall educational process.

Working memory capacity is a crucial aspect of cognitive function that plays a significant role in supporting students' learning processes. Working memory functions as a temporary storage system that allows individuals to store and manipulate information quickly. In an educational context, optimal working memory capacity can improve students' ability to understand, process, and remember information presented during the teaching and learning process. Several factors known to influence working memory capacity include breakfast habits, nutritional status, body fat percentage, and hemoglobin (Hb) levels. These factors are closely related to students' daily nutritional intake and healthy lifestyle. This Community Service (PkM) activity, with the topic "Healthy Food and Lifestyle to Increase Working Memory Capacity," aimed to increase students' understanding and awareness of the importance of a healthy diet and an active lifestyle in supporting cognitive function, particularly working memory. This activity was held in July 2024 at MTs (Madrasah Tsanawiyah) Al Fatah, Natar District, Lampung Regency. The implementation method was interactive nutrition education, covering the importance of a nutritious breakfast, consuming a balanced diet, physical activity, and general health care. Based on the results of evaluations conducted before and after the activity, there was an increase in the average knowledge scores of female students, as well as a significant difference in their understanding of the concepts of healthy eating and a lifestyle that supports working memory function. These findings indicate that nutrition education interventions have significant potential to improve the quality of learning by enhancing students' cognitive aspects. This activity is expected to become a model that can be implemented sustainably in other school settings.

Tartar is a common oral health problem among adolescents. Tartar forms from hardened plaque due to a lack of proper and regular brushing habits. If not treated early, this condition can lead to serious disorders such as gingivitis (gum inflammation) and periodontitis (damage to the supporting tissue of the teeth), which impact adolescents' quality of life and self-confidence. Therefore, education about the dangers of tartar and the importance of maintaining oral health is essential, especially in schools. This community service activity aims to increase adolescents' knowledge and awareness of the dangers of tartar and equip them with proper toothbrushing skills. The activity was held on July 5, 2025, at SMP Negeri 1 Manuju, Bilalang Village, Gowa Regency, and was attended by seventh and eighth grade students. The methods used included interactive education, simulations of toothbrushing techniques according to health standards, and the distribution of leaflets as additional information that students can access again. Evaluation was carried out through pre- and post-tests to measure knowledge gains, as well as direct observation of toothbrushing practices. The results of the activity showed a significant increase in students' knowledge scores, namely 31.3 points (from an average of 53.4 to 84.7). Furthermore, 92% of students were able to practice correct toothbrushing techniques. These results indicate that an educational approach combined with simulations and visual media is effective in increasing understanding and changing clean and healthy lifestyle behaviors in adolescents. This activity is expected to become a model for sustainable dental health education in schools and be replicated elsewhere.

This study aims to improve student learning outcomes in Natural and Social Sciences (IPAS) through the application of the Discovery Learning model assisted by image media in grade V of Nurul Khoir Elementary School, Jambi City. This study is a classroom action research (CAR) conducted in two cycles, with each cycle consisting of planning, action, observation, and reflection stages. The subjects in this study were 26 fourth-grade students. Data collection techniques used included tests, observation, and documentation to obtain more comprehensive data on student learning outcomes. The results of the study showed an increase in student learning outcomes in each cycle. In cycle I, the percentage of student learning outcomes reached 73.92%, and increased in cycle II to 85.30%. This increase indicates that the application of the Discovery Learning model assisted by image media can improve student learning outcomes in the subject of IPAS. The Discovery Learning model provides opportunities for students to learn actively and independently, by utilizing attractive image media and making it easier for students to understand the concepts taught. Thus, this model can be used as an alternative in a more effective and interesting learning process. Furthermore, the implementation of this model also had a positive impact on student engagement in learning activities, making the teaching and learning process more interactive and enjoyable. This study recommends that the Discovery Learning model, assisted by image media, be applied more widely across various subjects to improve the quality of learning in elementary schools. In the future, this research can also be continued by examining the application of similar models in other subjects and measuring their impact on improving students' cognitive abilities and overall skills.

