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The development of social media has significantly changed human communication patterns. On the one hand, digital media provides a space for freedom of expression, but on the other hand, it has also given rise to digital judgmental cultural phenomena such as Cancel culture and cyberbullying. These phenomena often give rise to verbal violence, public humiliation, and massive social exclusion in cyberspace. This article aims to analyze the phenomena of Cancel culture and cyberbullying from a Christian ethical perspective. The research method used is a literature review with a theological-ethical approach. The results of the study indicate that the digital judgmental culture contradicts the principles of love, respect for human dignity as the Imago Dei, and Christian communication ethics taught in the Bible. Christian ethics views every individual as having value before God, so the practices of humiliation, digital bullying, and public judgment are unjustifiable. The church and believers are called to present constructive, loving, communication in the digital space.

The paradigmatic transformation of Christian Religious Education (CRE) in the digital era has become a crucial issue to be examined because the development of information technology, virtual culture, and globalization has brought significant changes to adolescents’ mindsets, behaviors, and character formation. These conditions have created various moral and spiritual challenges, such as identity crises, declining ethical sensitivity, and the increasing influence of individualistic and hedonistic values among young people. This study aims to analyze the paradigm transformation of Christian Religious Education in shaping adolescent character through a theological-pedagogical perspective that is relevant to the context of the digital era. The research employs a qualitative method using a library research approach and descriptive analysis of various scientific, theological, and pedagogical sources related to Christian education, teacher spirituality, and adolescent character development in the digital age. The findings indicate that the transformation of the CRE paradigm should be directed toward contextual, participatory, and transformative learning by positioning teachers as spiritual role models and facilitators of character formation. Furthermore, the integration of Christian values, the ethical use of technology, and collaboration among schools, families, and churches are important factors in shaping adolescents who possess strong character, integrity, and spiritual maturity amid increasingly complex digital challenges.

Urban poverty remains a complex social problem that affects various community groups, including scavengers who work within the informal sector. This study aims to analyze the survival strategies of scavengers in Tangerang City and reflect on their experiences from a Christian theological perspective. The research uses a qualitative approach through literature study and descriptive analysis of relevant social phenomena. The findings show that scavengers develop several survival strategies, including utilizing family and community networks, working persistently, selecting strategic collection areas, managing limited income, and adapting to uncertain environmental and economic conditions. Nevertheless, scavengers continue to face social marginalization, economic vulnerability, occupational risks, limited access to health services, and inadequate social protection. From a Christian theological perspective, this reality calls for a response grounded in love, justice, human dignity, and concern for marginalized communities. Therefore, churches, local communities, and wider society are expected to participate actively in empowering scavengers through holistic, inclusive, and contextual approaches that strengthen welfare, social recognition, and sustainable livelihoods.

The government policy known as the Free Nutritional Meal Program (MBG) aims to improve public nutrition and reduce stunting rates in Indonesia. The purpose of this study is to examine the MBG Program from a political perspective, particularly considering political dynamics, legal risks, and fiscal issues. This research was conducted through literature review, reviewing various journals and academic sources. The results indicate that the MBG not only has social impacts but also influences political interests, poses risks to legal enforcement, and disrupts the sustainability of the state budget. Therefore, for the program to be successful and sustainable, strong regulations and oversight are required. Furthermore, this populist program is often utilized as an instrument for power legitimacy, demanding compromises between the executive and legislative branches during its budget approval process. Without a detailed legal framework, the policy's implementation is highly vulnerable to overlapping institutional authority and potential misappropriation of funds. Ultimately, technology-based monitoring strategies and accountable governance are the main keys to maintaining the stability of the State Budget (APBN).

This article examines the impact of dehumanization in the era of Artificial Intelligence (AI) on the formation of the personality of future priests in light of the teachings of Pastores Dabo Vobis, particular number 43-44, as well as from Philosophical and theological perspectives. The development of AI brings significant changes in the way human think, relate, and build their self-identity. On the one hand, AI offers great opportunities to support intellectual formation through access to information, pastoral simulations, and digital learning. However, on the other hand, the dominance of technology has the potential to cause dehumanization, namely a reduction in the quality of interpersonal relationships, the depth of reflection and sensitivity. This study employs a literature review method, examining relevant theological, philosophical, and scientific literature. The findings indicate that excessive reliance on AI can disrupt the development of the human dimension in seminarians, particularly regarding affective maturity, relational competence, and the integrity of personal identity. From a philosophical perspective, humans are understood as free, rational, and relational beings; thus, reducing humans to mere components of an algorithmic system contradicts their very nature. Meanwhile, theology affirms human dignity as the Imago Dei, which cannot be replaced by technology. Therefore, a critical and prudent formation approach is required, one that positions AI as an aid, not a substitute for human relationships.

