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This article aims to reconstruct legal awareness and social justice in the context of a contemporary rule of law through the integration of economic law, digital law, civil law, criminal law, and constitutional law within the framework of citizenship rights and Islamic Sociological Jurisprudence Theory. The main problem of this research stems from the fact that the development of the modern legal system tends to be sectoral, formalistic, and not fully responsive to social change, unequal access to justice, and digital transformation that affects the relationship between citizens and the law. This research uses a normative legal research method with a conceptual, legislative, and sociological approach. The results of the study indicate that legal awareness is not simply understood as formal compliance with norms, but must be developed as a substantive awareness oriented towards social justice, protection of citizenship rights, and public welfare. From the perspective of Islamic Sociological Jurisprudence, law is positioned not only as a regulatory instrument, but also as a means of social transformation based on the values ​​of justice, moral responsibility, and siding with the interests of society. Integration across legal branches is crucial for the legal system to more comprehensively address issues related to economics, digitalization, civil relations, criminal enforcement, and state governance. Therefore, the reconstruction of legal awareness must be directed toward establishing a legal paradigm that is integrative, humanistic, adaptive, and socially just.

This study presents a systematic qualitative literature review examining regulatory, ethical, and organizational challenges in the adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) for letter of credit (LC) automation in trade finance. Synthesizing prior interdisciplinary research, the review finds that AI technologies—such as machine learning and natural language processing—offer substantial efficiency, accuracy, and transparency gains in documentary credit examination. However, these benefits are constrained by regulatory uncertainty stemming from legacy legal frameworks, ethical concerns related to algorithmic opacity, bias, and accountability, and organizational challenges involving trust, governance, and workforce readiness. The findings highlight that AI-driven LC automation constitutes a socio-technical transformation rather than a purely technological upgrade, requiring alignment between evolving regulation, responsible AI governance, and organizational change management. This study contributes to the trade finance and digital transformation literature by providing an integrated perspective on how transparency can be institutionalized without undermining trust in automated financial decision-making

This research investigates how profitability, leverage, activity levels, and company scale impact financial distress in property and real estate firms traded on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The selection of this sector stems from its high exposure to economic ups and downs, leaving its businesses particularly prone to financial troubles. Independent factors in the analysis include profitability, leverage, activity, and firm size, with financial distress serving as the outcome variable. Samples were drawn via purposive sampling from property and real estate entities listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange over the 2022–2024 timeframe. Adopting a quantitative design, the study applies multiple linear regression as its core analytical tool. STATA version 17 handled the data analysis. Results show that, taken together, the independent variables exert a significant impact on financial distress. Ultimately, firms should optimize their financial metrics and pursue business growth to mitigate financial distress risks.

The establishment of national territorial boundaries is a strategic priority to safeguard sovereignty, maintain security stability, and strengthen bilateral relations between Indonesia and Malaysia as well as Timor-Leste. As of 2024, there remain nine Outstanding Boundary Problems (OBP) with Malaysia and two unresolved segments with Timor-Leste. These issues stem from the continued relevance of outdated colonial agreements, limited diplomatic capacity, weak inter-agency coordination, and minimal support from modern surveying technology. Based on an analysis of four policy alternatives using the criteria of effectiveness, efficiency, and long-term impact, the Strengthening of Intensive Bilateral Diplomacy has been identified as the priority policy. Implementation is directed to the Badan Nasional Pengelola Perbatasan (BNPP) as the main coordinator, supported by regulatory frameworks, diplomatic resources, and cross-ministerial/institutional coordination. Through this strategy, the resolution of pending boundary segments can be accelerated, legal certainty over national territory can be strengthened, security stability in border areas can be improved, and bilateral relations can become closer. Furthermore, Indonesia needs to strengthen diplomatic strategies, leverage technology, and enhance inter-agency coordination to accelerate the resolution of national border disputes. This policy directly contributes to achieving territorial sovereignty and sustainable development toward Indonesia Vision 2045.

Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is a horticultural plant widely used as a fresh vegetable and herbal ingredient. Efforts to increase basil growth and production can be achieved through environmentally friendly organic fertilization, one of which is the use of cow manure and eco- enzymes. The purpose of this study was to determine the response due to the provision of eco enzyme and cow manure on the growth and production of basil plants. This research method used a factorial randomized block design (RAK) with two factors. The first factor was the provision of cow manure with 4 levels, namely S0 = no treatment, S1 = 200g, S2 = 300g, S3 = 400g. The second factor was the provision of EE with 4 levels, namely E0 = no treatment, E1 = 10ml, E2 = 20ml, E3 = 30ml. The observation parameters of this study were plant height, stem diameter, number of primary branches, fresh weight, root length, flowering age. The results of this study are expected to provide recommendations for effective organic fertilization to increase basil plant productivity sustainably.

The beauty industry is one of the fastest-growing business sectors in Indonesia. This situation encourages businesses to develop appropriate business development strategies to remain competitive. This study aims to analyze the business development strategies implemented by Orlin Beauty Skincare Brebes to increase competitiveness in the beauty industry. The study employed qualitative methods, with data collection techniques including observation, interviews, documentation, and literature review. Data analysis employed a SWOT approach to identify the company's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. The results indicate that the strategies implemented include product development, improving service quality, and utilizing digital marketing. The company's primary strengths lie in personalized service and customer loyalty, while its weaknesses are limited capital and market reach. Opportunities stem from increasing public awareness of skincare, while threats stem from intense industry competition. Service differentiation strategies and strengthening digital marketing are key strategies for increasing the company's competitiveness in both local and regional consumer markets.

This regulation, which requires all healthcare facilities to implement EMR by December 31, 2023, stemmed from the emergence of Health Ministerial Regulation No. 24 of 2022. Santosa Hospital, Bandung Kopo, has implemented EMR, but no research has been conducted on it. This study aimed to determine the effect of EMR implementation on service quality in the emergency unit at Santosa Hospital, Bandung Kopo. The research methods used were descriptive verification analysis and multiple linear regression analysis. Data collection used a questionnaire distributed to all emergency unit staff. The results of the descriptive analysis were generally considered very good. The results of the verification analysis, both partially, showed a negative and insignificant effect on system quality and service quality, while information quality and use statistics showed a positive and significant effect. Simultaneously, these positive and significant effects were proven, and the researchers recommend maintaining and further improving them.

The unavailability of intake and exhaust valves for 500 cm³ diesel engines manufactured in the 1980s has created difficulties in maintaining and operating agricultural tractors. This study aimed to manufacture replacement intake and exhaust valves using SUH 35 austenitic steel according to the original engine specifications. The production process included design preparation, material selection, raw material measurement, forging, machining, heat treatment, quality inspection, and packaging. SUH 35 steel rods measuring 12 mm in diameter and 105 mm in length were used as the raw material. Forging was performed to form the valve heads, producing exhaust valves with a diameter of 30 mm and thickness of 2 mm, and intake valves with a diameter of 35 mm and thickness of 2.5 mm. After machining, the final dimensions of the exhaust valve were 29.5 mm head diameter, 2 mm thickness, 105 mm length, and 7 mm stem diameter, while the intake valve measured 33.5 mm head diameter, 2.5 mm thickness, 105 mm length, and 7 mm stem diameter. Hardening treatment produced a hardness value of 40 HRC. The manufactured valves met the required dimensional and mechanical specifications. The production cost was IDR 100,000 per unit, with a processing time of approximately 60 minutes per unit. The results demonstrate that replacement valves for 500 cm³ diesel engines can be successfully reproduced, enabling the continued operation and maintenance of older tractor engines.

Biology learning in Indonesia is still predominantly teacher-centered, limiting students’ opportunities to actively develop critical thinking, creativity, collaboration, and other 21st-century competencies. Students often receive information passively, resulting in low engagement and limited ability to apply concepts in real-life contexts. Therefore, innovative learning models are needed to support more meaningful and student-centered learning. This study aims to review the implementation of Project-Based Learning (PjBL) in Biology education and analyze its contribution to the development of students’ 21st-century skills. The study employed a literature review method by analyzing 20 research articles published between 2022 and 2026. Articles were obtained through Google Scholar searches and selected based on relevance to Biology education, focus on PjBL implementation, and open-access availability. Data collection involved identification, screening, selection, and documentation of related studies, while data analysis used a qualitative descriptive approach. The findings indicate that PjBL effectively improves students’ cognitive achievement, conceptual understanding, scientific literacy, creativity, and critical thinking skills. In addition, PjBL enhances collaboration, communication, problem-solving abilities, learning motivation, and life skills through contextual and authentic project activities. Students become more actively involved in investigating real-world problems, designing solutions, and producing meaningful learning outputs. Furthermore, the integration of STEM approaches, digital media, blended learning, and Culturally Responsive Teaching (CRT) strengthens the effectiveness of PjBL in Biology learning. Overall, PjBL is highly relevant for supporting the Merdeka Curriculum and improving the quality of Biology education in developing 21st-century competencies.

