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Cardiovascular dysfunction is a disorder of the blood vessels, such as hypertension, heart failure, and stroke. In 2016, cardiovascular disease was the leading cause of death worldwide, based on data from the World Health Organization (WHO). Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) is the leading cause of death, along with stroke, as shown by the Sample Registration System survey in 2014.This case involves a 64-year-old male, Mr. N, who presented to the emergency department of RSUD dr. Fauziah Bireuen with complaints of chest pain that developed gradually and worsened over the past month. The pain was located across the entire chest and radiated to the back and neck. The pain was described as severe, like being crushed by a heavy load, worsened during strenuous activities such as cutting grass and chopping wood, and relieved when the patient bent forward. The pain could occur at any time, with a Visual Analog Scale (VAS) score of 10 (severe pain). The patient also reported easy fatigue during heavy physical activity over the past month. Laboratory examination revealed elevated leukocytes, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), segmented neutrophils, troponin I, cholesterol, and triglycerides. The patient was diagnosed with extensive anterior ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) post successful fibrinolytic therapy.

Hypertension is a non-communicable disease that can lead to cardiovascular complications and requires both pharmacological and non-pharmacological management. One of the non-pharmacological therapies that can be applied is warm water foot soaking and progressive muscle relaxation, which may help reduce blood pressure through peripheral vasodilation, stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system, and decreased sympathetic nervous system activity. This study aimed to analyze the implementation of nursing care through warm water foot soaking therapy and progressive muscle relaxation to reduce blood pressure in patients with hypertension. The method used was a case study with a pre-experimental design using a one group pre-test post-testapproach involving three hypertensive patients, with the intervention administered once daily for three days. The results showed a decrease in blood pressure in all patients. The average systolic reduction was 5.3 mmHg, 12.3 mmHg, and 5.6 mmHg, while the diastolic reduction was 1.6 mmHg, 2.6 mmHg, and 4 mmHg, respectively. In addition, all patients reported a reduction in pain scale. It can be concluded that warm water foot soaking therapy combined with progressive muscle relaxation is effective as a complementary nursing intervention to help reduce blood pressure in patients with hypertension.

The IV infusion process will cause pain that can be disturbing for children. Pain is a form of uncomfortable sensation that is felt personally by each individual. In addition, there will be changes in vital signs such as increased pulse, blood pressure, and respiration so that it will be an unpleasant experience for children. Non-pharmacological therapy as an intervention to reduce pain perception in children and increase comfort during medical procedures. One form of non-pharmacological technique is audio visual distraction using a smart book. Smart books are fun and interactive play therapy that can support cognitive, fine motor, and sensory aspects in children and to divert children's attention from pain by displaying more pleasant and interesting images and musical sounds so that it can reduce the pain scale after IV installation. The design used in the preparation of this Final Scientific Paper for Nurses is a case study with an intervention in the form of audio visual distraction using a smart book for ± 10 minutes. The number of respondents was 3 people, the intervention was carried out on September 14, October 7, and November 24, 2025, located in the Theresia Charitas Hospital Palembang room. After the smart book audio visual distraction therapy, there was a decrease in the pain scale for 3 respondents, namely in An. A from a pain scale of 7 to a pain scale of 4, An. G from a pain scale of 10 to a pain scale of 4, and An. R from a pain scale of 7 to a pain scale of 4. The application of EBP smart book audio visual distraction therapy can be used to reduce the pain scale in preschoolers after IV installation.

Background: Discomfort in third trimester pregnant women often arises due to physiological changes, with back pain being the most common complaint, occurring in 70% to 90% of cases. If left untreated, this pain can interfere with daily activities, cause insomnia, and even affect the childbirth process. Objective: This study aimed to determine the effect of back massage on reducing the intensity of back pain in third trimester pregnant women at Adow Community Health Center. Methods: The research design used a pre experimental approach with a one group pretest posttest design. The sample consisted of 40 third trimester pregnant women experiencing back pain at Adow Community Health Center. Data were analyzed using the paired t test statistical method. Results: Before receiving back massage, the majority of respondents (57.5%) experienced moderate scale pain. After the intervention, the majority of respondents (70%) reported a reduction in pain to a mild scale. The statistical test results showed a p value of 0.000 (p < 0.05) with an average pain reduction of 1.125. Conclusion: Back massage has a significant effect on reducing the intensity of back pain in third trimester pregnant women at Adow Community Health Center.

A fracture occurs when bone continuity is disrupted due to external pressure or force that exceeds the bone's capacity. Fractures constitute a medical emergency requiring immediate treatment. A primary surgical intervention for this condition is the Open Reduction and Internal Fixation (ORIF) procedure, which aims to reposition broken bone fragments to their normal anatomy. This procedure is considered crucial for achieving proper bone union and minimizing the potential for postoperative complications. As a consequence of the surgical incision and tissue trauma, patients commonly experience postoperative pain. The management of this pain can broadly be categorized into two approaches: pharmacological and non-pharmacological. Among non-pharmacological methods, cold compress therapy has proven effective in alleviating pain in patients following ORIF surgery. The sensation of pain can be alleviated through the application of a cold pack by inhibiting sensory nerve conduction and suppressing local inflammation. Simultaneously, cryotherapy also reduces blood flow to the injury site, which in turn limits blood extravasation and the accumulation of edema fluid. A descriptive case study analysis of four patients with acute pain after lower extremity ORIF surgery. The effectiveness of the intervention was measured using the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS).: The application of cold compresses using cold packs for 3 days to 4 respondents before the cold compress was applied was on a pain scale of 6–7 (moderate to severe category), after the intervention the pain scale became 2–3 (mild category). The results indicate that cold compress therapy in patients with lower extremity post-ORIF fractures is effective in reducing pain levels. Therefore, cold compress therapy is recommended as a non-pharmacological therapy to reduce pain in patients with fractures after ORIF.

