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The digital era has brought inevitable changes to human life, changing the way we communicate, interact, and access information. Digital space has become a new public space where individuals can express themselves, access information, and participate in public life. However, this digital space is also vulnerable to human rights violations, such as mass surveillance, the spread of hate speech, and information manipulation. The rapid development of digital technology has outstripped the ability of international law to regulate it, creating a significant legal gap where human rights in the digital space are not adequately protected. This challenge is further complicated by the cross-border nature of the internet and other digital technologies. This journal discusses international legal issues related to the protection of human rights in the digital era. This research uses a normative legal research method with a case study approach, analyzing international legal documents such as international treaties, UN resolutions, and international court jurisprudence. This journal also analyzes case studies related to human rights violations in the digital era. The results of the study indicate that a more comprehensive international legal framework, clear international standards, and effective law enforcement efforts are needed to protect human rights in the digital space. The proposed recommendations include developing a comprehensive legal framework, enhancing international cooperation, strengthening law enforcement efforts, increasing public awareness, and civil society participation.

The teacher is an important figure for students in school. The s uccess of education is determined by the human element, one of which is the teacher. As an educator the teacher has a great responsibility for the character of his students so that they are accustomed to doing good The formulation of the research problem is what efforts do teachers make in building character at SMPN 2 Talun ? What is the condition of the student’s character with the character fostered by the teacher at SMPN 03 Karangdadap? The purpose of this study was to reveal what efforts the teacher made in fostering student character at SMPN 2 Talun . Based on the results of the research, it shows that: the role of a teacher in fostering the character of students at SMPN 2 Talun is that the teacher acts as a motivator, this can be seen from the efforts of educators to do the right thing. This is indicated by the emergence of awareness in a child of what is being done and the enthusiasm of a student in activities at the madrasah.

This research examines the relationship between Christian ethics, children's human rights, and parental responsibilities in the context of Christian families. Referring to ethical principles ethical principles derived from the Bible, this study highlights the importance of recognising children's children's rights as a mandate from God that must be protected and honoured by parents. Through a theological approach, this article explores how parents can fulfil their responsibilities in educating and raising children with love, justice and integrity. It also examines the challenges faced by Christian families in implementing Christian ethical values in the midst of changing social dynamics. Christian ethical values in the midst of changing social dynamics. By emphasising the importance of moral and spiritual education, this article aims to provide guidance for parents in fulfilling children's rights and creating a family environment that supports the growth of character in accordance with the teachings of Christ. The results are expected to contribute to a better understanding of the role of parents in the context of children's human rights and Christian ethics, and the implications for contemporary family life.

This study examines justice in employment law from the perspective of legal philosophy, focusing on the relationship between employers and workers in Indonesia. Based on Article 27 paragraph (2) and Article 28D paragraph (2) of the 1945 Constitution, justice in employment relations is considered as one of the manifestations of human rights that must be guaranteed by the state. However, in practice, the imbalance in the bargaining position between employers and workers often creates injustice, especially in wages, job protection, and the fulfillment of basic workers' rights. Through a legal philosophy approach, this study analyzes the application of the concepts of distributive, commutative, and retributive justice in employment relations. The results of the study show that although employment regulations, such as Law Number 13 of 2003 concerning Employment, have attempted to create justice, their implementation still faces various obstacles, including weak supervision and bias towards economic interests. This study has theoretical benefits in deepening the study of legal philosophy related to justice in industrial relations, as well as practical benefits in providing recommendations for policy makers to improve employment regulations. Thus, this research is expected to be a foundation for creating fairer and more balanced working relationships in Indonesia.

Indonesia is a country that recognizes two major concepts and then they implement them, such as the Republic and Democracy systems. The two concepts are even stronger presented in the 1945 Constitution as the main part and at the same time a source of pride. However, Indonesia does not really practice the two concepts in reality because they have eliminated one important part of the general problem, namely the position of citizens and their rights in the country. The phenomenon of marginalizing left-wing politics is a tragedy in Indonesian history that makes the construction of the paradigm of Indonesian society consider that left-wing politics is too radical, anarchic and dangerous for Indonesia. so that the steps they take are to stay away from the world of left-wing politics which results in an imbalance between the government and citizens, a gap where the government together with the capitalists compete in progress and happiness, while ordinary people in Indonesia try and fight to stay alive. Left-wing politics is part of one way to apply the principles of Pancasila, especially the fourth and fifth principles. Left-wing politics basically offers a humanitarian struggle, so Indonesia needs that principle to revive national values ​​in the form of real changes to better steps.