This research addresses a paradoxical phenomenon in Lampung Province's Micro and Small Industry (MSI) sector (2018-2022), where high technology adoption is accompanied by declining business units and income inequality. The objective is to evaluate technical efficiency and productivity changes across 15 regencies/cities using the Variable Returns to Scale (VRS) Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) model and the Malmquist Productivity Index (MPI). Results show an average technical efficiency of 0.838, indicating a 16.2% room for output improvement. Mesuji Regency serves as the benchmark with perfect efficiency. The main inefficiency stems from labor slack (averaging 3,458 people per region), reflecting disguised unemployment. The Malmquist index records an asymmetric productivity growth of 2.1% annually, entirely driven by technological progress (3.5%), while internal managerial efficiency contracted (-1.4%). Consequently, technology adoption requires structural intervention; regional governments must prioritize vocational training and basic managerial strengthening to reduce labor slack and break the MSI inefficiency cycle.

The transformation of revolving funds from the former PNPM Mandiri program into BUM Desa Bersama entities requires accountable financial management aligned with applicable accounting standards. However, inconsistencies between regulations and accounting practices remain. This study analyzes the recognition and measurement of revolving fund assets at BUM Desa Bersama Ajimas Lestari LKD in Ajibarang and assesses their compliance with Ministerial Regulation of Village PDTT No. 136 of 2022 and SAK ETAP. Using a qualitative case study approach, data are collected through interviews, observation, and documentation involving five internal informants. The results show that asset recognition follows regulations, where revolving funds are recorded as receivables upon loan distribution to Women’s Savings and Loan (SPP) groups at nominal value. However, discrepancies persist in asset measurement and presentation, particularly in receivable classification and the placement of allowance for doubtful accounts under equity. These issues stem from limited human resource capacity, lack of a standardized accounting information system, and weak supervision. Strengthening accounting competence and implementing standardized financial reporting systems are essential to improve accountability and transparency in managing community revolving funds.

Chrysanthemum is an ornamental plant widely cultivated in Indonesia, with various varieties that have unique and attractive characteristics. Each variety responds differently to changes in light intensity. Providing shade can help regulate the light intensity received by chrysanthemum seedlings during the acclimatization stage. This study aimed to determine the best shade percentage for the acclimatization growth of three chrysanthemum varieties. The research was conducted in the screenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture, Tanjungpura University, for three months, from October to December 2024. The experiment used a Split Plot Design (Split Plot) with a Randomized Block Design (RBD), consisting of two factors: shade percentage and variety. There were three levels of shade and three chrysanthemum varieties, resulting in nine treatment combinations. Each treatment was repeated three times, with each replication consisting of three sample plants, resulting in 81 experimental units. The shade percentages used were 25% (n1), 50% (n2), and 75% (n3), and the varieties tested were Xanne (v1), Suciyono (v2), and Pinka Pinky (v3). Observed variables included plant survival rate, plant height, stem diameter, internode length, number of internodes, number of flower primordia, leaf color changes, along with supporting data such as temperature, humidity, and light intensity. The results showed that 50% shade was effective in promoting plant height and the number of flower primordia in the three varieties: Xanne, Suciyono, and Pinka Pinky. The Suciyono variety exhibited good vegetative and generative growth under all shade percentages.