This study focuses on the development of student character, particularly in terms of discipline and responsibility, at SMPN 1 Ngunut, an outstanding school in Tulungagung Regency. Seventh-grade students are in a transitional phase from elementary to junior high school, making them vulnerable to the influences of their environment and the changing times. Based on observations, many students have not yet demonstrated disciplined behavior, such as arriving on time, completing tasks, cheating during exams, and not paying attention to teachers while learning. This study aims to identify effective Social Studies (IPS) teaching strategies for shaping students' character. The research focuses on (1) the role of teachers as demonstrators in developing disciplined and responsible character through IPS learning, (2) effective strategies employed by teachers to cultivate discipline and responsibility in students, and (3) potential solutions to improve the quality of IPS learning in instilling discipline and responsibility. The method used is descriptive qualitative research with a case study approach. The findings show that (1) IPS learning in the seventh grade at SMPN 1 Ngunut is effective in instilling discipline and responsibility, (2) Teachers use teaching activities to instill values such as punctuality and task completion, (3) Through methods like group work, individual assignments, and behavioral evaluations, students show positive changes, (4) The role of teachers as facilitators and role models is crucial, (5) Collaboration between teachers and the principal creates a school culture that supports character development, and (6) The impact of this process is reflected in increased student awareness of their responsibilities. These findings highlight that IPS not only fosters cognitive knowledge but also serves as a strategic medium for continuous moral and character development.

This study aims to develop a contextual learning-based mathematics test instrument focused on Statistics and intended for eighth-grade junior high school (SMP) students. The instrument developed consists of essay questions designed by integrating real-life situations to make them more relevant and meaningful for students. This contextual approach is expected to help students understand statistical concepts more deeply and improve their ability to solve mathematical problems related to everyday life. In the instrument development process, a series of analyses were conducted to test the quality of the test items, including validity, reliability, discriminating power, and difficulty level. The validity of the test items was tested using the correlation between item scores and total scores, with the results showing that all test items had a correlation coefficient greater than the r value of the table, thus being declared valid. Meanwhile, the reliability coefficient obtained was 0.84, indicating that this instrument has a high level of consistency and is suitable for use in measurement. Analysis of the discriminating power showed that each test item had excellent ability to differentiate students with high and low abilities. The analysis of the difficulty level showed balanced variations, namely from easy, medium, to difficult categories. This variation is important to accommodate differences in student ability levels and reflect the diversity in the context of the problems presented. Overall, the results of this study indicate that the developed test instrument is of excellent quality and can be used as an evaluation tool to measure students' mathematical problem-solving abilities. Furthermore, this instrument supports more contextual, interactive, and meaningful statistics learning.

Digital transformation in the world of education is a strategic step to improve efficiency and quality of services, including in terms of attendance recording. This study aims to examine the change in the manual attendance system to digital in an effort to improve the quality of learning documentation at PPTQ Al Huda. The method used is a descriptive qualitative approach with data collection techniques through distributing questionnaires to teachers and academic staff. The results of the study indicate that the implementation of digital attendance has been significantly beneficial for the majority of respondents. This system is considered more practical, accurate, and efficient than manual methods. Digital attendance not only makes it easier to record student attendance, but also strengthens transparency, accountability, and supports data-based decision making. In addition, this system plays a role in improving student discipline and responsibility. Digital attendance has also been proven to reduce the practice of asking for attendance, minimize recording errors, and facilitate real-time data access by Islamic boarding school administrators. Ease of use and convenience of the system are also supporting factors for successful implementation. Moreover, the adoption of digital attendance encourages the development of a technology-based culture within the institution. It fosters digital literacy among educators and students, enhancing their adaptability to technology in daily academic routines. This transformation aligns with the broader educational goal of integrating technology to create a modern, effective, and sustainable learning environment. Therefore, the shift to a digital attendance system is not only a technical innovation but also a reflection of institutional commitment to continuous improvement and educational excellence. This innovation proves to be a relevant and strategic solution for strengthening educational administration in Islamic boarding schools.