History often repeats itself in different contexts, as seen in the political dynamics of Indonesia in 2024, which are similar to the events of 1998. Although it has not yet reached the escalation of reforms, political tensions, polarization of society, and dissatisfaction with the government are the main issues. The fall in the Democracy Index reflects a weakening of freedom of opinion, human rights, and political participation. The wave of massive demonstrations against the revision of the 2024 Pilkada law showed resistance from various elements of society, including students, workers, artists, and public figures. Demonstrators demanded that the DPR comply with Constitutional Court decision Number 60/PUU-XXII/2024 regarding the threshold for the nomination of regional heads and Constitutional Court decision Number 70/PUU-XXII / 2024 regarding the age limit for candidates for regional heads. This research is a literature study with qualitative methods and a normative legal approach, including statutory, case, and conceptual analysis. The Data was obtained through the analysis of relevant legal and regulatory documents, as well as public opinion published in online media. This study provides an overview of the current challenges of Indonesian democracy as well as the implications of legal decisions on national political dynamics.

Bullying behavior in the school environment is a serious challenge that affects students' welfare and creates a learning environment that is not conducive. This research aims to investigate the dynamics of bullying behavior, focusing on identifying the perpetrator, protecting the victim's right to life, and implementing just, civilized humanity in the educational context. Qualitative research methods were used, by exploring data from document studies, including school policies, bullying incident reports, and student behavior records. The research results show the complexity of the factors driving bullying behavior, involving social inequality, family problems, and a lack of awareness of the consequences of actions. Protection of victims' rights to life is proven to need improvement through evaluating school policies and implementing effective reporting procedures. The implementation of just, civilized human values ​​shows positive steps, however, challenges arise in monitoring and evaluating these programs. The conclusions of this research underscore the urgency of involving teachers, school staff and the entire educational community in efforts to prevent and deal with bullying. With a deep understanding of this problem, it is hoped that a safer, more inclusive and humane school environment can be created

The case of Rempang Island is an example of the many cases of violence perpetrated by repressive law enforcers against civilians in Indonesia, where violence is in direct contact with criminal values. So clear knowledge is needed regarding the impact of authority used improperly by law enforcement officials. This research uses a normative juridical research method with the problem approach used is a statutory approach, a concept analysis approach, and a case approach. The research results reveal that there are limitations for law enforcement officers in carrying out their duties assigned by the state, including preventive measures in providing supervision and security so that the human rights of civilians can still be protected.

The inability of rural banks to adapt to the changing global landscape, particularly owing to globalisation, could also have adverse effects on economically disadvantaged populations. This research aims to examine the dynamics of regulating rural banks in Indonesia, the pressing need for legal reforms in rural banks to address the problems posed by globalisation, and the legal reforms for rural banks that are based on the Values of Pancasila. The study methodology employed is the Normative Juridical approach. The research findings suggest that initially, the licencing and activities of the rural bank required permission from the Minister of Finance. However, after the amendment of Law Number 7 of 1992 concerning Banking with Law Number 10 of 1998, the licence for rural banks is now granted by the leadership of Bank Indonesia, as stated in Article 16 paragraph. Globalisation has a significant impact on community life, leading to the emergence of new requirements. One of these requirements is the need for easier transactions, which can be achieved through the digitalisation of banking or the provision of electronic banking facilities. Consequently, legal reforms for banking institutions need to be implemented, taking into account the noble values of the nation as reflected in the moral principles of Pancasila. These values include morality, respect, protection of human rights without discrimination, unity, social justice in the economic and community sectors, and the realisation of people’s sovereignty and adherence to the law.

