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This research analyzes the speech acts used by the student community at Universitas Negeri Medan in both academic and social interactions. Speech acts are the smallest components in communication that determine the meaning or intention of an utterance as conveyed by the speaker in accordance with a specific context or condition. The communication context consists of social contexts, which refer to the relationship between the speaker and the interlocutor. The purpose of this study is to identify the forms, principles, implicatures, deixis, and how various communication contexts influence the choice of speech acts and linguistic politeness. The methodology employed in this study combines methodological and theoretical approaches. The methodological approach is descriptive qualitative, while the theoretical approach applies pragmatic perspectives supported by literature review. The research methods include observation, interviews, audio recordings, transcription, and literature study by analyzing relevant sources. The findings reveal that in social interactions, students more frequently employ expressive and commissive speech acts to build and express emotions. Factors influencing this include situational context, the impact of media and technology, relationships with interlocutors, and cultural background. The study concludes that understanding speech acts is crucial for improving communication effectiveness among students in both academic and social settings. The implications of this research can be applied to the development of better communication strategies in educational environments and to enhance students’ awareness of polite and contextually appropriate language use.

Renewable energy is non-fossil energy that can be renewed and managed sustainably, such as solar, wind, water, and biomass. To overcome dependence on weather conditions, this energy can be combined with alternative energy sources such as piezoelectric sensors, which can convert pressure into electrical energy. This study aims to design a prototype monitoring system for hybrid electric energy using solar panels, wind turbines, and piezoelectric elements as alternative energy sources on board ships. The use of Internet of Things (IoT) technology is key to monitoring and managing these energy sources in real-time and automatically through integrated sensors and software. This research uses the Research and Development (R&D) method by creating a prototype that combines solar panels, wind turbines, and piezoelectric components as energy sources and designing a monitoring system based on the Internet of Things (IoT) using the Kodular application. Several system components were tested through two types of testing: static and dynamic testing. The test results showed that the solar panel had the most stable performance with a voltage of approximately 16.50V and a current of 2.41A occurring between 13:00 and 16:00 WIB. The wind turbine was able to operate at low wind speeds and reached its highest voltage of 3.63V and current of 1.14A on the fifth day at 20:00 WIB with a wind speed of 1.1 knots. The piezoelectric system generated power according to the pressure and frequency of footstep impacts. The highest voltage recorded for a 70kg subject was 4.11V with a current of 0.19A. This hybrid system has the potential to be an environmentally friendly energy support solution on board ships.

Various recent studies have shown that natural active compounds contained in traditional and fermented plants play a crucial role in supporting human health. These compounds include flavonoids, polyphenols, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, organic acids, probiotics, and other phenolic compounds. Detection of these compounds is usually carried out through specific chemical reactions that allow researchers to more precisely identify the bioactive components. Their biological activities are diverse, including antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties, which work to protect the body from cell damage and infection. Natural compounds are considered promising agents for disease prevention and health promotion due to their broad biological activities. The fermentation process has been shown to increase the content of bioactive compounds while lowering the pH of the medium, creating conditions unfavorable for the growth of pathogenic bacteria. Furthermore, probiotics that develop during fermentation play a role in maintaining the balance of the gut microbiota, strengthening the immune system, and improving digestive health. Fermented products are widely recognized as functional foods because they contain beneficial probiotics and enhanced bioactive compounds. These naturally derived products, rich in secondary metabolites, have also been shown to have significant physiological effects, such as lowering cholesterol levels, controlling blood sugar, and maintaining stable blood pressure. This makes natural ingredients and fermented products not only sources of nutrition but also have great potential for development as functional foods and traditional herbal medicines. This highlights the importance of integrating traditional knowledge with modern scientific approaches in developing functional foods and herbal medicines. Therefore, research on natural bioactive compounds and the role of fermentation in enhancing their effectiveness is highly relevant to supporting sustainable public health.  

