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This study aims to analyze the impact of visual content on Instagram on users’ psychological well-being, focusing on body image, Fear of Missing Out (FoMO), and life satisfaction. As Instagram usage increases, more users are exposed to visual content promoting certain beauty standards and ideal lifestyles that are often unattainable for many. This exposure drives social comparison and FoMO, triggering various adverse effects on psychological well-being, such as low self-confidence, anxiety, and dissatisfaction with oneself. This research employed survey methods and a literature review from relevant prior studies. Findings indicate that exposure to idealized visual content on Instagram significantly intensifies body image dissatisfaction and personal insecurity. On the other hand, findings also suggest that educational and inspirational content on Instagram has the potential to support psychological well-being, though its accessibility and popularity are often overshadowed by entertainment and lifestyle content. The study concludes by emphasizing the need for users to be more selective in their content consumption and the platform’s role in promoting positive content that supports psychological well-being. This approach

This study investigates the effects of social media usage on the mental health of adolescents, focusing on issues such as anxiety, self-esteem, and depression. Using surveys and interviews, the research examines how prolonged exposure to social media content, peer comparison, and cyberbullying contribute to mental health challenges. Findings indicate that while social media fosters connectivity, it can also exacerbate mental health issues, highlighting the need for greater awareness and parental guidance.

This study analyzes the differences and similarities of internal audit quality in the public sector and private sector using a literature analysis approach. The main objective was to explore factors that affect audit quality, such as auditor independence, competence, transparency, and accountability. The results show that the public sector often faces challenges in maintaining auditor independence due to the influence of bureaucracy and politicization. However, the sector has advantages in transparency and accountability, which support public trust in the management of public funds. In contrast, the private sector excels in operational efficiency and flexibility, supported by the use of modern audit technology and leaner organizational structures. Despite the differences, both sectors require high auditor competence and strong internal control systems to ensure audit effectiveness. This research suggests strengthening auditor training, implementing modern audit technology, and increasing collaboration between internal and external auditors to ensure audit objectivity and quality. In addition, further studies are recommended to explore the impact of applying new technologies, such as big data and artificial intelligence, and conduct cross-sectoral comparisons to understand audit implementation globally.

Topic modeling is an integral text mining component, employing diverse algorithms to uncover hidden themes within texts. This study examines the comparative performance of prominent topic modeling techniques on news headlines, which is characterized by brevity and specific linguistic style. Given the corpus originates from a non-native English-speaking country, an additional layer of complexity is introduced to the task. Our research explores the feasibility of employing a committee approach for topic modeling, evaluating the efficacy and challenges of various methods in practical settings. We applied three techniques—Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA), Non-negative Matrix Factorization (NMF), and BERTopic—to create models with a fixed number of topics (n=40). These models were then tested on approximately 150,000 news headlines. To assess topic coherence, we utilized Word2Vec, human evaluators, and two large language models. Statistical tests confirmed the significance and impact of our findings. BERTopic demonstrated superior coherence compared to NMF, though slightly, but consistently outperformed NMF and LDA according to human and LLM evaluations. The notable disparity in LDA's performance relative to BERTopic and NMF underscores the importance of carefully selecting a topic modeling technique, as the choice can significantly influence the outcome of the analysis.

Given that these substances' levels are essential for informing medicalpersonnel about the body's reaction to the different treatments beingadministered, this study was planned to assessment some physiologicalvariations to infants infected with hyperbilirubinemia. This will help themedical staff manage the condition properly with lower morbidity andmortality. In this study, 60 patients and 40 healthy controls (clinicallyevaluated by a specialist physician) are selected from males who are only1 year old. This study conducted in Al-hussein medical city Hospital inKarbala city. This study showed that significant decrease in weight,hemoglobin and packed cell volume in patients in comparison withhealthy, while noted significant increase in total white blood cells inpatients comparison with healthy, while showed there are insignificantchange in red blood cells and platelet.

Financial consolidation has become a crucial strategy for multinational companies in addressing increasingly intense global competition. It is often employed as a primary approach to expand market reach and drive corporate growth, ultimately affecting liquidity, equity-earning based measures, and profitability. This study specifically examines the impact of consolidation on a company's liquidity, equity-earning based metrics, and profitability using financial ratio analysis, including Current Ratio (CR), Earnings Per Share (EPS), and Net Profit Margin (NPM) as key indicators. Adopting a quantitative approach, the research utilizes secondary data from the financial statements of PT Indofood Sukses Makmur Tbk before and after consolidation in 2023. The methods applied include a comparison of financial statement items pre- and post-consolidation and a literature review relevant to financial performance analysis. The data analysis results reveal that post-consolidation, PT Indofood Sukses Makmur Tbk recorded an increase in liquidity ratio (current ratio) by 15.26%, reaching 1.9171, and an equity-earning based ratio (earnings per share) rise of 53.74% to 0.001309, which positively impacted the company. However, profitability ratio (net profit margin) declined by 22.81% to 0.1028, indicating challenges in cost management and operational efficiency following the consolidation.