The postpartum period following Sectio Caesarea is often accompanied by acute pain due to surgical incisions, which may interfere with mobilization, breastfeeding, and maternal recovery. Effective pain management is essential to prevent further complications and enhance maternal comfort. In addition to pharmacological therapy, non-pharmacological interventions such as Benson relaxation therapy can be implemented. This study aimed to evaluate the application of Benson relaxation therapy in reducing acute pain among postpartum Sectio Caesarea mothers.This study employed a case study design involving four postpartum Sectio Caesarea patients (Ny. R, Ny. A, Ny. Y, and Ny. S) treated in the Ayyub Ward of RS Roemani Muhammadiyah Semarang in 2026. Data were collected through comprehensive nursing assessments, pain intensity measurement using a numeric rating scale, observation of mobilization ability, and evaluation before and after intervention.The results showed that after regular implementation of Benson relaxation therapy, all patients experienced a gradual decrease in pain intensity (from scale 4–7 to ≤3), improved comfort, better breathing control, and increased ability to perform early mobilization. Consistent nursing education, therapeutic guidance, and family involvement supported the effectiveness of the intervention. It can be concluded that Benson relaxation therapy is an effective, safe, and easily applicable nursing intervention for reducing acute pain in postpartum Sectio Caesarea patients.

Cold compresses or cryotherapy are one of the non-pharmacological therapies often used in nursing practice to help reduce pain, especially in patients with fractures. Fractures are often accompanied by acute pain that can inhibit mobilization, prolong recovery time, and reduce patient comfort. Therefore, a safe, effective, and easy-to-use pain management method is needed. This article was compiled with the aim of identifying and mapping scientific evidence regarding the effectiveness of cold compresses in reducing pain intensity in fracture patients. This study used the Arksey and O'Malley model in conducting the analysis, with articles searched through PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar for the 2021–2025 publication period. The article selection process followed the PRISMA flow. A review of ten articles showed that most studies used quantitative designs, both experimental and quasi-experimental. The results of the analysis of 11 articles consisted of 8 quantitative articles with experimental and quasi-experimental designs, while 2 articles were case studies. These articles generally discuss the effectiveness of cold compresses in reducing pain intensity in fracture patients using various measurement instruments, such as NRS, VAS, Wong-Baker Faces Scale, and Bourbanis Pain Scale. In addition to reducing pain, several studies also reported that cold compresses can reduce edema, increase mobility, and improve patient comfort. However, variations in the duration, frequency, and method of cold compress application were still found, so there is a need to develop a more standardized protocol in nursing practice.

Postoperative pain is a common physiological response following surgical procedures, and its suboptimal management can have physiological and psychological effects, including sleep disturbances, decreased functional capacity, increased anxiety, and deterioration in quality of life. This scoping review aims to describe the empirical evidence regarding the effectiveness of music therapy in reducing the intensity of postoperative pain in surgical patients. A systematic search was conducted through four major databases (ScienceDirect, PubMed, Neliti, and Google Scholar) using Boolean operators and keywords such as ‘postoperative pain,’ ‘music therapy,’ and ‘pain scale.’ Inclusion criteria included articles published in the last decade, in English or Indonesian, and available in full text format. In accordance with PRISMA-ScR guidelines, this review analysed 10 articles. The synthesis of results showed that music therapy consistently reduced pain intensity, anxiety, and analgesic requirements through mechanisms such as increased endorphin secretion, decreased stress hormone levels, and activation of the gate control theory. Typically administered for 15–30 minutes, music therapy is a safe, cost-effective, and patient-acceptable non-pharmacological modality. This intervention is recommended as an adjunct component in perioperative pain management in nursing practice, although further standardised research is needed to improve consistency.

During gravidity, back pain is a significant issue, especially due to changes in posture along with increasing physical load in the third trimester. Muscle relaxation and stretching exercises for pregnant women can help reduce back pain, one of which is the butterfly exercise. That study aims until determine the impact to the butterfly activity on gravidity in their third trimester at TPMB Amilia Intarti Klampisrejo, Pasuruan Regency. A quantitative method was used with a quasi-experimental approach employing a one-group pre-test also post-test design. The study involved 32 third-trimester gravidity as respondents. Data were collected using purposive sampling, before-and-after measurements, and assessed with the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS). The intervention be carried out over a period of four weeks. The findings show that the butterfly pregnancy exercise effectively reduces back pain in third-trimester gravid. Therefore, the butterfly exercise can serve as an alternative method to help alleviate back pain and enhance comfort during pregnancy.