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A fracture is a condition where the continuity of the bone is disrupted due to a hard impact, often causing significant pain in sufferers. Pain management does not only rely on pharmacological therapy but can also be combined with non-pharmacological therapies, one of which is through cold compresses using ice packs. This therapy is effective because it can reduce pain nerve conduction and reduce blood flow to the injured area, thereby suppressing pain. This activity aims to provide public education on the use of cold compresses as an alternative pain management in fracture cases. Before the activity began, vital signs were measured and a pain scale was assessed as a basis for evaluation. The education was carried out using leaflets by a team of lecturers and nursing students to 30 village community participants. Based on interviews, most participants had never received information about the benefits of cold compresses in pain management. Before the education, 23 participants were accustomed to managing pain with pain relievers, while the other 7 used other non-pharmacological methods such as hot compresses, deep breathing relaxation, and behavioral therapy. After participating in the activity, the community demonstrated an understanding that cold compresses using ice packs applied for 20 minutes when pain occurs can be a simple, inexpensive, and effective method for reducing pain caused by fractures. This activity involves village officials and the community as a collaborative effort to improve health literacy. It is hoped that the community will be able to implement cold compress therapy as a self-help option for managing fracture pain, thereby reducing reliance on analgesic medications.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of murrotal therapy on pain and anxiety levels in patients after radiofrequency action. This study uses a quantitative approach with a pre-experimental design of one group pretest-posttest involving 50 post-radiofrequency patients at Sultan Agung Hospital Semarang. The research data were collected using the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) instrument to assess pain levels and the Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) to assess anxiety levels. Univariate analysis showed that most of the respondents were women with an average age of 44.04 years, included in the intermediate adult category. The results of bivariate analysis with the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test showed a significant decrease in both pain and anxiety levels after being given murrative therapy, with a p-value of 0.000 for both variables. This shows that murrotal therapy is effective in providing psychological relaxation and spiritual distraction effects, so that it can reduce the intensity of pain while reducing anxiety in patients. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that murrotal therapy is a non-pharmacological intervention that is simple, safe, and easy to apply by health workers. It also has great potential as a complementary therapy that supports the management of pain and anxiety after medical procedures, especially invasive procedures such as radiofrequency. Thus, the application of murrotal therapy can be used as an additional alternative in improving the quality of nursing services in hospitals.

When problems such as antepartum hemorrhage, fetal distress, atypical fetal presentation, and gestational hypertension occur, a cesarean section can save the lives of both mother and baby. A cesarean section (CS) is a surgical technique in which the uterus and abdominal wall are opened to deliver the fetus. In many countries, cesarean sections are the most common surgical procedure, and over the past 30 years, their use has gradually increased. Intrauterine fetal death is the death of a fetus weighing 500 grams or more in the womb at 20 weeks of gestation or later. The partial or complete separation of a normally implanted placenta after 22 weeks before birth is known as placental abruption. he purpose of this paper is to provide nursing care to Mrs. P with a Caesarean section indicating intra uterine fetal death (IUFD) due to placental abruption in the Nusa Indah room of dr. Soeselo Regional General Hospital, Tegal Regency, according to nursing standards. The method used is descriptive with a case study approach. The data collection techniques in this scientific paper are in the form of interviews, observations, documentation studies and literature studies. From the case review, the main complaint was pain in the operated area, pain increased when moving, pain like being squeezed with a pain scale of 5, pain that comes and goes. The patient appeared to be grimacing in pain and restless, the patient always held the area that had been operated on, the results of the vital signs examination obtained: BP: 139/100 mmHg, pulse: 103 x / minute, S: 36.5oC, RR: 20 x / minute, there was a bandage on the lower abdomen along 15 cm with a horizontal line, the patient did not know and was confused about the birth control used after the CS. The nursing problems identified were acute pain, risk of infection, and knowledge deficit. Interventions were developed based on the theory in the SDKI, SLKI, and SIKI, as well as the client's condition, and were implementable