This research aims to analyze the differences in the definition of a child's age in the Child Protection Law and the Human Rights Law and how this affects the handling of juvenile cases, as well as the implications of the contradiction in the definition of a child's age between the Child Protection Law and the Human Rights Law in juvenile justice processes. This type of research is normative research. The research results indicate that (1) The difference in the definition of a child in the Child Protection Law (Law No. 35 of 2014) and the Human Rights Law (Law No. 39 of 1999) creates inconsistency in legal protection for children. A fair legal system should provide more protection to vulnerable groups, such as children, without distinguishing their marital status. The principle of justice as fairness requires that every individual, especially vulnerable groups, should receive equal opportunities and maximum protection under the law. However, the definition in the Human Rights Law, which excludes married children, creates injustice and contradicts the principle of non-discrimination outlined in the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC). (2) The implication of the contradiction in the definition of a child's age between the Child Protection Law and the Human Rights Law in juvenile justice processes is the legal impact, leading to inconsistency in law enforcement by law enforcement officials. Legal theory highlights that the success of law enforcement is influenced by the alignment between the law, law enforcement officials, and society. In this case, the misalignment of legal definitions complicates the decision-making process for law enforcers in determining the status of a married child, which impacts the protection of their rights. Additionally, the theory of distributive justice emphasizes that the distribution of legal treatment should be proportional to the individual's needs. A married child still requires legal protection as a vulnerable age group, so the legal treatment should reflect this need  

This paper discusses in depth the regulation and implementation of Law Number 23 of 2014 on Regional Government in Indonesia, as well as its impact on regional autonomy and the relationship between central and regional governments. This law serves as an essential foundation for more effective and efficient regional government management, but it also presents various challenges in its implementation. The issues raised in this research include challenges in applying the principles of decentralization and deconcentration, as well as the authority granted to regional governments in managing natural resources, public services, and other aspects related to regional autonomy. The aim of this research is to explore and analyze the legal aspects that influence the effectiveness of regional policies, using a normative legal approach and descriptive analysis. This research method involves an in-depth literature study, including an examination of existing regulations and analysis of relevant literature. The research findings indicate that although the Regional Government Law provides rights and authorities for regions to manage their own governmental affairs, there are several obstacles in its implementation. These obstacles include regulatory ambiguities, a lack of harmonization between implementing regulations, and issues in monitoring and evaluating the performance of regional governments. Furthermore, the relationship between central and regional governments often does not function optimally, resulting in uncertainties in carrying out the duties and responsibilities of each party. The conclusions drawn from this research emphasize the need for evaluation and adjustment of existing regulations, as well as the importance of better collaboration between central and regional governments. This is necessary to ensure that the goals of equitable and fair development can be achieved. The research also recommends the need for clearer and more integrated implementing regulations, as well as enhancing human resource capacity at the regional level to support effective policy implementation.

Every worker as an Indonesian citizen has the desire to get a decent and prosperous life and get a decent job. A prosperous life can be achieved through the implementation of obligations as workers, the mandate is contained in Article 27 paragraph (1) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia which states: "Every citizen has the right to work and a decent livelihood for humanity." And in Article 28D paragraph (2): "Everyone has the right to work and receive fair and proper remuneration and treatment in employment relations." The legal issue of this normative legal research: How are labor rights regulated? What is the wage policy for workers? The regulation of labor rights in the Job Creation Law, which is regulated in Law Number 6 of 2023 concerning Government Regulation in Lieu of Law No. 2 of 2022 concerning Job Creation into Law, includes several important aspects that aim to provide certainty and protection for workers. The Job Creation Law stipulates certainty regarding rights and obligations for workers and companies, including arrangements regarding wages, working hours, and leave. The arrangement is expected to build a harmonious working relationship and in accordance with applicable laws and regulations. Wage policies, especially regulated in the Labor Law, have the purpose of protecting workers' rights and ensuring welfare. That regarding wage policies for workers in the form of minimum wages, wage components, protection of workers' rights and labor welfare.

