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This study aims to explore and analyze the implementation of internal control mechanisms within Ministries/Agencies that received a disclaimer opinion on their audited financial statements. It also examines the form of financial transparency applied by these institutions in the preparation of their financial reports. The research focuses on the role of government internal audits in two institutions: the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries and the Indonesian Maritime Security Agency (BAKAMLA), utilizing a qualitative literature synthesis approach. The research method employs a descriptive qualitative design. Based on the findings, it is concluded that the lack of supervision by internal auditors and the Supreme Audit Agency (BPK) over these two institutions stems from several factors: limited competence and capacity of internal auditors, weak internal control systems and structures, lack of auditor independence, and inadequate routine monitoring and evaluation. Furthermore, in preparing financial reports, Ministries and Agencies are required to adopt financial transparency practices by preparing financial statements in accordance with Government Accounting Standards (SAP), disclosing complete notes to financial statements, and utilizing transparent and integrated financial applications.

This study examines the role of the Republic of Indonesia Maritime Security Agency (Bakamla) in enforcing Indonesia's maritime sovereignty in the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of the North Natuna Sea. This study applies a qualitative descriptive method based on literature studies, official reports, and legal documents. The results of this study state that Bakamla has a strategic role in maritime surveillance, prevention, and law enforcement against violations, especially related to illegal fishing and activities of foreign vessels without permits. However, the lack of infrastructure, overlapping authority between institutions, and geopolitical dynamics are obstacles to optimal tasks. This study suggests the need to strengthen inter-institutional coordination, modernize maritime security equipment, and improve maritime diplomacy to support more effective enforcement of sovereignty.

Natuna waters are the most vulnerable area to illegal fishing because there is abundant potential for fishery resources. It was recorded that from May to December 2016, there were 280 foreign vessels in Natuna waters, which resulted in economic losses of 2.98 trillion Rupiah. This study aims to examine and assess the policies and actions that the Indonesian government has implemented in overcoming illegal fishing activities in the area. The results of this study are that the Natuna Waters Area is part of the Indonesian Archipelago Sea Lane (ALKI) and functions as a global waterway. The Natuna Waters Area borders with neighboring countries and is connected to open waters, making it vulnerable to illegal fishing activities. The Indonesian government's strategy in dealing with cases of unlawful fishing in Natuna waters effectively increases the protection of state sovereignty and marine resources through policies such as sinking ships and maritime diplomacy. However, this implementation policy overcomes obstacles in the form of intimidation from other countries, such as China, and weaknesses in supervision and coordination between domestic institutions, which can affect microorganisms in fisheries management and maritime security in the area.

Ambalat waters are the waters that are the center of attention on the border between Malaysia and Indonesia, have long been a source of potential conflict between the two countries. Maritime security in this region is very important, especially in the context of the defense and maritime security of the National Capital. The relocation of the National Capital of Jakarta to the National Capital of the Archipelago which has been planned by the Government of the Republic of Indonesia. This study aims to analyze the selection of the appropriate type of KRI to prepare for maritime defense and security in the Ambalat waters. This analysis considers various threat factors, operational patterns, and the selection of the type of KRI. We consider various technical aspects in the form of specifications, capabilities, KRI leases and are faced with the priority of High, Medium, Low threats and alternatives for selecting the type of KRI under the Escort Ship Unit (SATKOR), Fast Ship Unit (SATKAT), Submarine Unit (SATSEL). With a quantitative research method, interviews were conducted with experts to determine the threats and alternatives that were prioritized and the calculation of the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) using Microsoft Excel to determine recommendations for selecting the type of KRI. The results of quantitative research show the priority of criteria that will later be narrowed down to the priority of selecting the type of KRI from various alternative choices and reviewed from the degree of threat analyzed by the researcher. Theoretically, previous theories and research can be used in this study so that they can be utilized in further research. The results of this study, the criteria that are prioritized are KRI Specifications with an assessment weight of 0.3367982, while the priority of the threat that is prioritized is the High threat with an assessment weight of 0.73127143 and the alternative KRI that is the main choice is the Eskorta Ship Unit with an assessment weight of 0.556293057.