In addition to the main aspects of teacher competency, the study also emphasizes the importance of leadership and institutional support in the effective implementation of policies. The school leadership plays a crucial role in creating a conducive environment for professional development, fostering a culture of collaboration among teachers, and ensuring the implementation of competency-based assessments. It was found that the active involvement of the principal in monitoring and providing feedback to teachers significantly contributes to the continuous improvement of teaching practices. The study also highlights the importance of aligning teacher competency development with the school's educational goals and objectives. While some teachers have demonstrated significant improvement in their teaching methods and student engagement, others still require more support to fully integrate the competencies into their daily practices. The continuous professional development of teachers is therefore vital to ensure that the competencies are not only understood but also consistently applied in the classroom. Moreover, the study recognizes the critical role of community and parental involvement in enhancing the quality of education. Collaboration between the school, parents, and the local community can create a more supportive learning environment, ensuring that students receive the necessary resources and encouragement both at school and at home. In conclusion, the research suggests that while the implementation of teacher competency policies at SDN 2 Lubuk Seberuk has shown positive results, the process should be supported with more training opportunities, resource allocation, and consistent monitoring to overcome existing challenges.

This qualitative descriptive research explores the principal’s efforts to enhance teacher performance through the implementation of educational supervision at SDI Puudhombo, East Nusa Tenggara. The study aims to understand the strategies, processes, and impacts of educational supervision in improving teaching quality. Purposive sampling was used to select three informants consisting of one school principal and two classroom teachers. Data were gathered through structured interviews, allowing for in-depth exploration of participants’ experiences and perceptions. Analysis was conducted using the Miles and Huberman interactive model, involving data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing to ensure the credibility and reliability of the findings.The results reveal that educational supervision is systematically implemented twice a year, guided by a well-structured plan that outlines objectives, schedules, and targeted competencies. The principal applies a collaborative supervision approach, using classroom visitation techniques to observe teaching practices in real contexts. Post-observation, constructive feedback sessions are conducted to highlight strengths, identify areas for improvement, and provide practical recommendations for pedagogical development. Teachers demonstrate notable progress in preparing lesson plans, delivering interactive learning activities, and applying effective evaluation methods. However, certain aspects such as the integration of technology in teaching and differentiation strategies still require further enhancement. The findings indicate that educational supervision not only improves technical teaching skills but also fosters teacher professionalism, boosts work motivation, and promotes a culture of continuous improvement within the school. The study underscores the importance of consistent, supportive, and developmental supervision in elevating instructional quality. It concludes that systematic and ongoing educational supervision represents a highly effective strategy for advancing teacher performance in elementary education. This research enriches the body of literature in educational management and provides practical implications for strengthening school leadership, particularly in rural and resource-limited contexts such as East Nusa Tenggara.

This research is motivated by the high rate of early marriage in Pamatan Village, which is a serious social issue and impacts the quality of life of the younger generation. This phenomenon is thought to be influenced by various social factors, including parental education level (X₁), family economic status (X₂), and school dropout rate (X₃). The purpose of this study is to analyze the influence of these three independent variables on the decision to marry early (Y). This study uses an explanatory quantitative approach with an ex post facto design, where the researcher does not intervene on the variables, but rather analyzes the relationships that have occurred. The analysis technique used is multiple linear regression. Data were collected through questionnaires to 100 respondents selected using a purposive sampling technique, namely teenagers or families with a history of early marriage. The results of the analysis show that simultaneously the variables of parental education, economic status, and school dropout rate have a significant influence on the decision to marry early with a calculated F value of 139.302 which is greater than the F table of 2.699 and a significance value of 0.001. Partially, only economic status (X₂) and school dropout rate (X₃) significantly influence the decision to marry early, while parental education (X₁) does not have a significant influence. The Adjusted R Square value of 0.807 indicates that 80.7% of the variation in the decision to marry early can be explained by these three variables. This finding underscores the importance of efforts to improve education and empower family economics as a preventive measure to reduce the rate of early marriage among adolescents in the village.  

This study aims to analyze the ability of students at SMPN 7 Cempaga to read the Qur'an. Using a descriptive qualitative approach, data was collected through observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation of 10 seventh-grade students, Islamic Education teachers, the Deputy Head of Student Affairs, and the Principal. The results of the study indicate that the absence of a program to encourage Quran reading at school, limited time for religious education, and a lack of support and guidance from parents are the main factors contributing to the students' low ability to read the Quran. Additionally, limited facilities such as the availability of Quran manuscripts at home and an unsupportive social environment further exacerbate the situation. These findings emphasize the need for collaboration between schools, families, and the community in fostering sustainable Quran reading habits, through the implementation of special programs at school, enhancing parental involvement, and providing adequate learning facilities. With collective efforts, it is hoped that students' Quran reading skills will develop optimally and support character development and the quality of religious education at SMPN 7 Cempaga.