Law Number 15 of 2019 in Article 58, Article 85 and Article 91 contains authority that must be carried out by ministries or institutions that carry out government affairs in the field of Legislation Formation. Until early 2025, the government has not formed the ministry or institution in question. The legal issue of this normative legal research: What is the form of regulation of harmonization, rounding, and consolidation of the conception of the Draft Regional Regulation? What is the authority of the ministry in harmonizing, rounding, and consolidating the conception of the Draft Regional Regulation? The arrangement of harmonizing, rounding, and consolidating the conception of the Draft Regional Regulation involves a series of steps that are structured and regulated by laws and regulations. Harmonization is the process of harmonizing and unifying draft regulations so that there is no conflict with existing regulations. Coordination, For the Draft Regional Regulations that come from the Regional People's Representative Council, harmonization is coordinated by the fittings of the Regional People's Representative Council that handles the field of legislation. The authority of the ministry in harmonizing, rounding, and consolidating the conception of the Draft Regional Regulation is rooted in Article 18 paragraph (6) of the 1945 Constitution which states that local governments have the right to establish regional regulations, which are the implementation of regional autonomy. Article 236 of Law Number 23 of 2014 emphasizes that regional regulations must be prepared as an elaboration of higher laws and regulations. Since the promulgation of Law Number 15 of 2019, there has been a significant change in the authority to harmonize the Draft Regional Regulations.

Regulations regarding copyright protection in Indonesia are contained in Law Number 28 of 2014 concerning Copyright which was enacted during the leadership of President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono. The law is a replacement for Law No. 19 of 2002 concerning Copyright and is a follow-up to Presidential Instruction Number 11 of 2011 which mandates the Ministry of Law and Human Rights to be responsible for economic development specifically in the field of copyright. The author can convey that the character of this legal product is responsive to the fulfillment of community aspirations, both individuals and various social groups, so that it is relatively more capable of reflecting a sense of justice in society compared to the previous Law, namely Law No. 19 of 2002. However, related to the enforcement of the Copyright Law, there are still obstacles, from the law enforcement instruments to the culture in society which basically prioritizes communal values.

This article proposes to review the handling of corruption cases in terms of juridical and morality in Indonesia. This study is a normative legal study with descriptive analysis. This study uses a philosophical approach and a conceptual approach to determine the efforts made by the government to overcome corruption in Indonesia from the juridical and moral aspects of the Indonesian people based on the Pancasila Ideology. Efforts to eradicate corruption have not been able to be overcome optimally because they are spread sporadically in Indonesia. Obstacles are occurring structurally, culturally, instrumentally and management. Prevention and eradication of corruption must be emphasized as the moral responsibility of the Indonesian people. Because it will be one of the biggest threats to the existence of the Indonesian nation. Prevention of corruption must be carried out systematically by strengthening regulations and conducting international cooperation on the issue of corruption as a crime against Human Rights throughout the world, especially in Indonesia. That aspect of law enforcement in eradicating criminal acts of corruption requires the role of all parties involved in achieving the target of eradicating corruption that is rampant in Indonesia, there are four factors causing corruption; political and legal factors, historical factors, social factors and cultural factors, and economic factors. Concrete solutions in eradicating corruption are needed by Indonesia to redesign public services, strengthen transparency, supervision and sanctions against government activities related to the economy and human resources, increase the empowerment of supporting instruments in preventing corruption and to ensure that law enforcement is free from corruption. The strategy to eradicate corruption must be built with the will of all parties who want to eradicate corruption itself, by not giving the slightest tolerance in the act of corruption itself. In realizing an effort to eradicate corruption itself, it requires determination in meeting the prerequisites in terms of existence driven by political ability and will and a strong commitment from all parties, transparent and accountable in its implementation, available and balanced resources and capacity.

The Compilation of Islamic Law consists of three books, namely book I on marriage, book II on inheritance, book III on endowments explained in Article 83. The Compilation of Islamic Law requires wives to organize household affairs is discrimination against gender, domestication of women causes unproductivity and marginalization of women from their essence as human beings. Fulfillment of political, economic, citizenship, education rights, and roles in the household must be fulfilled. And the division of husband and wife roles in the public and domestic environments is carried out through deliberation which leads to gender role justice. Gender justice in the household can be realized as long as men (husbands) can treat their wives and children fairly.