This study aims to examine the potential of the Baduy traditional house as a realistic context in mathematics learning, particularly in the material of spatial geometry. The traditional houses of the Baduy people not only function as residences, but also hold cultural values, philosophies, and architectural structures rich in geometric elements. Using a systematic literature review (SLR) approach, this study explores various scientific sources, including journal articles, proceedings, and reference books, that discuss the relationship between spatial elements and the structure of traditional Baduy buildings. This approach was chosen so that the study obtained is comprehensive, directed, and able to illustrate the real contribution of ethnomathematics in learning. The results of the review indicate that the Baduy traditional house contains various forms of spatial geometry that can be clearly recognized, including cuboids, triangular prisms, pyramids, cubes, and cylinders. These elements are reflected in building components such as roofs, walls, floors, support pillars, and traditional household furniture. The visual and functional representation of these spatial geometry has the potential to be a contextual resource that can be utilized by teachers in the mathematics learning process, particularly through the Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) approach. By linking abstract mathematical concepts to local cultural phenomena, students not only gain a better conceptual understanding but also increase their active engagement, motivation to learn, and awareness of their own cultural identity. These findings emphasize the importance of utilizing local wisdom as an ethnomathematics approach that can provide meaningful, contextual learning rooted in the realities of students' daily lives. Through the integration of culture and education, mathematics learning can be more relevant, engaging, and support the preservation of national culture.

This community service activity aims to increase the capacity of residents of Tumpangrejo Hamlet, Ngenep Village, Karangploso District, Malang Regency through training in the manufacture and use of solar-powered lamps. The main problem faced by residents is limited access to electricity in some areas, especially in remote areas not yet covered by the PLN electricity network. Furthermore, there is a lack of knowledge about environmentally friendly renewable energy technology and its potential use in daily life. The activity method begins with socialization about solar energy, where residents are given an understanding of the basic principles and benefits of solar energy as an environmentally friendly alternative energy source. Then, practical training is conducted on assembling solar-powered lamp components, which includes installing solar panels, batteries, and LEDs. During the training, participants are guided to understand each stage of the assembly process and the importance of maintaining the equipment to ensure its long-lasting and optimal function. Technical assistance is also provided after the training to ensure residents can apply the skills learned in their daily lives. Participants are encouraged to assemble and maintain solar-powered lamps independently, so they do not solely rely on external parties for maintenance. The results of this activity demonstrated an increase in residents' knowledge and skills in understanding the concept of solar energy, as well as their ability to independently assemble and maintain solar-powered lamps. Furthermore, residents began utilizing solar-powered lamps for street and household lighting. This reduced reliance on conventional electricity sources, which are often limited and expensive. This activity is expected to become a model for community empowerment based on appropriate technology in rural areas, improving their quality of life through the sustainable use of available natural resources.

This study highlights the importance of accurately calculating the Cost of Goods Sold (COGS) as a foundation for strategic decision-making in the operations of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs), specifically focusing on the business "Mie Ayam Bakso Mas Pri" located in Cikarang. The issue addressed is the challenge faced by MSMEs in accurately calculating COGS, which stems from a lack of knowledge, hidden or overlooked costs, and limited access to appropriate calculation methods. The primary objective of this research is to identify the cost components that influence COGS and to explore the implementation of calculation methods in a meatball processing business. This study employs a qualitative approach with a descriptive method. Data was collected through direct observation, interviews with the business owner and other relevant informants, and document analysis. The sources of data include primary data obtained directly from the MSME "Mie Ayam Bakso Mas Pri" and secondary data from various relevant literature. The research was conducted in the South Cikarang area, Bekasi Regency. The results from the methods used are expected to provide deeper insights into COGS management strategies in culinary sector MSMEs and their impact on operational efficiency and pricing decisions.

Data architecture is a framework that structures and manages data flows in an organization so that they can be used optimally to support data-based decision-making processes. The right design in data architecture ensures that data can be stored, accessed, processed, and analyzed efficiently. The main components in data architecture include data sources, storage systems, data processing, data integration, and analytics. In addition, aspects of security and data quality management also play an important role in maintaining data integrity and confidentiality. In the context of an ever-evolving business, data architecture must be able to adapt to changing organizational needs and existing technologies, as well as provide scalable and flexible solutions. Therefore, good data architecture management is a key factor in achieving operational efficiency and competitive advantage in the digital era.