Tennis elbow, or lateral epicondylitis, is an inflammatory condition of the lateral epicondyle commonly caused by repetitive overuse of the forearm extensor muscles. It is characterized by pain, limited joint range of motion, decreased muscle strength, and reduced functional capacity. Physiotherapy interventions, particularly ultrasound and exercise therapy, have been widely applied to reduce pain and restore functional performance. This study employed a case study design involving a 42-year-old female patient diagnosed with left-sided tennis elbow. The intervention was conducted over four therapy sessions. The modalities consisted of ultrasound, providing thermal and micromassage effects to reduce pain, combined with exercise therapy, including passive stretching to increase soft tissue flexibility and eccentric exercise to improve tendon strength and function. After four sessions, the patient showed significant improvement, including reduced pain during movement and palpation, increased joint range of motion in elbow flexion-extension, forearm pronation-supination, and wrist dorsiflexion-palmarflexion. Muscle strength, particularly in the extensors, pronators, supinators, and wrist dorsiflexors, also improved. Functional activity, measured using the PRTEE scale, demonstrated notable enhancement from mild disability to better functional independence. The combination of ultrasound, passive stretching, and eccentric exercise is effective in reducing pain, enhancing range of motion, strengthening muscles, and improving functional ability in patients with left-sided tennis elbow.

Dysmenorrhea is a painful cramping or aching sensation in the lower abdomen, often radiating to the lower back, hips, and thighs. This condition significantly affects daily activities, limiting women’s physical and academic performance, particularly among female students who frequently experience dysmenorrhea during menstruation. Various interventions can help prevent or reduce the prevalence and severity of dysmenorrhea, including specific physical exercises such as McKenzie exercises and Kegel exercises. McKenzie exercises focus on strengthening and mobilizing the lower back and abdominal muscles, whereas Kegel exercises target the pelvic floor muscles to enhance circulation and reduce uterine tension. The purpose of this study was to determine the difference in effectiveness between Kegel exercises and McKenzie exercises in alleviating dysmenorrhea pain among adolescents aged 12–15 years at SMP Negeri 28 Semarang. The study employed an experimental two-group pre-posttest design with a total sample of 22 female students who met the inclusion criteria. The Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) technique was used to assign participants to the intervention groups. Pain intensity was measured using the Quadruple Visual Analog Scale (QVAS) both before and after the interventions, which were administered three times per week over a three-week period. The results showed a statistically significant reduction in pain for both groups, with a p-value of 0.001 (p < 0.05), indicating that both McKenzie and Kegel exercises effectively decreased dysmenorrhea pain. The study concluded that there is a measurable difference in the effectiveness of these two exercise interventions, emphasizing the importance of selecting appropriate physical exercises tailored to adolescent students for dysmenorrhea management. These findings provide evidence-based guidance for educators, healthcare providers, and adolescents seeking non-pharmacological strategies to reduce menstrual pain and improve quality of life.

The rate of deliveries by cesarean section (CS) continues to increase globally and is projected to reach 29% by 2030. Although CS is medically effective in ensuring maternal and neonatal safety, the procedure often results in moderate to severe postoperative pain, which may hinder early mobilization, slow recovery, and reduce the mother’s overall quality of life. Effective pain management is therefore crucial. Non-pharmacological therapies such as endorphin massage and lavender aromatherapy have been recognized as complementary approaches that stimulate the release of relaxation hormones, provide natural analgesic effects, and help reduce anxiety. This study aimed to analyze the effect of combining endorphin massage and lavender aromatherapy on reducing pain levels in post-cesarean section mothers. A quasi-experimental design with a pre–posttest control group was employed. A total of 34 respondents were selected using purposive sampling and divided into intervention and control groups. The study was conducted in the maternity ward of SMC Telogorejo Hospital from March to April 2025. The intervention group received endorphin massage combined with lavender aromatherapy for 10–30 minutes, while the control group was given deep breathing relaxation only. Pain levels were measured before and after the intervention using the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS). Data were collected through questionnaires and medical records, and analyzed using univariate and bivariate techniques with the Mann–Whitney test. Results showed a p-value of 0.000 and Z = -3.774, indicating a significant effect of the intervention. These findings suggest that endorphin massage combined with lavender aromatherapy is effective in reducing postoperative pain. Further studies with larger samples are recommended to explore the optimal duration and frequency of therapy.