Indonesia, as the world's largest archipelagic nation, holds a strategic position while simultaneously facing significant challenges in maintaining the sovereignty and security of its maritime territory. Increasingly complex maritime threats, such as illegal fishing, smuggling, and potential geopolitical conflicts, demand a transformation in maritime defense strategies to be more efficient and sustainable. In an era of increasing global awareness of the climate crisis, the maritime sector, including the defense sector, is being encouraged to decarbonize through the implementation of environmentally friendly ship technology. This research uses a literature review approach by examining various findings related to sustainable propulsion technology innovations relevant to the development of Indonesia's maritime defense fleet. The study results show that a hydrogen- and battery-based hybrid propulsion system can reduce carbon emissions by up to 73% and increase energy efficiency by 35%. In addition, wind-assisted propulsion sistem (WAPS) technology such as Flettner rotors and wing-sails contributes significantly to reducing fuel consumption by up to 30%, while extending ship cruising range without the need for intensive refueling. Meanwhile, the application of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)-based propeller design optimization has been proven to reduce energy consumption by 13.2% and reduce noise levels by up to 15 dB, which greatly supports the needs of stealth operations in military missions. This study concludes that the implementation of environmentally friendly ship technology not only provides benefits in terms of energy efficiency and emission reduction, but also strengthens the operational resilience and strategic competitiveness of the Indonesian naval fleet amidst the dynamics of global maritime security. Thus, the Green Navy concept can be seen as a relevant and urgently needed sustainable defense strategy.

securing the waters in the Sulawesi Sea against illegal fishing in order to increase the utilization of potential maritime resources. The main point of this study is that Indonesia has very abundant maritime resources and this is what triggers illegal fishing activities, especially in the Sulawesi Sea area, both by local citizens and foreign citizens. In response to this, agencies such as the Indonesian Navy (TNI - AL), the Maritime Security Agency (BAKAMLA), the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries (KKP) and other agencies must be directly involved in these activities so that the Indonesian maritime territory and maritime resources in the Indonesian seas are not damaged and disturbed by these activities.

This thesis presents a conceptual analysis of the utilization of Unmanned Surface Vehicle (USV) technology to support the Indonesian Navy (TNI AL) in maintaining maritime security within the ALKI II (Indonesian Archipelagic Sea Lane II) region, in order to enhance operational efficiency and effectiveness. USVs are surface vessels that operate autonomously or are remotely controlled without onboard human presence. These vehicles can be operated from land-based control stations or from other vessels. The main research question addressed in this study is how the development and application of USV technology can support the Indonesian Navy’s mission in safeguarding maritime security within the ALKI II corridor. This study considers USVs as a surveillance asset, representing a technological advancement that can significantly enhance the Navy’s surveillance and monitoring capabilities. It is expected that the implementation of USVs will contribute to improved efficiency in securing and supervising ALKI II, while also promoting effective coordination among relevant stakeholders. Ultimately, the presence of USVs may help to reduce and prevent unlawful activities in the ALKI II waters. This research employs a qualitative methodology. The findings indicate that the use of USVs enhances both operational effectiveness and efficiency, thereby supporting the Indonesian Navy’s mission to secure the ALKI II region. This study aims to provide strategic recommendations to the Indonesian Navy regarding the development and integration of USV technology. It is anticipated that such measures will serve as a significant step toward reinforcing maritime security in the ALKI II corridor.

The relationship between Makassar sailors and the Yolngu Aboriginal people in northern Australia since the 17th century shows an early form of peaceful and mutually beneficial inter-community diplomacy. The sea cucumber trade activity became the entry point for deep economic cooperation and cultural exchange, leaving a significant influence on the social and cultural identity of the Yolngu people. Using a historical method approach, this article explores archaeological, linguistic, and oral narrative evidence that strengthens the traces of this interaction. In the modern context, this historical legacy is an important foundation for Indonesia's cultural diplomacy and soft power, while strengthening strategic cooperation with Australia in the fields of maritime, culture, and regional security.

Maritime security in Indonesia faces numerous challenges, including piracy, smuggling, and environmental degradation that threaten the sustainability of the maritime sector. Blockchain technology, known for its transparency, security, and efficiency, presents a potential solution to enhance maritime security systems in Indonesia. This study explores the application of Blockchain technology in improving surveillance, tracking, and data validation in the maritime sector. By analyzing existing literature and case studies, the research identifies how Blockchain can strengthen security systems through smart contracts, real-time supply chain tracking, and increased transparency in maritime transactions. The study also discusses the challenges of implementing Blockchain technology in Indonesia's maritime sector and offers recommendations to accelerate its adoption. The findings aim to provide insights for policymakers and practitioners in developing technology-driven solutions to enhance maritime security in Indonesia.