In addition to the positive findings regarding the effectiveness of instructional videos in enhancing reading skills, this study also highlights the importance of integrating technology into early childhood education. The use of instructional videos provides an engaging and interactive learning experience for children, making the learning process more enjoyable and effective. Children at TK Irama Jaya were able to visualize and connect sounds with letters and words, which is a crucial aspect of developing reading skills at an early age. Furthermore, the study reveals that instructional videos cater to different learning styles, allowing children to absorb information through auditory and visual channels. This multisensory approach enhances retention and understanding, especially for young learners who are just beginning to master reading. The videos also offer repetition and consistency, allowing children to revisit lessons at their own pace, thus reinforcing their learning process. The improvement observed in the post-test scores suggests that instructional videos can serve as a valuable tool in early childhood education, complementing traditional teaching methods. However, the study also indicates that while instructional videos are beneficial, they should be used in conjunction with other pedagogical techniques, such as interactive reading activities and teacher-guided lessons, to maximize learning outcomes. It is recommended that other schools, particularly those in remote or underserved areas, consider incorporating instructional videos into their teaching practices. The accessibility and cost-effectiveness of these videos make them an ideal resource for improving the quality of education in early childhood settings. Further research could explore the long-term effects of instructional videos on reading fluency and other areas of early literacy development.

Gunung Kijang Subdistrict in Bintan Regency is one of the areas still facing various socio-economic challenges, particularly related to poverty issues. The problems faced include low income, limited access to education and healthcare, lack of employment opportunities, and low quality of life. Therefore, the Family Hope Program (PKH) is present as a social policy intervention from the government to help reduce the impact of poverty both directly and in the long term in Gunung Kijang by fulfilling basic needs, increasing participation in education, raising awareness of the importance of health, and empowerment through social assistance. This study aims to determine the extent of PKH’s effectiveness in reducing poverty rates in Gunung Kijang Subdistrict, Bintan Regency. The study uses a qualitative approach with a descriptive method. Data collection techniques include interviews, direct field observations, and documentation. In its analysis, this study refers to William N. Dunn’s public policy evaluation theory, which includes six main indicators: effectiveness, efficiency, adequacy, equity, responsiveness, and accuracy. The results show that PKH has a positive impact on beneficiary families (KPM). The program increases school attendance of children from poor families in primary and secondary schools, as attendance is an important component in the disbursement of aid. In addition, PKH encourages poor communities to be more active in accessing health services, such as community health centers (puskesmas) and integrated health service posts (posyandu), especially for vulnerable groups such as pregnant women, toddlers, and the elderly. The Family Hope Program (PKH) contributes to reducing the impact of poverty in Gunung Kijang Subdistrict. Although it has not fully resolved the root problems, PKH has the potential to be a tool to break the cycle of poverty and improve the quality of life of poor communities sustainably.  

Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious illness triggered by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, with transmission influenced by not only personal behaviors but also by the physical condition of the home environment. Environmental risk factors include flooring, wall material, ceiling structure, indoor temperature, humidity levels, air ventilation, habits of opening windows, and housing density. This research aimed to explore the correlation between individual behavior and the quality of home environmental conditions with pulmonary TB incidence in the Sematang Borang Health Center’s coverage area, Palembang, in 2025. A descriptive observational design was employed, involving 91 participants from Lebung Gajah Subdistrict. The sample consisted of both confirmed pulmonary TB patients (PCR positive) and individuals without TB (PCR negative), selected through purposive sampling. Data were processed using univariate analysis to describe frequency distributions and respondent characteristics. The study found that 35.2% of respondents were diagnosed with pulmonary TB, while 64.8% were not. Most participants were between 46 and 65 years old (42.9%), predominantly female (59.3%), and had a senior high school education (40.7%). In terms of TB-related knowledge and behavior, 59.3% had good knowledge, 63.7% held a positive attitude, and 50.5% practiced proper prevention measures. Nevertheless, more than half (56.0%) of the housing conditions failed to meet health standards for a safe home environment. These findings highlight that while the community shows generally good awareness and preventive behavior regarding TB, many still reside in environments that may contribute to TB transmission. Therefore, continuous health education, proactive contact tracing, and targeted health campaigns for at-risk groups—especially among those with lower educational backgrounds—should be prioritized.