Menstrual pain is one of the most common health complaints experienced by many women and often interferes with daily activities, both in academic and social contexts. This study aimed to examine the effect of red ginger decoction in relieving menstrual discomfort. The research employed a quasi-experimental design with a One Group Pretest-Posttest approach. From a total population of 487 students enrolled in the Diploma III Nursing program, 15 participants were selected using purposive random sampling. The study was conducted over a three-week period, from May 7 to May 27, 2025, using an observation sheet as the research instrument. The initial pain level was measured before the intervention using the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS). Each participant who reported menstrual pain was then given 200 ml of red ginger decoction, and after 30 minutes, pain levels were reassessed to determine any changes. The Shapiro-Wilk test was applied to examine data distribution, while differences in mean scores before and after the intervention were analyzed using the Paired Sample t-Test. The findings showed that the average pain score before treatment was 7.53 and decreased to 5.67 after the intervention, with a mean difference of 1.89. The statistical analysis yielded a significance value of p = 0.001 (p < 0.05), indicating a meaningful difference. Therefore, it can be concluded that consuming red ginger decoction is effective in reducing menstrual pain intensity. Consequently, red ginger may be recommended as a natural alternative for managing dysmenorrhea, while educational institutions are encouraged to provide health education regarding the use of herbal remedies, particularly red ginger, for menstrual pain relief. Future researchers are expected to use these findings as a reference and further explore other variables in subsequent studie.

This study aims to determine the effectiveness of progressive muscle relaxation techniques in reducing headache pain in hypertensive patients in the inpatient ward of Harapan Anda Hospital in Tegal City. Hypertension is often accompanied by complaints of headaches, which is a significant problem for patients. One non-pharmacological approach that can be used to alleviate headaches caused by hypertension is progressive muscle relaxation therapy. In this study, 55 respondents with hypertension and complaints of headache were involved. The research used a quasi-experimental design with a quantitative approach. Before and after the intervention, patients underwent progressive muscle relaxation therapy for three consecutive days, with a duration of fifteen minutes per session. Pain levels were assessed using a pain scale before and after the intervention. Data analysis was conducted using the Wilcoxon test. The results showed that 53 patients (96%) experienced a decrease in pain levels after the therapy. The average pain scale significantly decreased, with moderate pain levels reducing from 89.1% to 3.6%, while mild pain increased from 10.9% to 85.5%. The Wilcoxon test results indicated a p-value of 0.000 (p < 0.05), indicating that progressive muscle relaxation therapy is effective in reducing headache pain in hypertensive patients. This therapy has been shown to be a simple, safe method that can be applied both independently by patients and in healthcare services. Therefore, progressive muscle relaxation can be an effective alternative in managing headaches in hypertensive patients.

Hemodialysis is a medical procedure used to correct blood biochemical abnormalities caused by impaired kidney function, with the aid of a hemodialysis machine. One of the most commonly used accesses in this procedure is the Arteriovenous Fistula (AVF), which is an anastomosis between the artery and vein in the arm or other parts of the body to facilitate the cannulation process. However, during the AVF cannulation procedure, patients often experience pain, which can cause discomfort and anxiety. Cold compresses are one of the non-pharmacological techniques that can be used to alleviate this pain. This study aims to examine the effect of cold compresses on reducing pain during AVF cannulation in hemodialysis patients. This research uses a Quasi-Experimental design with a Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design model, involving 116 hemodialysis patients at RSI Sultan Agung Semarang. Patients were divided into two groups: the intervention group, which received cold compresses, and the control group, which did not receive treatment. Pain intensity was measured before and after cannulation using a visual analog scale (VAS). The results of the study show that the administration of cold compresses significantly reduced pain intensity, with a p-value of 0.000 (< 0.05). In addition, there was a significant difference in effectiveness between the intervention group and the control group, with the same p-value. In conclusion, cold compresses proved to be an effective, simple, safe, and easy-to-apply non-pharmacological intervention to reduce pain in hemodialysis patients during the AVF cannulation procedure. Therefore, the use of cold compresses can be recommended as a method to improve the comfort of hemodialysis patients.

Patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) often experience physiological disturbances caused by both medical conditions and intensive treatment procedures. One of the most common problems encountered is sleep disturbance. Several factors contribute to poor sleep quality in ICU patients, including repeated medical procedures, environmental noise from medical equipment and staff activities, discomfort due to body positioning, frequent interactions with health workers, continuous exposure to lighting, pain, and the underlying disease process. Persistent sleep disturbances can delay the healing process, increase blood pressure, and even elevate the risk of stroke. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between anxiety levels and sleep quality in compos mentis patients in the ICU of Sultan Agung Islamic Hospital Semarang. The research design employed a correlational approach with a cross-sectional method. A total of 30 respondents were selected according to the inclusion criteria. Data were collected using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) to measure sleep quality and the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HARS) to assess anxiety levels. The Chi-Square test was used for statistical analysis. The results showed an equal distribution of male and female respondents (15 each). Ten respondents had a post-laparotomy medical diagnosis, and the majority belonged to the late elderly age group (10 respondents). Most respondents experienced moderate anxiety (18 respondents), while poor sleep quality was reported by 17 respondents. The Chi-Square test revealed a p-value of 0.001, indicating a significant relationship between anxiety levels and sleep quality. In conclusion, higher anxiety levels were associated with poorer sleep quality among compos mentis patients in the ICU. These findings highlight the importance of nursing interventions that address both the physical and psychological aspects of patients to improve sleep quality and support recovery.

Patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) frequently experience physiological disturbances that significantly affect their sleep quality. These disturbances are triggered by various factors, including repeated medical procedures, environmental noise, discomfort from medical devices, intensive interactions with healthcare workers, inappropriate lighting that disrupts circadian rhythms, pain, and the underlying disease process. Sleep disturbances in ICU patients may slow down the healing process, elevate blood pressure, trigger metabolic disorders, and increase the risk of serious complications such as stroke. This study aims to examine the relationship between anxiety levels and sleep quality among compos mentis patients in the ICU of Sultan Agung Islamic Hospital, Semarang. The research employed a correlational design with a cross-sectional method. A total of 30 respondents were included based on specific criteria. Anxiety levels were measured using the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HARS), while sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Data were analyzed using the Chi-Square test to determine the relationship between the two variables. The findings showed that the distribution of male and female respondents was balanced (15 respondents each). The most common medical diagnosis was post-laparotomy (10 respondents), with the dominant age category being late elderly (10 respondents). Anxiety levels were predominantly in the moderate category (18 respondents), while the majority of respondents demonstrated poor sleep quality (17 respondents). Statistical analysis revealed a p-value of 0.001, indicating a significant relationship between anxiety levels and sleep quality. In conclusion, the study highlights that higher levels of anxiety are associated with poorer sleep quality among compos mentis patients in the ICU. These findings emphasize the importance of nursing interventions aimed at reducing anxiety to improve patient sleep quality and support recovery.

Background: Dysmenorrhea is a common menstrual pain experienced by adolescent girls, often interfering with daily activities. Curcuma xanthorrhiza contains curcuminoids with anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties, making it a potential non-pharmacological treatment for menstrual pain. A preliminary study in Batuwarno Village showed a high prevalence of dysmenorrhea among adolescents. Objective: To determine the effect of Curcuma xanthorrhiza consumption on the reduction of dysmenorrhea in adolescents in Batuwarno Village. Methods: This study used a pre-experimental design with a one-group pretest-posttest approach. The sample consisted of 24 adolescent girls with dysmenorrhea, selected using consecutive sampling. The intervention involved administering 200 ml of boiled Curcuma xanthorrhiza twice a day for one day. Pain intensity was measured using the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) before and after the intervention. Data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon test. Results: The average pain score before the intervention was 6.54, and after the intervention, it decreased to 1.50. The Wilcoxon test yielded a Z value of -4.448ᵇ, where the negative Z value indicates that the more the intervention is given, the more the experienced pain decreases. The resulting p-value was 0.000 (p < 0.05), indicating a significant effect of Curcuma xanthorrhiza administration on the reduction of dysmenorrhea. Conclusion: Curcuma xanthorrhiza is effective in reducing dysmenorrhea in adolescents and can be considered a non-pharmacological alternative for managing menstrual pain.