The South China Sea (SCS) conflict is one of the most complex geopolitical disputes in the Southeast Asian region, involving not only claimant countries such as China, the Philippines, and Vietnam, but also impacting non-claimant countries such as Indonesia. Although Indonesia is not officially involved in the territorial claim dispute in the SCS, its geographical position close to the disputed area, especially around the Natuna Islands, places Indonesia in a strategic and vulnerable position. This journal discusses in depth Indonesia's position in the SCS conflict, highlighting how Indonesia maintains its territorial sovereignty without being directly involved in the conflict. In addition, the direct impact of the conflict on Indonesia's maritime security is also discussed, including increasing territorial violations, threats to local fishermen, and challenges in monitoring territorial waters. The conflict in the SCS also has an impact on regional stability and Indonesia's maritime economy, especially in the context of ASEAN cooperation and the world's maritime axis policy. Finally, this journal reviews various efforts made by Indonesia in maintaining its maritime security, such as strengthening diplomacy, modernizing defense equipment, and developing an integrated maritime policy. Through a qualitative approach and descriptive analysis, this journal aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the dynamics of the SCS conflict and its implications for Indonesia's maritime security.

Maritime conflicts in Southeast Asia place regional stability at great challenge, especially due to the importance of these waters as international transport routes. Claims for overlapping maritime areas, illegal activities such as trespassing and unregulated copyright fishing, in particular increased geopolitical tensions in the South China Sea, have created a complex maritime security environment. These disputes not only affect state jurisdictional and maritime sovereignty, but also affect regional economic activities, including trade and marine tourism. This study uses a qualitative approach in literature research to examine the effects of these various topics on maritime stability and efforts to address legal channels and diplomatic conflicts. Using conflict theory, this study highlights the importance of regional co-operation, adherence to the International Sea Council, and the importance of adaptive security strategies as a step in mitigation. It also focuses on the relationship with maritime security with other important sectors such as logistics, energy and tourism, highlighting the need for collective action between countries in Southeast Asia.

Sea armed robbery is one of the growing non-traditional threats that has a significant impact on maritime security in Southeast Asia. This study aims to examine the dynamics of sea armed robbery in the Southeast Asian region and analyze regional efforts through various multilateral and bilateral cooperation mechanisms. The method used in this research is a qualitative study with a descriptive-analytical approach. There are countermeasures through forums such as the ASEAN Maritime Forum (AMF), ASEAN Coast Guard Forum (ACGF), and the ReCAAP agreement in reducing piracy incidents. However, these efforts still face challenges. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen institutional capacity, harmonize policies, and increase trust and collaboration between countries to form a regional maritime security system that is more resilient and adaptive to dynamic threats.

This region faces significant legal and geopolitical challenges due to the maritime conflict in the South China Sea, particularly China's unilateral claims over vast areas based on the Nine-Dash Line. This essay evaluates the direct impact of China's claims on Indonesia's sovereign rights, particularly in the North Natuna Sea, while critically examining the legitimacy of those claims in the context of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) 1982. It is clear from legal precedents such as the 2016 ruling of the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) that the Nine-Dash Line is baseless under UNCLOS, which rejects historical claims as a legitimate basis for maritime rights. China's claimed maritime borders have included portions of Indonesia's Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), which has resulted in frequent incursions by Chinese coast guard and fishing vessels. This has put Indonesia's maritime sovereignty, national security, and marine-based economy at risk. Indonesia has responded with a multi-pronged approach that includes deploying maritime forces to exert sovereignty over the disputed waters, strengthening domestic law in accordance with UNCLOS, and submitting diplomatic protests to the UN. Additionally, Indonesia is still pushing through ASEAN procedures for a regional code of conduct that is legally obligatory. The results highlight the international legal foundation of Indonesia's legal and policy responses and uphold UNCLOS's dominance as the main legal framework for maritime governance and dispute settlement in the Indo-Pacific area.

The South China Sea is a strategic water area connecting East Asia, the Pacific Ocean, and the Indian Ocean, and is the main route for around 30 percent of international trade shipping. This area is also rich in energy resources, such as natural gas and petroleum. However, in recent decades, the South China Sea has become the center of territorial disputes due to unilateral maritime claims by China through the Nine Dash Line principle which covers up to 90 percent and is contrary to the Law of the Sea. China even builds artificial islands equipped with military infrastructure, which increases tensions in the region. Through the approach of the realism paradigm, as well as the theory of complex regional security and maritime security as well as literature analysis, this article discusses the implications of China's artificial island construction on maritime security in Southeast Asia, especially for countries such as Vietnam, the Philippines, Malaysia, and Brunei Darussalam. This article emphasizes that China's actions have implications that greatly disrupt the stability of maritime security for countries in the region located in the South China Sea waters.