This study examines the implementation of the Sigalovada Sutta as a form of ancestral devotion within the Nyadran Dauwang tradition practiced by the Buddhist community in Depok Hamlet, Java. Grounded in the understanding that religion and culture are deeply intertwined, the research aims to explore how Buddhist doctrinal values are actualized through local communal rituals and how these practices contribute to social cohesion, environmental stewardship, and cultural continuity. Using a qualitative case study approach, data were collected through participant observation, in-depth interviews with religious leaders, elders, and community members, and analysis of ritual documentation. Triangulation of methods and sources was applied to enhance the credibility and depth of interpretation. The findings reveal that Nyadran Dauwang consists of four interrelated components: communal cleaning of irrigation canals (Susuk Wangang), ritual journeys accompanied by offerings and food sharing, interfaith prayer gatherings, and Wayang Kulit performances. These practices embody key Buddhist values such as spiritual friendship, loving-kindness, compassion, ethical reciprocity, and collective merit-making, as articulated in the Sigalovada Sutta. The tradition also reinforces respect for ancestors, strengthens intergenerational bonds, promotes ecological awareness, and fosters harmony in a pluralistic religious setting. Rather than functioning as a rigid doctrinal text, the Sigalovada Sutta operates as a living ethical framework that guides communal life through culturally resonant forms. In conclusion, the study demonstrates that Nyadran Dauwang represents a contextualized enactment of Buddhist ethics that integrates religious teachings with local cultural heritage. This integration offers an important model for Buddhist religious education, cultural preservation, and community-based approaches to social and environmental sustainability.

Research instruments are essential components in educational research as they function to collect valid and reliable data. However, many studies still use instruments carelessly without proper testing. This study aims to examine the design and development of educational research instruments that comply with scientific standards. The method used is library research by collecting and analyzing written sources such as books, scientific articles, and other relevant documents. The findings indicate that instrument development must follow systematic stages, including variable analysis, blueprint design, item formulation, validity and reliability testing, and final revision. The instruments discussed include both test and non-test types with various data collection techniques. The implication is that this study provides methodological guidance for researchers in designing appropriate instruments to enhance the quality of educational data and research outcomes.

This study aims to examine the village government's strategy in developing the tourism potential of Lake Rana Kulan, located in Rana Kulan Village, Elar Sub-district, East Manggarai Regency. The research uses a descriptive method with a qualitative approach. Data collection techniques include interviews, observation, and documentation, using both primary and secondary data sources. Data analysis was carried out through data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The study adopts the tourism development components theory by Gunn (2002), which includes attraction, service/facilities, promotion, transportation, and information. The results show that the village government is working to develop tourism attractions such as the lake's natural beauty, fishing and swimming activities, as well as cultural attractions like festivals. In terms of facilities, gazebos, toilets, parking areas, a stage, and trash bins are available, although food stalls and accommodations remain limited. Basic infrastructure such as solar power (PLTS) and internet networks are in place, but clean water supply remains a challenge. Promotion is conducted through social media and cultural festivals, with plans to develop a village website. Road access to the location is still damaged but under repair, supported by local motorcycle taxi services. In terms of information, there are directional signs and digital access via Google Maps and the Jadesta website. Overall, the strategies implemented indicate the village government's commitment to tourism development, although infrastructure and facility limitations remain obstacles.

This study aims to examine the village government's strategy in developing the tourism potential of Lake Rana Kulan, located in Rana Kulan Village, Elar Sub-district, East Manggarai Regency. The research uses a descriptive method with a qualitative approach. Data collection techniques include interviews, observation, and documentation, using both primary and secondary data sources. Data analysis was carried out through data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The study adopts the tourism development components theory by Gunn (2002), which includes attraction, service/facilities, promotion, transportation, and information. The results show that the village government is working to develop tourism attractions such as the lake's natural beauty, fishing and swimming activities, as well as cultural attractions like festivals. In terms of facilities, gazebos, toilets, parking areas, a stage, and trash bins are available, although food stalls and accommodations remain limited. Basic infrastructure such as solar power (PLTS) and internet networks are in place, but clean water supply remains a challenge. Promotion is conducted through social media and cultural festivals, with plans to develop a village website. Road access to the location is still damaged but under repair, supported by local motorcycle taxi services. In terms of information, there are directional signs and digital access via Google Maps and the Jadesta website. Overall, the strategies implemented indicate the village government's commitment to tourism development, although infrastructure and facility limitations remain obstacles.