Introduction: The increase in life expectancy among the elderly has directly contributed to the rise in the global elderly population. According to global data, the number of elderly individuals is projected to reach 1.4 billion by 2030. This demographic growth is often accompanied by various health problems associated with aging, such as the decline in vital organ function and the emergence of degenerative diseases. One of the most common degenerative diseases among the elderly is hypertension. Hypertension is widely known as a “silent killer” because it can lead to serious complications, including stroke and heart disease, if not managed properly. A common complaint experienced by individuals with hypertension is headache, particularly in the posterior region, which significantly affects the patient’s quality of life. Management of hypertension can be carried out through pharmacological therapy with antihypertensive drugs as well as non-pharmacological interventions. One of the non-pharmacological approaches increasingly being applied is isometric handgrip exercise, which involves static muscle contractions performed at light to moderate intensity. Method:This study aimed to evaluate the effect of isometric handgrip exercise on pain reduction in patients with hypertension. The research design employed a descriptive case study involving one individual with hypertension who experienced pain complaints. The study was conducted on September 16–18, 2024, at Roujin Home X. The instruments used included observation, interview, and the provision of isometric handgrip exercise therapy. Pain measurement was carried out using a numerical rating scale before and after the intervention. Results:The three-day intervention demonstrated a significant reduction in pain levels. On the first day, the patient reported a pain score of 6, which decreased to 4 on the second day, and further declined to 2 on the third day after the intervention. Conclusion:The findings of this study indicate that isometric handgrip exercise is an effective non-pharmacological method for alleviating acute pain in patients with hypertension. This simple intervention has the potential to be applied as a complementary therapy in elderly care facilities to improve the quality of life of individuals living with hypertension.

          During the second and third trimesters of pregnancy, as fetal development progresses, pregnant women often experience lower back pain. This condition not only causes discomfort but also affects daily activities and overall quality of life. One of the non-pharmacological approaches believed to reduce lower back pain is prenatal exercise. This study aims to evaluate the effect of pregnancy exercise on reducing lower back pain among pregnant women in the second and third trimesters. This research employed a quasi-experimental design with a pre-post test approach without a control group. The sample consisted of 28 pregnant women in their second and third trimesters who met the inclusion criteria and reported experiencing lower back pain. Pain levels were assessed before and after the intervention using a valid and reliable pain scale. Data were analyzed using appropriate statistical tests, particularly the paired sample t-test. The findings revealed that the mean pain score before the intervention was 3.32 with a standard deviation of 0.772. After the intervention, the mean pain score decreased to 2.25 with a standard deviation of 1.005. Results of the paired t-test indicated a p-value of 0.000 (p < 0.05), demonstrating a significant difference in pain levels before and after pregnancy exercise. These results indicate that pregnancy exercise is effective in reducing lower back pain in women during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. Therefore, prenatal exercise can be recommended as a safe, simple, and beneficial non-pharmacological intervention in midwifery care. It is expected that this study provides scientific evidence supporting the role of pregnancy exercise in improving maternal comfort and quality of life throughout pregnancy.