This article discusses the dynamics of Christian students’ spirituality in the digital era, characterized by the currents of globalization, information overload, and a culture of virtual communication that influence patterns of thinking, lifestyles, and character formation. The novelty of this study lies in its analysis of the direct relationship between the digital-global context and the process of students’ faith formation through an integrative theological–pedagogical perspective. This research aims to analyze the implications of digital globalization for the spirituality of Christian students and to formulate directions for faith formation that are relevant to the contemporary context. The method employed is a qualitative approach using a library research design through conceptual, theological, and pedagogical analysis of various relevant scholarly sources. The findings indicate that the digital era presents both opportunities and challenges for faith development, in which students experience a dynamic tension between the strengthening of spiritual insight and the potential value crisis resulting from exposure to global ideologies. In conclusion, contextual, reflective, and selective strategies of faith formation are required to ensure that the spirituality of Christian students remains firm, critical, and relevant amid the currents of digital globalization.

Digital technology has significantly transformed adolescents’ lives, including the process of character formation. While the digital era provides broad opportunities for accessing information and developing personal potential, it also presents challenges such as identity crises, individualism, instant culture, cyberbullying, moral relativism, and declining spiritual engagement. These conditions create unique challenges for Christian adolescents in maintaining values and character grounded in biblical teachings. This study aims to examine the challenges of Christian adolescent character formation in the digital era, analyze the perspectives of the Christian worldview and educational psychology on character development, and explain the relevance of integrating these perspectives in addressing contemporary challenges. The research employed a qualitative approach using a library research method. Data were collected from books, scholarly journals, and other relevant academic sources and analyzed through content analysis. The findings indicate that the Christian worldview provides a theological foundation for shaping identity, values, and character based on biblical truth, while educational psychology offers scientific insights into adolescent development and effective character-building strategies. The integration of these perspectives creates a holistic approach that addresses spiritual, moral, social, emotional, and cognitive dimensions. Therefore, this integration is essential for helping Christian adolescents navigate the challenges of the digital era wisely, responsibly, and in accordance with Christian values.

This study aims to analyze the internalization of Islamic developmental psychology values through the Qur'an memorization (Tahfidz Al-Qur'an) program in shaping the character of middle adolescents aged 13–17 years in the digital era at Al Hayya Orphanage Foundation, Depok. Adolescence is a transitional stage characterized by significant physical, emotional, social, and spiritual changes. In the digital era, adolescents face various challenges, such as social media addiction, cyberbullying, declining social interaction, and moral degradation, all of which may affect character development. Therefore, strengthening character education based on Islamic values has become increasingly important. This research employed a qualitative approach using a case study method to gain an in-depth understanding of the phenomenon under investigation. Data were collected through observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation involving orphanage caregivers, Tahfidz instructors, and students at Al Hayya Orphanage Foundation, Depok. The findings indicate that the Tahfidz program plays a positive role in character formation through habituation, role modeling, spiritual guidance, and a supportive religious environment. From the cognitive perspective, students demonstrated improvements in discipline, concentration, responsibility, and self-regulation. Emotionally, they became more patient, better able to control their emotions, and experienced inner peace through intensive engagement with the Qur'an. Socially, the program fostered attitudes of mutual assistance, respect, empathy, and stronger social relationships among students.This study reveals that the Tahfidz program serves not only as a means of memorizing the Qur'an but also as an effective medium for internalizing the values of Islamic developmental psychology and fostering Qur'anic character among adolescents in facing the challenges of the digital era.  

Agentic artificial intelligence (AI) systems capable of autonomous goal-directed behavior, multi-step planning, tool use, multi-agent coordination, and iterative self-correction represent a transition from passive clinical AI tools toward systems that can participate in complex healthcare workflows. However, empirical evidence remains fragmented across clinical decision support, patient monitoring, and administrative applications, and no systematic synthesis has evaluated which agentic principles have been technically demonstrated and which have accumulated sufficient evidence to support responsible clinical deployment. We conducted a PRISMA-informed systematic review of peer-reviewed empirical studies published between January 2025 and April 2026. Searches across five bibliographic databases and Google Scholar, supplemented by citation tracking, identified 443 unique records for screening, of which 25 met the predefined PICOS and quality appraisal criteria. Evidence was synthesized using an evidence-informed seven-principle framework derived from the integration of agentic AI, clinical AI, and healthcare governance literature. This framework provides a structured lens for examining how agentic principles are evaluated individually and in combination, enabling a deployment-readiness perspective that extends beyond capability-focused assessments alone. The evidence base was concentrated on technical capability principles, whereas human oversight, safety, compliance, and equity-related evaluation received comparatively limited attention. Most studies remained at the laboratory, benchmark, or proof-of-concept stage, and none reported demographic-stratified performance outcomes. Overall, the findings suggest a structural asymmetry in agentic healthcare AI: empirical research is advancing agentic capabilities more rapidly than it is generating evidence for the oversight, safety, equity, and governance mechanisms required for responsible clinical translation.