Learners are continually faced with choosing appropriate courses or making career choices due to increased educational opportunities. The emergence of machine learning-based course and career recommender systems has the potential to address this issue, offering personalized course recommendations tailored to individual learning pathways, preferences, and learning history. The optimization and feature engineering techniques and practical deployment environments have not been collectively examined in the previous research, despite the significant advancements in this area of research. Furthermore, previous research has rarely synthesized how these technical components help students choose appropriate courses and careers. This systematic review was carried out to investigate the current state of machine learning-based course and career recommender systems, focusing on key elements, such as primary data sources, feature engineering methods, algorithms, optimization techniques, evaluation metrics, and the environments where the existing course recommendation models are deployed. The PRISMA method for conducting a systematic review was used to choose studies that met the requirements for inclusion and exclusion. The study findings show significant reliance on interpretable and traditional machine learning algorithms, such as K-Nearest Neighbor and Random Forest, to develop recommender models. Feature engineering remains basic, as most studies rely on normalization, while optimization processes are often underreported. Also, evaluation metrics varied widely, impeding comparability, while most of the recommender models are deployed in an e-learning environment, leaving the traditional learning environment underrepresented. Furthermore, the study findings identified issues including data sparsity and diversity, data security and privacy, and changes in learner preferences that may have an impact on the performance of recommender systems while recommending further studies to make use of standardized optimization methods, and automated domain-informed feature engineering frameworks, benchmark and annotated datasets in developing models the gives priority to learners’ success and educational relevance.

In educational research, identifying variables and determining data sources are essential components in designing a systematic and accurate study. Research variables refer to the elements that are observed and measured within a study. These variables can include student achievement, motivation, teaching strategies, or learning environment conditions. Generally, variables are categorized as independent, dependent, control, or moderator variables. The independent variable is the influencing factor, while the dependent variable is the outcome. Control variables are held constant to avoid interference, and moderator variables affect the strength or direction of the relationship. The process of identifying variables begins with formulating the research problem and objectives. By reviewing theoretical frameworks and previous studies, researchers can focus their investigation on measurable aspects. For instance, in a study about the effectiveness of online learning on student performance, the independent variable is online learning, while the dependent variable is student achievement. Beyond identifying variables, researchers must also determine the appropriate types of data sources. Data sources are generally divided into two categories: primary and secondary. Primary data are collected directly from research subjects, such as through interviews, observations, or questionnaires. Secondary data, on the other hand, are obtained from existing sources like documents, books, journals, or official reports. The choice of data source must align with the research approach—quantitative, qualitative, or mixed methods. In quantitative research, primary data such as test scores or survey responses are used to measure variables numerically. In qualitative research, in-depth interviews and observations are commonly used to explore meanings and context. Using both types of data in combination can enhance data validity through triangulation. Ultimately, researchers must ensure the validity and reliability of their data, while also maintaining ethical standards in data collection and reporting. By understanding how to identify variables and select appropriate data sources, educational research can yield credible findings that contribute meaningfully to educational theory and practice.

Beyond Use Date or BUD is the time limit for a non-sterile or sterile mixed preparation not to be stored and used, calculated from the date or time of compounding. BUD indicates the time limit for the preparation to be in a stable state so it is very necessary to determine the BUD time. This article aims to review BUD information on 20 types of injection preparations in one of the Bandung City Hospitals conducted in 2024 using information collection methods from various sources such as related drug brochures, LexiDrug, and Drug Information Handbook. The results of the study of 13 therapeutic classes with 20 types of injection preparations show that each sterile preparation has different characteristics (active substance, solvent, dosage form and its components, duration of therapy, and storage), thus affecting the stability after reconstitution of each preparation, both those determined by each pharmaceutical industry and information obtained from LexiDrug and Drug Information Handbook. The results of this study can be used as a reference in making more applicable guidelines in determining the BUD of injection preparations in one of the Bandung City Hospitals.

Speech act is one of the elements or components of pragmatics that involves speakers and listeners. Speech acts are classified into 5 major groups, including: representative speech acts (assertive speech acts), commissive speech acts, directive speech acts, expressive speech acts, declarative speech acts. In this research, we will only discuss one type of speech act, namely representative speech act. Representative speech acts are speech acts that describe a situation, convey knowledge, or information to speech partners. Representative speech acts are not only found in direct speech. However, you can also find it on social media accounts such as YouTube. The purpose of this research is to find out the typical speech acts in some YouTube playlist videos of the Physics channel Pura-Pura Tau. One of them is in a video entitled “Nonrenewable Energy Class 10 Independent Curriculum Definition, Sources, Examples and Benefits”. The method that researchers use is descriptive qualitative. The data collection technique in this article uses the listening technique which consists of two techniques, namely the free listening technique and the note technique. The results of this study are in the form of speech acts of telling, suggesting, stating, explaining. This research will help readers interpret and understand representative speech acts from various utterances spoken in social life.