The development of digital technology, especially social media, has brought significant changes in the way of interacting and communicating among the younger generation, especially Gen Z. Gen Z, who was born between 1997 and 2012, grew up in the digital era where social media became the main platform for connecting, sharing information, and building community. This study aims to explore the influence of social media on social interaction among Gen Z, with a focus on the positive and negative impacts arising from the use of social media in their daily lives. Social media allows Gen Z to connect with peers, form identities, and participate in various virtual communities. However, while it provides an opportunity to expand social networks, research shows that social media can also reduce the quality of deeper social relationships. Interactions that occur in cyberspace tend to be more superficial compared to face-to-face communication, which can interfere with the development of social skills and empathy. In addition, social comparisons that often occur on social media also affect mental health, causing feelings of anxiety, loneliness, and dissatisfaction with oneself.

How Cola nitida could affect the urine calcium and magnesium concentrations of the male human subjects in comparison to the female counterpart were focused on. Sixty subjects (males=30 and females=30) and unaccustomed to Cola nut eating were involved. Their age range was between 18 and 28years. Three (3) sub-categories were involved: underweight=10, normal weight=10 and overweight=10. Hypertensive, renal and any subject with cardio-pulmonary-related conditions were exempted from the study. The normal chamber temperature, (RT=270C and RH=70%), the raised chamber temperature (RT =370C and RH=90%) were studied. Sequel to the foregoing, the subjects sat quietly in the sweat chamber for 20 minutes. The third experimental condition was the normal chamber temperature with exercise (RT=270C and RH=70%) and the subjects rode a bicycle ergometer at 750J/minute for 20 minutes. All of these happened prior to the consumption Cola nitida. Ahead of the experimentation in the sweat chamber, the subject urinated in a container in order for the timed urine volume to be measured and urine was again taken at the end of the experimentation that was also measured in order to obtain the actual urine volume within the given period. Thereafter, the urinary flow rate was calculated. The urine calcium and magnesium concentrations were likewise estimated. 0.5g/kg body weight of Cola nitida was given to each subject and chewed as a bolus. After swallowing, 50ml of deionized water was given to each subject to drink and the subject was allowed to rest for 90 minutes before being brought into the sweat chamber. The results showed that in respect to urine Ca ions concentration, no significant change was observed in a comparison between the males and females after the ingestion of Cola nitida under normal, raised temperature and exercise experimental conditions. As regards urine Mg ions concentration, no significant change was observed in a comparison between the males and females after the ingestion of Cola nitida under normal and exercise experimental conditions. However, there was a significant increase in Mg ions concentration in the female UW and NW subjects compared to the males after the consumption of Cola nitida under raised temperature condition.

This research discusses the relationship between citizenship in international law, with a focus on two implications, namely extradition treaties and diplomatic immunity. Citizenship has an important role in the extradition process and the application of diplomatic immunity because often an individual's citizenship status influences legal and diplomatic decisions. Through literature analysis, recent case studies, and international comparisons, this research identifies that legal and political decisions on extradition and the application of diplomatic immunity are influenced by citizenship. Modern cases, such as the involvement of Julian Assange and Chelsea Manning, forgivemin prove the lack of balancing between international obligations and individual rights. Variations in legal practices between countries, including differences between European countries, the United States, and Asian countries, highlight the need for more consistent international standards. This research recommends increased multilateral dialogue, transparency of legal processes, and long-term case studies to improve understanding and practice regarding citizenship in international law.

This research is an experiment in making otak-otak cakalang and ear mushroom as a product innovation. This researcher aims to determine; 1) the results of sensory quality including color, aroma, density, taste, and liking; 2) the content of water content, protein, fat, ash and fiber. This research is an experimental research with a factor pattern of comparison of the amount of ear mushrooms and skipjack with 3 treatments, namely (1:5), (1:3), (1:2) with sensory quality assessment by 5 trained panelists and 35 semi trained. Data analysis using Single Anova (one way). The results showed: 1)  The proportion of ear mushroom and skipjack fish affects the aroma, taste, density but has no effect on the color of otak-otak cakalang. Otak-otak cakalang made from skipjack and ear mushrooms produce cream-colored products, savory fish aroma, and have a dense density. Products that are well received by panelists are 100:200 ratio which is the amount of 100 grams of ear mushrooms and 200 grams of tuna and, 2) The nutritional content of otak-otak cakalang shows that it has a content per 100 grams of water content of 28.96%, protein 13.87%, fat 4.51%, ash content 0.31% and fiber 2.35%.