The management of national border areas is a strategic issue in the modern international system, directly linked to sovereignty, national security, and regional stability. This study aims to examine the role of international law in border management through a qualitative literature-based approach. Findings indicate that core principles of international law, such as uti possidetis juris, state sovereignty, and non-intervention, serve as the normative foundation for boundary formation, recognition, and dispute resolution. Current challenges such as illegal immigration, infiltration, and territorial claims demand the strengthened implementation of international law within national policy. Local government involvement and economic diplomacy also play vital roles in building adaptive and responsive border governance. In Indonesia’s case, land and maritime border dynamics highlight the need for a comprehensive strategy that integrates legal, diplomatic, and regional development aspects. This study underscores the importance of synergy among state actors to safeguard territorial integrity and foster sustainable cross-border cooperation.

Beyond traditional armed conflicts, sovereignty threats may also arise through non-military means such as unilateral territorial encroachment. One of the pressing issues currently confronting Indonesia is the increasing occurrence of unauthorized fishing, which poses a serious risk to the country’s maritime security. This paper explores how the intensifying dispute in the South China Sea indirectly influences the surge in illegal fishing within Indonesian waters, particularly around Sulawesi. Escalating regional tensions have disrupted the governance and oversight mechanisms responsible for managing Indonesia’s marine resources, especially in its eastern maritime zones. This study employs a qualitative approach through an in-depth literature review. Descriptive analysis is used to identify recurring patterns and underlying factors driving the rise of unlawful fishing practices.    

Sebatik Island, which is located on the border of Indonesia and Malaysia, is a very strategic area but is vulnerable to illegal immigration problems. The unclear geography, as well as the social and economic dependence of the community on Malaysia, worsens the situation by creating illegal crossing routes that are difficult to monitor. This article explores various collaborative efforts made by Indonesia and Malaysia to strengthen supervision and law enforcement in the Sebatik Island area. These efforts include joint patrols, cross-border coordination, improving immigration facilities, and more integrated law enforcement. However, obstacles such as differences in policy, limited personnel and the strength of smuggling networks still hamper the effectiveness of border management. For this reason, more intensive cooperation is needed, to ensure the protection of state sovereignty and the welfare of border communities.

As the world’s largest archipelagic state, Indonesia holds a strategic geographical position that simultaneously renders it vulnerable to multifaceted maritime security threats. One of the most pressing recent issues is the construction of a coastal barrier (pagar laut) along the Tangerang coastline in Banten Province, which has raised significant legal, social, and environmental concerns. This study examines the legality of such structures through the lens of international maritime law, particularly the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) 1982. Employing a normative legal approach and qualitative analysis, this research assesses both national and international legal instruments relevant to maritime space governance. The findings indicate that the unauthorized construction of the coastal barrier violates several national regulations namely, laws governing coastal management, marine utilization, and environmental protection while also infringing upon core UNCLOS principles such as the right of innocent passage, freedom of navigation, and marine environmental protection. This study underscores the urgent need for integrated national maritime governance, regulatory harmonization, and cross-sectoral coordination to ensure compliance with international legal standards and safeguard public access to marine spaces. The Tangerang coastal barrier case exemplifies the rise of non-traditional maritime security threats in Indonesia, calling for more assertive and structured legal and policy responses.

Maritime security is a strategic issue in Southeast Asia due to the high dependence of ASEAN countries on sea lanes for trade and regional stability. This study aims to analyze Indonesia's role in strengthening maritime security cooperation in ASEAN. The methods used are literature studies and analysis of policy documents related to ASEAN maritime cooperation and national maritime policies. The results of the study show that Indonesia is active in various regional forums such as the ASEAN Maritime Forum (AMF) and the Expanded ASEAN Maritime Forum (EAMF), and carries the Global Maritime Fulcrum (GMF) initiative. Despite challenges such as overlapping institutional authority and limited resources, Indonesia continues to demonstrate a strong commitment to promoting maritime diplomacy, strengthening governance, and handling issues such as IUU Fishing and the South China Sea conflict. The implications of this cooperation are increased regional stability and strengthening ASEAN's position in facing the geopolitical dynamics of the Indo-Pacific.

Maritime piracy in the Gulf of Guinea has become a non-traditional security threat with serious implications for regional stability and global trade. Using a qualitative approach and a case study method, this study analyzes the characteristics, causes, and responses to piracy in the region. The main contributing factors include weak maritime governance, vulnerable socio-economic conditions, and transnational criminal networks. Although several initiatives such as the Yaoundé Code of Conduct and the YARIS system have been implemented, coordination challenges and limited capacity remain significant obstacles. This study emphasizes the importance of a multidimensional approach and cross-border cooperation to achieve sustainable maritime security.