This paper aims to understand "Container Handling and Arrangement" and to explore various aspects of Container Handling and Arrangement at PT. Terminal Peti Kemas (TPK) Pelindo Belawan in the context of modern logistics industry. It will discuss the latest methods and technologies used in container management, as well as their impact on operational efficiency and cost reduction. Container handling and arrangement are critical components in international trade, requiring careful planning and implementation. By investing in new equipment, implementing automation technologies, developing efficient logistics systems, and providing training and development programs, ports can improve efficiency and effectiveness in container handling and arrangement. The data used in this research are primary data obtained through field observations, direct interviews with company personnel, and secondary data collected from books, journals in libraries, and other reading sources related to the subject matter. One of the main challenges in container handling is managing limited storage space.  

This research article explores the application of Islamic business ethics in production practices in Indonesia, a country with a majority Muslim population. Utilizing qualitative research methods, and data collection methods used include journals, books and articles discussing Islamic economic business ethics. After the data sources have been collected, the author will analyze them and then make conclusions about the research. The main goal of this research is to identify how these ethical guidelines influence production processes, increase social responsibility, and encourage sustainable practices. These findings reveal that adherence to Islamic business ethics not only fosters financial success but also makes a positive contribution to the welfare and desirability of environmental society. Key principles such as honesty, justice and social responsibility are understood as important components that encourage producers to create halal and high-quality products. Furthermore, the research underlines the relevance of this ethical framework in addressing contemporary challenges in the global market, thereby reinforcing the importance of ethical considerations in production activities in Indonesia.

In the fruit processing industry, peel is one of the main by-products. Non-edible portions of fruit are likewise seen as waste and are frequently thrown out into the environment. Nowadays, one of the main sources used by the pharmaceutical sector to isolate and extract secondary metabolites is fruit peels. Many applications known for lime peel, especially for antibacterial. This study focuses on the isolation, chemical composition characterization, and antibacterial activity on skin pathogenic bacteria of lime peel essential oil (LPEO). LPEO were isolated using steam distillation and characterized by GC/MS. A total of 24 components were identified. The major constituents of the LPEO were d-limonene (40.24%), β-terpinene (15.68%), sabinene (13.15%), citral (3.41%), α-Terpineol (3.40%), and terpinene-4-ol (2.94%). The antibacterial activity was determined using the Kirby-Baurer method against several bacteria that can cause skin infections. The antibacterial activity of LPEO against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis dan Propionicbacterium acne is confirmed. LPEO showed varied levels of antibacteria activity against the gram positive and gram negative bacteria. Zone of inhibition (ZOI) in millimetres was used to measure the antibacterial activity, and amoxicillin was used as a control.  

This research aims to optimize inclusive education supervision in addressing diversity in the classroom. The object of this research concerns inclusive educational supervision in addressing diversity in classes located in class 9 c of Madrasah Tsanawiyyah Al-Amiriyyah, Blokagung, Banyuwangi, East Java. This research method uses qualitative with a case study approach. Sources of informants in this research include; Principal, Teachers, Students. Data collection techniques used in this research include observation, document analysis, and interviews. Data analysis in this research uses the Miles and Huberman data analysis model, which consists of three main components: data reduction, data analysis, and data conclusions. The results of research on inclusive educational supervision in addressing diversity in the classroom include; Differentiated Approach in Supervision, Parental Involvement, Emotional Impact on Students.

In the era of globalisation and rapid technological development, education systems face complex challenges that require innovative approaches. This article examines the role of systems thinking in education, which enables learners to understand the relationship between components holistically. The research method used is library research, by collecting data from various written sources to build a strong theoretical foundation. The research findings have 3 main points:  1. As a solution to complex educational problems 2 as a means of improving the quality of learning and 3 developing students’ critical thinking skills. The purpose of this research is to identify and analyse the role and process of systems thinking in education, and provide practical recommendations for educators and policy makers to improve the quality of education through the application of this approach.