This study aims to compare the bankruptcy application procedures between State-Owned Enterprises (BUMN) and Regional-Owned Enterprises (BUMD). Bankruptcy is a condition that significantly impacts economic stability, both nationally and regionally. In this case, both types of enterprises are regulated by different regulations but with similar underlying principles. Therefore, this research examines the differences and similarities in bankruptcy procedures for BUMN and BUMD, as well as the authority each possesses in the bankruptcy application process. Additionally, this study highlights the importance of harmonizing regulations governing bankruptcy procedures to ensure the coherence of the prevailing legal system. The research method used is normative legal research with a legislative approach and a conceptual approach. This research reveals that although there are similarities in objectives, significant procedural differences require adjustments to create uniformity and legal certainty in resolving bankruptcy issues for both types of enterprises.

Nugget is processed mashed meat. Several types of fish such as tuna, tilapia, and snapper have the potential to increase sales value and can be used as raw material for nuggets, because apart from having quite high proteins, they also have thick flesh. Carrot flour has high levels of fiber and also high levels of beta-carotene. The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of fish nuggets which were high in fiber and beta-carotene with variations in the addition of carrot flour, tapioca flour and to find out the highest level of preference for fish nuggets. research using a completely randomized design (CRD) 2 factors with a comparison of carrot flour and tapioca flour and variations of fish species. The best chemical test results were the comparison of carrot flour: tapioca flour (40%:20%) with tuna fish with beta-carotene content of 6.69 μg/g, crude fiber content of 36.54%. The highest preference sensory test result is the comparison of carrot flour with tapioca flour (40%: 20%) with the type of tilapia meat with a color test result of 3.14 (likes), taste test 3.18 (likes), aroma test 3.20 (likes), texture test 3.29 (likes), and overall preference test 3.82 (likes). ). Fish nuggets made from tapioca flour and carrot flour can be a food that has high levels of crude fiber and beta-carotene.

This study aims to analyze the comparison between unlawful acts (PMH) in criminal law and civil law in Indonesia, focusing on the differences in definitions and the elements that constitute unlawful acts in both legal systems, as well as the implications of the application of PMH in each field of law. The research method used is normative juridical, with legislative and conceptual approaches to examine the provisions in the Criminal Code (KUHP) and the Civil Code (KUHPer). This study identifies fundamental differences in objectives, sanctions, and legal subjects involved, as well as their impact on individual and societal interests. The research findings show that although there are similarities in the basic principles regulating PMH, significant differences lie in the nature of the sanctions imposed, where criminal law emphasizes prevention and punishment, while civil law focuses on compensation and recovery of losses. This research provides insights into how these two legal systems complement each other in maintaining justice and order in Indonesia.

Mocaf (Modified Cassava Flour) is one type of flour processed local cassava food that is expected to replace wheat flour. Legume flour can be used as a source of protein while enriching the nutritional value of gluten-free cakes. This study aims to make a cake formulation with mocaf flour ingredients fortificated with high-protein legume flour. The study used a two-factor complete randomized design (RAL) with two repeats. Factors used are the comparison of mocaf flour and legume flour (40:60, 50:50, 60:40) as well as variations in the type of legume flour (green beans, kidney beans, soybeans). The best formulation produced by sponge cake with the highest protein content is in the treatment ratio of 40:60 mocaf flour and composite flour with green bean flour types, namely water content 22.65%, ash content 1.38%, fat content 10.65%, protein content 7.28%, carbohydrate content 56.72%, and fiber content 8.32%. Organoleptic tests included 2.46 (dark green), mocaf flavor 2.55 (not too pronounced), legumous flavor 3.29 (slightly flavored), soft texture 2.53 (not too soft), soft texture 2.93 (slightly tender), aftertaste 2.80 (slightly concentrated), off flavor 2.62 (not too deviated), preferred value 2.85 (slightly preferred) and physical development volume expanded by 16.55%.

Nori is one of food in the  form of thin sheets. This study uses gotu kola leaves, and red seaweed as the basic ingredients for making nori. Red seaweed contains a large amount of amylopectin so that it has the potential to be used as nori, while gotu kola leaves have good fiber content. Except the fiber content, kola leaves (Centella asiatica .L) also content high antioxcidant as fenol, tanin and saponin. This study also uses drying with a cabinet dryer, room temperature and the sun. This study aims to determine the right formulation to produce gotu kola leaf nori which has high fiber content with variations in drying time. This research was conducted using a completely randomized design (CRD) method which consisted of 2 factors, namely the ratio of red seaweed and gotu kola leaves with variations in drying time. The first factor is the comparison of seaweed and gotu kola leaves (50:50, 40:60, and 30:70), while the second factor is the variation of nori drying time (cabinet drayer, room temperature and sun). The best chemical test results from fiber contant parameters were P3R3 with the results of 13.41% water content, 0.052 ash content, 21.18% crude fiber and 8.71 tensile strength.  The best sensory test results were P3R3 with color test results of 3.64, gotu kola falvor 3.58, crunchiness 3.27, elasticity 3.27 and overall preference 3.85.