Background : Appendectomy is a surgical procedure to remove the appendix which is done as soon as possible to reduce the risk of perforation. Nursing problems that arise after appendectomy is acute pain. Objectives: Gaining real experience and knowledge and being able to document the application of deep breathing relaxation techniques is an appropriate non-pharmacological action in reducing pain scale. Method: this type of scientific paper uses a descriptive method with a descriptive case study approach with a case study approach to explore the problem of nursing care carried out on two patients carried out on June 15 - 20 2021. Results: from the results of nursing care to Mrs "S" and Mr "M" with a nursing diagnosis in the first patient, namely acute pain related to physical injury agents (eg abscess, amputation, burns, cuts, heavy lifting, surgical procedures, trauma, excessive physical exercise), impaired sense of comfort related to symptoms of the disease ( pain), impaired physical mobility related to decreased muscle strength (pain), and the second patient's diagnosis was acute pain related to physical injuring agents (eg abscess, amputation, burns, cuts, heavy lifting, surgical procedures, trauma, excessive physical exercise), discomfort related to symptoms of disease (pain), anxiety related to situational crises, lack of exposure to information, impaired physical mobility associated with decreased muscle strength (pain). The interventions in both patients were: identification of location, characteristics, duration, frequency, quality and intensity of pain, identification of pain scale, identification of non-verbal pain responses. The evaluation of the first patient had a pain intensity scale of 6 (moderate), and the second patient a pain scale of 7 (severe). The results of the study in the Surgery Room of the Palembang Bari Regional General Hospital after the deep breathing relaxation technique was carried out in the first patient on a pain scale of 6 (moderate) to 3 (mild), and the second patient pain scale of 7 (severe) to 4 (moderate). Conclusion: Progress notes to both patients on the application of deep breathing relaxation techniques to reduce pain intensity. The results of the nursing evaluation of the problem were partially resolved.

Low back pain (LBP) is one of the most common musculoskeletal disorders and significantly impacts functional activities and patients’ quality of life. Non-pharmacological approaches such as hydrotherapy and William flexion exercise are widely used to reduce pain. Objective: This study aimed to determine the effect of combining hydrotherapy and William flexion exercise on reducing pain in patients with myogenic low back pain. Methods: This research applied a quasi-experimental design with a one-group pretest–posttest approach. The sample consisted of 20 respondents aged 40–60 years who met the inclusion criteria. The intervention was conducted over 12 sessions within one month at Biara OSF Magdalena Daemen BSB. Pain levels were measured using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) before and after the intervention. Data were analyzed using the Paired Sample t-Test. Results: The findings revealed a significant reduction in pain levels. The mean pretest score of 43.36 increased to 79.45 in the posttest with a difference of 36.09 points. Statistical testing showed p = 0.001 (< 0.05), indicating that the combination of hydrotherapy and William flexion exercise had a significant effect on reducing low back pain. Hydrotherapy contributed to muscle relaxation and improved circulation, while William flexion exercise strengthened lumbar flexor muscles. Conclusion: The combination of hydrotherapy and William flexion exercise is effective in reducing myogenic low back pain. This approach can be considered a safe, applicable, and beneficial non-pharmacological rehabilitation strategy to improve patients’ quality of life.

Background: Dysmenorrhea, characterized by pain around the abdomen, waist, and lower back, arises due to increased prostaglandin hormone levels during menstruation. If left untreated, this pain will disrupt the daily activities and academic performance of adolescent girls. Management can be achieved through the use of acupressure and listening to the recitation of the Qur'an, both of which are safe and effective in alleviating pain, promoting relaxation, and obtaining the blessings of Allah SWT. The objectives of the research: This study aims to evaluate the impact of acupressure therapy with Ar-Rahman murottal on the reduction of dysmenorrheic pain in students of SMP Negeri 2 Giriwoyo Methods: This research employs a quasi-experimental design with a pretest-posttest non-equivalent control group approach. The study sample consists of 36 respondents selected through a purposive sampling technique. Data analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney test to compare the treatment and control groups. Results: he dysmenorrhea pain scale in the treatment group significantly decreased compared to the control group, with a P-value of 0.016 < α 0.05. Acupressure therapy combined with the recitation of Surah Ar-Rahman was effective in reducing dysmenorrhea pain in female students at SMP Negeri 2 Giriwoyo. Summary: This study concludes that acupressure therapy combined with the recitation of Surah Ar-Rahman can be an effective alternative for alleviating dysmenorrhea pain in adolescent girls.