Universities are educational institutions that have an important role in addressing various problems in rural areas by motivating, empowering, and broadening the perspectives of local communities. Through community service activities, universities can contribute to improving community skills and encouraging economic independence. This community service program aims to foster an entrepreneurial spirit among female farmers in APK Bandung Village, Selupu Rejang District, through training and assistance in producing pineapple-flavored papaya jam as a value-added agricultural product. The program was conducted in November 2025 and involved one partner, namely the Srikandi Women's Farmers Group (Kelompok Wanita Tani/KWT) 02 of APK Bandung Village. The implementation stages included socialization, product-making demonstrations, mentoring, monitoring, and evaluation activities. These stages were designed to enhance participants’ knowledge and practical skills in processing local agricultural commodities into marketable products. Out of 20 registered members of KWT Srikandi, 17 members attended and actively participated in the program. The results of the evaluation, based on questionnaires distributed to participants, showed that approximately 64.70% of the members demonstrated an entrepreneurial spirit. These findings indicate that the program contributed positively to increasing entrepreneurial awareness and encouraging the development of small-scale rural business opportunities among female farmers.

The practice of money politics remains a serious challenge in the implementation of the 2024 General Election and the 2024 Regional Elections in Indonesia, as it has the potential to undermine the principles of fairness, honesty, and democratic integrity. This study aims to analyze the role of the Election Organizer Ethics Council (DKPP) in adjudicating violations related to money politics, particularly from the ethical perspective of election organizers. The method used is a qualitative approach through literature study of laws, regulations, and DKPP decisions. The findings indicate that DKPP plays a strategic role in maintaining the neutrality and professionalism of election organizers by enforcing the code of ethics, imposing sanctions, and supervising behaviors that may involve or tolerate money politics practices. Although DKPP's authority is limited to the ethical domain and does not extend to criminal law enforcement, its existence remains crucial as a moral guardian within the electoral system. Therefore, synergy between DKPP, law enforcement institutions, and public participation is necessary to minimize money politics and to realize democratic and integrity-based elections.

This study analyzes the abuse of prosecutorial authority from a normative juridical perspective within constitutional law and its implications for the rule of law and good governance in Indonesia. It focuses on the concept of abuse of power (détournement de pouvoir) in assessing prosecutorial actions and examines power relations in law enforcement that may affect objectivity and fairness in criminal justice. The research uses a normative juridical method with statute and case approaches. Primary legal materials include the 1945 Constitution, Law No. 16 of 2004 on the Prosecutor’s Office as amended by Law No. 11 of 2021, and Law No. 30 of 2014 on Government Administration, supported by doctrines and jurisprudence. Secondary materials include books and journals on constitutional and administrative law. The findings show that prosecutorial authority as dominus litis is limited by legality, good governance principles, and due process of law. Abuse of authority may occur not only through procedural violations but also through deviations from its intended purpose, leading to formally lawful but substantively unjust actions. Power relations may also create institutional imbalance in law enforcement. Therefore, stronger supervisory mechanisms are needed to ensure prosecutorial authority aligns with the rule of law and good governance.