Thel delath pelnalty has beleln a folrm olf punishmelnt sincel ancielnt timels and has belcolmel an intelnsel colnvelrsatioln amolng elxpelrts belcausel olf thel colntradictolry valuels helld by its suppolrtelrs and olppolnelnts. This study appliels a nolrmativel lelgal relselarch approlach tol asselss thel implelmelntatioln olf thel delath pelnalty in colrruptioln casels frolm thel pelrspelctivel olf human rights proltelctioln. In this study, thel data analysis melthold useld was qualitativel data analysis with a delscriptivel approlach. Thel usel olf thel delath pelnalty as a sanctioln folr colrruptioln is thel molst elxtrelmel folrm olf punishmelnt folr pelrpeltratolrs olf such crimels, belcausel it invollvels taking livels as a relsult olf thelir actiolns. Thel applicatioln olf thel delath pelnalty is colnsidelreld tol viollatel human rights, as stateld in articlels 28A and 28I olf thel 1945 Colnstitutioln, Articlel 4 and Articlel 9 olf Law Nol. 39 olf 1999, and articlel 3 olf thel UDHR. Thel implelmelntatioln olf thel delath pelnalty in colrruptioln casels sparkeld delbatel frolm a human rights pelrspelctivel. Solmel arguel that such melasurels arel colntrary tol human rights, particularly thel right tol lifel.

This study explores Mohammad Hatta's influence on housing policies in Indonesia, highlighting his integration of Islamic principles into public policy to enhance societal welfare. Hatta viewed housing as a fundamental human right that extends beyond physical needs to encompass spiritual and social dimensions. Grounded in Islamic values such as justice (‘adl), trust (amanah), and solidarity (ta'awun), his policies aimed to ensure equitable access to adequate housing, particularly for low-income communities, while promoting holistic well-being. Hatta’s vision aligned with Islamic teachings that emphasize fairness and state responsibility in fulfilling basic human rights, as reflected in QS. An-Nisa: 58. His ideas inspired initiatives like the Sejuta Rumah (One Million Houses) Program and Tapera (People’s Housing Savings), which address housing disparities and support societal harmony. Additionally, Hatta championed cooperative-based housing development, fostering community participation and mutual assistance, which not only ensured affordable housing but also empowered local economies. By integrating Islamic principles into housing policies, Hatta demonstrated how public policy could balance material, social, and spiritual needs to achieve sustainable societal welfare. His approach offers a valuable framework for future housing programs to promote justice, inclusivity, and collective prosperity.

The principle of legality is one of the main principles adopted by criminal law. Indonesia has incorporated the principle of legality into the first article of the Criminal Code, which carries the consequence that the imposition of criminal penalties must first be regulated in written law. The reform of criminal law through the New Criminal Code continues to apply the principle of legality in Article 1 and also adds recognition to the laws existing in society that are generally unwritten. The recognition of unwritten laws in the New Criminal Code does not mean shifting the principle of legality and applying the law arbitrarily, but rather a form of realization of the principle of legality in accordance with the characteristics of Indonesian society. The New Criminal Code has provided limits on the application of unwritten laws existing in society, namely if the Criminal Code does not regulate the punishment and must be in accordance with Pancasila, the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, human rights, and general legal principles recognized by the community of nations.

A good human being always uses the time given to him by the creator to be used to create useful works. One of the acts that is useless and has been in the habit in the past until now is gambling. Legal issues of this normative legal research: How does gambling crime occur in society? What is meant by the phrase gambling content as referred to in Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning Information and Electronic Transactions? Gambling crimes in society are a complex and growing problem. The crime of gambling is regulated in Articles 303 and 303 bis of the Criminal Code, which states that gambling is any game that contains elements of betting in the hope of getting a profit based on luck or skill. Gambling encompasses a wide range of forms, from traditional games such as cockfighting and lotteries to online gambling. This activity not only involves people from the lower layers, but also reaches the middle and upper classes. Article 27 paragraph (2) of Law No. 11 of 2008 Electronic Information and Transactions The phrase gambling content includes the following elements: 1. Intentional, An act is carried out with the intention to distribute or transmit gambling content. 2. Without Rights, the Perpetrator does not have permission or the right to perform such acts. 3. Gambling Content, Content distributed or transmitted contains elements of gambling, either directly or indirectly.