This study examines the impact of MBKM, campus culture, and learning achievement on work readiness in Islamic financial institutions, specifically for students from the Faculty of Islamic Economics and Business at UIN Datokarama Palu, Class of 2022. Using a quantitative approach with descriptive research design, the study aims to analyze how these factors influence students' preparedness for work in the industry. The findings show that MBKM, campus culture, and learning achievement each have a positive and significant effect on work readiness. MBKM, with its emphasis on direct industrial experience, has the strongest impact, while campus culture shapes students' character and work ethics. Learning achievement reflects academic competencies essential for entering the workforce. The combined influence of these three factors was proven to significantly impact work readiness, with an F-value of 5.393, greater than the F-table value of 2.72. This demonstrates that work readiness stems from a combination of practical experience, acceptance of campus values, and academic success, all of which should be developed continuously.

Catholic marriage in Indonesia occupies a unique legal position because it is governed simultaneously by state law and canon law. Indonesian positive law recognizes marriage based on religious law and regulates its civil consequences, including divorce. However, Catholic canon law does not recognize divorce as the dissolution a valid and sacramental marriage. This dual legal framework has led widespread misunderstandings among Catholic faithful and legal practitioners, particularly regarding the legal consequences of civil divorce. This study aims to analyze the legal status of Catholic marriage within Indonesia’s dual legal system and examine the juridical implications of civil divorce Catholic marital status under canon law. This research employs normative legal research using statutory, conceptual, and comparative normative approaches. The findings demonstrate that civil divorce functions solely as the termination of civil legal relations under state law and does not dissolve the marital bond according to canon law. The study further reveals that prevailing misconceptions stem from reductive understanding Catholic marriage merely an administrative legal event. This article contributes to legal scholarship by clarifying the normative boundaries between state law and canon law and emphasizes the need for comprehensive legal understanding to prevent recurring juridical misunderstandings in Catholic marriage practices in Indonesia.

This study aims to analyze the effect of implementing STEM-based learning integrated with ethnoscience on improving science process skills, learning interest, and learning outcomes of students at SMAN 1 Girimarto. This study uses a quantitative approach with a quasi-experimental research type. The research design used is One Shot Case Study, which is a design that only involves one experimental group without a control group. The population in this study were all students in grade XI at SMA Negeri 1 Girimarto. The research sample was 32 students in grade XI D. The sampling technique used purposive sampling. The results of observations of basic science process skills (KPSD) show varying achievements across five main indicators, with patterns that reflect the level of cognitive difficulty of each skill. The overall average score of 73.06 (medium category) indicated that students collectively responded positively to the integration of local wisdom values in science learning, although individual variability remained. The distribution of student learning outcomes shows very encouraging academic achievement with a dominance of good to very good categories, indicating the success of the implementation of ethnoscience-based STEM learning in improving understanding of excretory system concepts. It can be concluded that the implementation of STEM learning based on ethnoscience on the excretory system material has a positive impact on the three aspects of learning studied with varying levels of success.

This study investigates the impact of social support and learning motivation on students' desire to pursue higher education at SMA Negeri 4 in South Tangerang City. It employs a quantitative design through survey methods, collecting data via a Google Form questionnaire from 84 participants, with instruments validated and tested for reliability using SPSS version 27. Analysis involved simple and multiple linear regression, supplemented by t-tests for individual effects and F-tests for combined influences. Social support (X1) significantly affects interest in further education (Y), showing a regression coefficient of 1.521 (p = 0.000) and R² of 0.649. Learning motivation (X2) likewise exerts a strong positive influence on interest in higher education (Y), with a coefficient of 1.307 (p = 0.000) and R² of 0.691. Together, these factors significantly predict students' interest (F = 106.418, p = 0.000), explaining 72.4% of the variance (multiple R² = 0.724), while 27.6% stems from unexamined variables. These results highlight the critical role of social support and robust learning motivation in boosting students' aspirations for advanced studies. Schools, families, and policymakers can leverage these insights to craft targeted initiatives for enhancing postsecondary enrollment. These results highlight the critical role of social support and robust learning motivation in boosting students' aspirations for advanced studies. Schools, families, and policymakers can leverage these insights to craft targeted initiatives for enhancing postsecondary enrollment.