This research was carried out for approximately 1 month from 17 January – 05 March 2022. In situ measurements included temperature (Suhu), acidity (pH), and dissolve oxygen (DO). Directly in the Lab. Aquaculture Biotechnology Fakulty of Agriculture University of Muhammadiyah Sukabumi. the test included testing the ex situ water quality at the IPB University Laboratory. Testing ammonia and alkalinity. The results of the above objectives show a comparison of the growth of water quality in the vertiqua system (Vertical Aquaculture), to determine the effectiveness of the vertiqua system in goldfish cultivation on growth, feeding effeciency, and water quality.  

This research aims to analyze the comparison of using contextual learning media (concrete) involving technology in improving the mathematics learning outcomes of first-grade elementary school students.  The research method used is a qualitative method with a descriptive approach.  Data collection was conducted through observation, interviews, and documentation to understand students' interactions with creative learning media and its impact on their understanding of basic mathematical concepts.  The results of this study indicate that the use of learning media, both contextual (concrete) and involving technology, such as visual aids and educational games, can increase students' interest in learning, help them understand the material more easily, and have a positive impact on their mathematics learning outcomes.  It is hoped that the use of innovative and creative learning media can continue to be applied in mathematics education to support the cognitive development and interest of students in mathematics from an early age.  However, the use of concrete learning media involving counting boards and jumping frogs is hindered by time efficiency.

This study aims to find out and analyze the comparison of the position of children out of wedlock according to law number 1 of 1974 concerning marriage and Islamic law, community attitudes towards children out of wedlock in Lohayong Village, East Solor District, East Flores Regency. This research is a normative judicial research using primary data obtained by conducting interviews, secondary data obtained from information sources in the form of the internet, books and other written notes. This study focuses on discussing the position of children out of wedlock according to law number 1 of 1974 concerning marriage and Islamic law and community attitudes towards children out of wedlock in Lohayong Village, East Solor District, East Flores Regency. The results of the study show that (1) Children out of wedlock in Law Number 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage are divided into two, namely legal children and children out of wedlock. The position of illegitimate children in the view of Islamic Law contained in the Compupulation of Islamic Law where an illegitimate child only has a civil or nasab relationship with his mother and his mother's family. (2) The attitude of the community towards children out of wedlock in Lohayong Village, East Solor District, East Flores Regency is known that the cause of children out of wedlock is due to religious differences, irresponsible couples and underage factors.

Background: The National Health Insurance Program helps patients pay for medical expenses and provides financial protection against unexpected health risks. INA-CBG system is used for healthcare payments, where the payment is determined based on type of disease the patient has. However, the rates set by INA-CBG are lower than hospital rates, causing financial losses and affecting the quality of service. Purpose: This research aims to compare rates to maintain hospital financial balance and fair access to services. Method: This study uses comparative quantitative research method with cross-sectional approach. The research was conducted at Rumah Sakit Islam Jakarta Sukapura. The sampling technique used was saturated sampling, with a sample of 374 claim data for type II diabetes mellitus patients from October to December 2023. Data were taken from Zi-Care system, which has been bridged with INA-CBG. The data collection tool used was a checklist. The analysis techniques included univariate and bivariate analysis using Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. Results: The research results show that the total hospital cost is Rp265,805,506, with the highest value being Rp2,746,407 and the lowest value being Rp161,000. The total INA-CBG cost is Rp73,341,400. P-value of 0.0001 indicates a significant difference between both variables. Conclusion: The difference in rates resulted in the hospital experiencing a loss of IDR 192,464,106. Hospitals need to refer drug collection to external pharmacies, and BPJS must evaluate INA-CBG rates to match hospital expenditure to prevent losses.

Abstract. The United States has a written constitutional system in the form of a republic with clear boundaries of power between the executive, legislative, and judicial branches. In contrast, the United Kingdom has an unwritten constitution based on various sources, such as statutes, conventions, and court decisions, with a constitutional monarchy and parliament playing key roles. Second, the state upholds civil rights and individual freedoms, and has an impact on the political and legal systems for the implementation of human rights. Through a comparative approach, this article provides further understanding of the differences and similarities between the constitutions and systems of government of the two countries in upholding the principles of democracy and human rights, and the consequences of these differences on national and international politics.