Batik motif classification has attracted growing attention in visual computing due to its role in cultural heritage preservation, textile informatics, museum documentation, and automated cataloging. Although many studies report high classification accuracy, robustness under real-world acquisition conditions remains insufficiently understood. Batik images are frequently affected by illumination variation, blur, folds, watermark overlays, wearable deformation, scale inconsistency, and background clutter, creating challenges that extend beyond conventional image-noise assumptions. Existing studies largely focus on improving classification performance, while the interactions among acquisition variability, feature representation, evaluation practice, and deployment constraints remain fragmented. This systematic literature review addresses this gap by synthesizing batik classification research through a robustness-aware perspective. Using query expansion, backward and forward citation chaining, relevance screening, and thematic coding, 116 candidate records were identified, resulting in 50 highly relevant studies for detailed analysis. The review reveals that robustness is shaped less by denoising alone than by the combined effects of acquisition conditions, representation design, evaluation realism, and deployment context. Handcrafted descriptors remain competitive for small datasets and structured motifs due to their data efficiency and interpretability, whereas deep learning models achieve the highest reported accuracy when supported by sufficient data diversity and realistic augmentation. Hybrid representations emerge as the most consistently balanced approach, combining local texture stability with higher-level abstraction across heterogeneous acquisition settings. The review further identifies recurring robustness failure patterns, including background dependency, illumination instability, motif-scale inconsistency, wearable deformation, and source-shift vulnerability. Based on these findings, a robustness-oriented research agenda is proposed, emphasizing cross-acquisition evaluation, representation-stability analysis, batik-specific robustness benchmarks, acquisition-aware augmentation, and deployable lightweight or hybrid architectures. The study contributes a domain-specific synthesis that reframes batik motif classification from an accuracy-centric task toward a robustness-aware visual recognition problem.

This study examines the concept of compassion-based education (rahmatan lil ‘alamin) from the perspective of Islamic educational philosophy and its relevance to bullying prevention in Islamic educational institutions. The study is motivated by the tendency of modern education to emphasize cognitive achievement while giving less attention to moral and affective development, resulting in the persistence of bullying behavior in educational settings. This study employs a qualitative approach using library research. Data were collected from the works of Muslim scholars, scientific journals, and relevant literature on Islamic education and analyzed through content analysis. The findings reveal that compassion-based education is built upon the integration of moral development, purification of the heart, and the cultivation of adab (proper conduct). These elements contribute to the development of empathy, social concern, and moral awareness among students. Therefore, compassion-based education (rahmatan lil ‘alamin) has strong relevance as a preventive approach to reducing bullying behavior and fostering a more humane and supportive educational environment in Islamic educational institutions.

This study discusses inclusive education in Early Childhood Education from the perspective of Mel Ainscow. Inclusive education is an educational approach that provides equal learning opportunities for all children without discrimination, including those with diverse learning needs. The purpose of this study is to describe the concept of inclusive education according to Mel Ainscow and to analyze its implementation in the development of early childhood education. This research employs a qualitative approach using library research methods. The data were collected from various written sources, including books, scientific journals, research articles, and documents related to inclusive education and early childhood education. Documentation techniques were used for data collection, while the data were analyzed through content analysis. The findings reveal that according to Mel Ainscow, inclusive education is a continuous process aimed at increasing the participation of all learners and reducing barriers to learning within educational environments. In the context of early childhood education, inclusive education can be implemented through flexible learning methods, child-friendly learning environments, and active collaboration between teachers and parents in supporting children’s development. The implementation of inclusive education also contributes positively to children’s social and emotional development, as they learn to respect diversity from an early age. However, several challenges remain, including limited facilities, insufficient teacher competence, and a lack of public understanding regarding inclusive education. Therefore, collaboration among schools, families, and the government is necessary to create an inclusive, equitable, and diversity-respecting early childhood education system.

The enactment of Law Number 1 of 2023 concerning the Criminal Code (KUHP) has brought a fundamental paradigm reconstruction to the Indonesian criminal justice system through the explicit recognition of the "living law" (hukum yang hidup di masyarakat). This study aims to analyze the legal standing of living law within the Indonesian legal system and examine the juridical and sociological implications of integrating these unwritten norms from the perspective of Article 2 of Law Number 1 of 2023. The research method employed is normative legal research with a statutory approach. The results indicate that the positioning of living law holds a strategic standing rooted in Article 18B paragraph (2) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia and is further reinforced by the Constitutional Court Decision Number 35/PUU-X/2012. Following the promulgation of Law Number 1 of 2023, Article 2 paragraph (1) formally deconstructs the rigidity of the colonial-inherited formal legality principle (Wetboek van Strafrecht) and transforms it toward a material legality principle. Consequently, living law is now recognized as a valid basis for criminal liability and acts as a complement to national law, manifested through additional criminal penalties in the form of fulfilling local customary obligations to support restorative justice. Nonetheless, the state imposes limitations through a codification mechanism into Regional Regulations guided by Government Regulations, which must be aligned with Pancasila, the 1945 Constitution, Human Rights, and general principles of law recognized by civilized nations to prevent legal uncertainty and subjective interpretations of the law.