This study explores student agency in Artificial Intelligence (AI)-supported STEM learning environments, addressing a critical gap in existing literature that predominantly focuses on learning outcomes rather than learner-centered processes. Drawing on an interpretive qualitative approach, this research investigates how students experience autonomy, self-regulation, and decision-making when interacting with AI technologies in STEM education. Data were collected from 15 participants engaged in AI-supported learning through in-depth semi-structured interviews, supported by observations and document analysis. The data were analyzed using thematic analysis to identify recurring patterns and meanings related to student agency. The findings reveal that student agency is a dynamic and multidimensional construct shaped by the interplay between technological affordances and learner engagement. Four major themes emerged: enhanced autonomy, development of self-regulated learning, negotiated decision-making, and ambivalent dependency on AI. While AI technologies provide adaptive support that empowers students to take control of their learning, they also introduce the risk of over-reliance, which may reduce cognitive engagement. This study contributes to the theoretical advancement of student agency by conceptualizing it as a spectrum rather than a fixed attribute, highlighting the dual role of AI as both an enabler and a constraint. The findings offer important pedagogical implications for designing AI-supported STEM learning environments that promote active, reflective, and responsible learning. Future research is recommended to explore this phenomenon across diverse contexts and through longitudinal designs.

This study examines the legality of on-street parking levy practices in Kupang City from a constitutional law perspective, with a primary focus on the application of the legality principle. The background of this research stems from a significant discrepancy between the legal norms established in statutory regulations and the empirical administrative practices occurring in the field. Identified issues include the collection of levies without official tickets, the lack of clarity regarding the identity and legal status of collection officers, and the inconsistent and non-transparent application of parking tariffs. This research employs a normative-empirical legal method by applying statutory, conceptual, and empirical approaches through limited field observations. The findings indicate that although the Kupang City Government formally possesses the attribution of authority to collect parking levies, the implementation frequently deviates from the established legal procedures. Such deviant practices potentially constitute ultra vires actions and violate the principle of due process of law in government administration. This study concludes that the substantive legality of parking levies in Kupang City has not been fully realized, thereby undermining legal certainty and public trust in the legitimacy of local governance. The implications of this research emphasize the imperative for comprehensive reform of the supervision system and stricter enforcement of administrative procedures to ensure the rule of law at the local level.

This study aims to descriptively analyze the ability of elementary students to imitate rhythmic gymnastics movements through the Just Dance Now application in Physical Education learning at SDN Bulay 1 Pamekasan. The background of this research stems from the low motivation and movement accuracy of students in conventional rhythmic gymnastics learning. Using a qualitative descriptive approach, this study involved 24 fifth-grade students as subjects. Data collection techniques included participatory observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. Data were analyzed using the Miles and Huberman interactive model consisting of data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The findings indicate that students' ability to imitate rhythmic gymnastics movements through Just Dance Now falls into the sufficient category, with students demonstrating good proficiency in basic movement patterns but experiencing challenges in complex body coordination and musical rhythm synchronization. The application successfully enhanced student enthusiasm and engagement compared to traditional methods. However, technical constraints such as internet connectivity and limited space were identified as implementation barriers. This study implies that digital game-based media like Just Dance Now can serve as an effective alternative visual aid in elementary physical education, particularly for rhythmic gymnastics instruction. Educators are encouraged to integrate technology creatively while addressing infrastructural limitations to optimize learning outcomes.

This study examines visual distortion, the use of emotional color, and expressive composition in Affandi's painting Self-Portrait Smoking a Pipe (1977), focusing on a systematic and contextual visual hermeneutic reading. The research background stems from the need to update the study of Indonesian expressionism through the integration of contemporary theories on visual perception, color psychology, and gestural analysis. This study aims to reveal how anatomical distortion, color dynamics, and non-linear compositional structures function as expressive strategies that reflect the artist's psychological condition and existential reflections in the final period of his life. The research method uses a descriptive qualitative approach and visual hermeneutic analysis through observation of digital documentation and a review of recent literature (2020–2025). The findings indicate that the distortion of shapes in the facial area and the finger-swiping gesture represent emotional tension, while the dominance of red, yellow, and green colors forms an affective spectrum that strengthens the psychological atmosphere in the work. The asymmetrical composition with diagonal lines creates a dynamic visual rhythm and directs the viewer's focus to the center of expression. The implications of the research emphasize that Affandi's works need to be read through a multidimensional approach that combines psychological, aesthetic, and hermeneutic aspects in order to obtain a more comprehensive understanding of his expressionist character.