Hypertension is one of the major health problems often experienced by the elderly, with complaints of headaches predominantly in the nape and forehead area. This complaint, if not optimally managed, can reduce the quality of life of the elderly and risk worsening overall health conditions. Non-pharmacological interventions such as warm compresses are one of the nursing interventions that are safe, effective, easy to implement, have minimal side effects and can be done independently at home. Objective: This study aims to determine the effectiveness of providing warm compresses in reducing the intensity of headaches in elderly with hypertension. Method: The method used is a descriptive case study with a nursing process approach that includes assessment, diagnosis, intervention, implementation, and comprehensive evaluation. Subjects: The subjects in this study were two elderly people aged 60–75 years with hypertension and a pain scale between 3–7 who were given warm compresses for six consecutive days at the same time each day. Results: The results of the study showed that after the intervention, there was a significant decrease in the pain scale. In the first subject, the pain scale decreased from 7 to 3, while in the second subject, it decreased from 6 to 3. Both subjects also reported a sense of comfort, body relaxation, and improved sleep quality after warm compress therapy. Recommendation: Based on these findings, warm compress is recommended as a non-pharmacological nursing action that can be used independently or in primary health care to help reduce headaches in elderly people with hypertension effectively and sustainably.

Dysmenorrhea, or menstrual pain, is a common gynecological problem among adolescent girls and often interferes with their daily activities, school performance, and overall quality of life. Conventional pharmacological treatments such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are widely used but may cause side effects with long-term consumption. Therefore, safe and natural alternatives are needed to manage menstrual pain effectively. Carrot juice, which is rich in beta-carotene, vitamin E, and other antioxidants, has been reported to possess anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties that could potentially reduce the severity of dysmenorrhea. This study aimed to determine the effect of carrot juice on reducing menstrual pain in female students at SMAN 1 Trimurjo. A pre-experimental study with a one-group pretest–posttest design was conducted involving 27 students who experienced dysmenorrhea. Pain intensity was assessed before and after the intervention using the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS). Data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The results showed that before the intervention, the majority of respondents (85.2%) reported moderate pain, while after consuming carrot juice, 92.6% reported mild pain and 7.4% reported no pain. Statistical analysis revealed a significant difference in pain levels before and after the intervention (p = 0.000, p < 0.05). These findings indicate that carrot juice is effective in reducing dysmenorrhea intensity among adolescent girls. As a safe, affordable, and easy-to-implement non-pharmacological therapy, carrot juice has the potential to be recommended as a complementary approach to menstrual pain management, especially for adolescents who seek natural remedies. Further research with larger samples and control groups is recommended to strengthen the evidence and explore the long-term benefits of carrot juice in menstrual health.

Congenital abnormalities are abnormalities in the growth of fetal organ structures from birth that can be caused by genetic or non-genetic factors. This abnormality is often an indication for a cesarean section, which is an operation to deliver a baby. This Final Nursing Scientific Paper aims to analyze nursing care for post-cesarean section patients with indications of congenital abnormalities and the application of evidence-based practice of effleurage massage therapy to overcome acute post-operative pain. The method used is a descriptive method with the application of effleurage massage therapy to the nursing problem of acute pain in patient Mrs. I, a 37-year-old woman who experienced pain in the wound after a cesarean section. The results of the assessment showed that the patient was in a compos mentis state and complained of pain that felt like being cut in the lower abdominal area with a pain scale of 6 on a scale of 0-10. The pain was intermittent. The diagnosis that emerged was acute pain related to the cesarean section surgical procedure. To overcome this problem, nursing actions were carried out in the form of effleurage massage therapy for 3x24 hours. After the procedure, results showed a significant reduction in the patient's pain level. The patient reported reduced pain after the therapy. These results suggest that effleurage massage therapy can be effective in reducing acute pain in post-cesarean section patients with congenital abnormalities. This therapy offers benefits as a non-pharmacological approach to managing post-operative pain. Implementing this therapy can be an important part of nursing care, helping to improve patient comfort and accelerate post-operative recovery. Furthermore, effleurage massage therapy also has a positive impact on increasing relaxation and reducing patient anxiety.