This study aims to analyze the implementation of good governance principles in digital population administration services in Medan Marelan Subdistrict from the perspective of Administrative Law. The background of this research is based on the importance of digital transformation in public services through the Electronic-Based Government System (SPBE) to enhance transparency, accountability, effectiveness, and efficiency. However, in practice, several obstacles are still encountered, such as limited infrastructure, network disruptions, and limited human resources. This research employs an empirical legal research method with both empirical and statutory approaches. Data were collected through field research, including interviews with subdistrict officials and the community, as well as library research involving laws, regulations, and relevant literature. The data were analyzed qualitatively to examine the conformity between the implementation of services and the principles of good governance and general principles of good administration (AUPB). The results show that the implementation of good governance principles in digital population services in Medan Marelan Subdistrict has not been fully optimal. This is indicated by challenges in information transparency, system effectiveness, and limitations in human resources and infrastructure. Nevertheless, digital services have provided convenience for the community in accessing population administration services. In conclusion, improvements in human resources quality, technological infrastructure, and the strengthening of supervision and evaluation mechanisms are necessary to achieve public services that align with good governance principles.

This study aims to analyze the forms of tasybīh ḍimnī in Dīwān al-Imām al-Syāfi‘ī by Imam al-Shafi‘i, identify its elements (musyabbah, musyabbah bih, and wajh al-syabah), and examine the Islamic educational values contained within it. This research employs a descriptive qualitative approach using the content analysis method. The data consist of poetic verses containing tasybīh ḍimnī, focusing on 10 representative stanzas selected from 279 poems. The results show that tasybīh ḍimnī is an implicit form of simile that does not explicitly employ comparative particles, but is instead understood through contextual meaning relations. From the perspective of balaghah, this form is characterized by its implicit and argumentative nature, as well as its ability to construct meaning through logical analogy. The elements of tasybīh can still be identified through meaning reconstruction, even though they are not directly stated. Furthermore, the study reveals Islamic educational values encompassing the dimensions of īmān, islām, and ihsān. The value of īmān is reflected in dependence upon Allah, the value of islām in social life practices, and the value of ihsān in the cultivation of moral virtues such as patience and qanā‘ah (contentment). Thus, tasybīh ḍimnī functions not only as an aesthetic element, but also as an integrative educational medium.

This study examines the regulation of copyright royalties as joint property in Indonesia, the United States, and Europe, aiming to provide recommendations for better legal implementation. The research employs a normative juridical method with a comparative legal approach, utilizing library research and qualitative analysis of primary and secondary legal materials. The findings indicate that Indonesia, the United States, and Europe share common ground in recognizing royalties derived from copyright as joint property when such economic benefits are obtained during marriage. However, significant differences exist in their approaches. European countries, particularly Spain and the Republic of Moldova, clearly distinguish between exclusive rights and economic rights, where copyright remains the creator's personal property while royalties are classified as joint property. The United States demonstrates considerable flexibility through state-level regulations, adopting either community property systems or equitable distribution systems. Indonesia, through Decision No. 1622/PDT.G/2023/PA.JB, has begun recognizing royalties as joint property. Nevertheless, Indonesia still requires clearer and more comprehensive regulations to ensure legal certainty regarding the status of royalties as joint property and their distribution following divorce. This study contributes to developing legal frameworks that balance protecting creators' personal rights with the principle of fairness in family law.

The rapid development of digital technology has significantly transformed the ways in which faith is experienced, particularly in the lives of adolescents. From the perspectives of digital religion and mediatization of religion, digital space is no longer merely a medium, but has become a cultural arena that actively shapes religious practices and meanings. The study aims to analyze these dynamics, especially within the context of Generation Alpha, by examining the opportunities and challenges that emerge in the lived experience of faith in the digital age. The findings indicate that digital environments offer creative, participatory, and contextual opportunities for evangelization, enabling young people to engage actively in constructing their religious experiences. However, this dynamic is inherently ambivalent, as it also risks reducing the meaning of faith to symbolic, instant, and less sacramentally grounded experiences, detached from the communal life of the Church. Furthermore, the formation of religious identity in digital spaces tends to be fluid and performative, potentially leading to superficial relationships and fragmented identities. Therefore, technologically mediated religious experience should be understood as a bridge, rather than a substitute, for authentic faith encounters. The Church is thus called to adopt adaptive and reflective pastoral approaches, positioning media as a means of fostering communio without obscuring the essence of faith. An integrative approach through the synergy of Church, family, and educational institutions is essential to balance digital literacy and spiritual depth, ensuring that adolescent faith continues to grow reflectively and remains rooted in real-life experience.