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This study aims to identify evidence of Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) Spoofing attacks in the form of the attacker's and victim's Media Access Control (MAC) addresses, as well as the time of the attack. With the increasing use of computer networks, ARP Spoofing attacks have become a serious threat that can lead to data theft, communication interception, and service disruption. ARP Spoofing can serve as a means to launch more complex attacks, such as Denial of Service (DoS) and Man in the Middle (MITM), which can cripple network systems and steal sensitive information. This study utilizes the Wireshark tool to monitor network traffic, specifically ARP, and applies the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) method as a framework for forensic investigation. The NIJ method was chosen because it provides a systematic approach to identifying, collecting, analyzing, and reporting digital evidence, enabling enhanced attack mitigation and supporting legal aspects in network security investigations. The specific approaches used in this forensic analysis include log analysis, packet capture and analysis using Wireshark, and traffic correlation to identify attack patterns based on time and involved devices. The attack simulation was conducted on Personal Computer (PC) 1 and a routerboard, where communication between these two devices was redirected through the attacker. Based on the test results, it was found that every device in the network experienced ARP Spoofing attacks, which could be detected and analyzed using the NIJ method. The contribution of this study is to provide a more systematic approach to forensic network investigations using the NIJ method, which not only aids in attack detection but also establishes a strong foundation for mitigation actions and legal enforcement in computer network security.

Sexual harassment cases in university environments have become a serious issue that not only harms victims physically and psychologically but also undermines academic and humanitarian values. This article aims to analyze the implementation of legal aid services in addressing criminal acts of sexual harassment within higher education institutions, particularly in terms of victim protection, legal assistance, and the restoration of victims’ rights. This study employs an empirical or socio-legal approach by examining existing legal regulations and the practical implementation of legal services by campus-based legal aid institutions. The findings reveal that although several universities have established task forces or sexual violence service units, their implementation still faces challenges such as limited resources, low legal awareness, and a prevailing culture of silence among students. Therefore, institutional strengthening, continuous awareness campaigns, and victim-centered campus policies are necessary to ensure comprehensive access to justice. Legal aid services must not only be reactive but also preventive and educational, as part of a broader effort to create a safe and violence-free academic environment.  

Sexual violence against children and women in Indonesia remains a critical issue with lasting physical, psychological, and social consequences for victims. This study aims to analyze existing legal protection efforts for child and female victims of sexual violence, identify regulatory and implementation weaknesses, and formulate policy recommendations. Employing a normative legal research design with a doctrinal‑descriptive approach, it reviews legislation, scholarly literature, and court decisions. The findings reveal that despite legal frameworks such as Law No. 35/2014 on Child Protection and relevant Criminal Code provisions, significant gaps persist in offense categorization, victims’ access to legal aid services, and inter‑agency coordination. The implications highlight the need for regulatory refinement, strengthened reporting mechanisms, and enhanced capacity of law enforcement and legal aid institutions to ensure comprehensive victim protection.  

Tackling pedophilia crimes often faces serious obstacles, especially when the perpetrator has a high social status or strong influence in society. This condition often hampers the law enforcement process, because it is difficult to hold the perpetrator criminally accountable fairly. This research is an empirical legal research by conducting interviews and observing examination files and related documents.The results of this study indicate that: (1) efforts to combat pedophilia crimes that occurred in Oesena Village have not been optimal due to weak coordination between parties. The police are overwhelmed in handling similar cases, while legal aid institutions can only provide assistance without full legal authority, even though they try through social media. As a result, the victims have not received legal justice. (2) the accountability of perpetrators of pedophilia crimes seen from the aspect of justice has not been fulfilled, both legally and socially. Legally, the perpetrators have not received appropriate punishment. This shows that the perpetrators have not been truly held accountable for their actions fairly.

This research examines the implementation of social welfare through social assistance funds in Indonesia during the Covid-19 pandemic within the framework of the welfare state theory. Using a normative juridical approach with a descriptive-normative character, the study analyzes the legal foundations, the theory of justice, and utilitarianism as conceptual bases. Two approaches Statute Approach and Conceptual Approach are employed to review key regulations (Law No. 13/2011, Law No. 11/2009, Government Regulation No. 39/2012, and other implementing regulations) as well as the concepts of distributive justice, utility, and the capability principle. Secondary data consists of primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials collected through literature study and qualitatively analyzed. The findings reveal that programs such as Direct Cash Assistance (BLT), the Family Hope Program (PKH), and the Staple Food Card (Kartu Sembako) represent state interventions aimed at correcting inequality and ensuring citizens’ social rights. The application of the principles of social justice, utility, transparancy, accountability, participation, and sustainability has strengthened the legitimacy of social assistance as a redistributive instrument. However, the main challenges lie in the accuracy of the Integrated Social Welfare Data (DTKS), overlapping recipients, limited public participation, and long-term planning that remains reactive to crises. Evaluation of alignment with welfare state principles reveals that social assistance interventions have helped reduce short-term economic burdens but are not yet optimal in empowering recipients toward self-reliance. Based on these findings, it is recommended to regularly update the DTKS, enhance digitalization and data transparancy, expand participatory mechanisms, and integrate social assistance policies into long-term national development strategies. Thus, social assistance funds can serve not only as emergency aid but also as sustainable instruments to realize social justice and inclusive growth.

An advocate is a legal professional who provides legal services both inside and outside the courtroom based on statutory law. During the Dutch colonial era, legal representation by advocates was extremely expensive, making it accessible only to individuals of high social status. At that time, indigenous people, who were generally impoverished, could not afford legal representation. However, this situation has changed with the enactment of Law No. 16 of 2011 on Legal Aid. This law guarantees the constitutional right of every individual to receive free and quality legal assistance, especially for underprivileged communities, through Legal Aid Posts (Posbakum). Advocates working at Posbakum help marginalized individuals understand their rights, provide legal consultations, and prepare essential legal documents.

Assault is a criminal act intentionally committed to cause pain, physical injury, or damage to another person. As a state governed by law, efforts to address assault crimes are necessary as part of law enforcement. However, existing regulations focus mainly on the perpetrators, and there is a need for regulations that also focus on the victims, examined through the perspective of victimology. The purpose of this study is to give greater consideration to the victim's side in a criminal act, how victims are more heavily impacted, and the legal protection that remains insufficiently fulfilled. This research uses a theoretical study with the approach of victimology theory and restorative justice theory. It employs a normative empirical method with secondary data, based on legislation. The results of this study show that victims of assault crimes suffer impacts in every aspect, including physical injuries, psychological disturbances, economic effects, and social life disruption. Victims of assault should receive protection from the victimology perspective, such as restitution or compensation, counseling assistance, medical aid, and legal support. However, these protections have not been adequately fulfilled. This is illustrated by case number 695/Pid.B/2024/PN SRG, where the defendant was sentenced under Article 351 paragraph (2) for assault causing serious injury to the victims, with a prison sentence of 1 year and 10 months plus a court fee of Rp. 2,000 (two thousand rupiah). Considering the victims experienced terror before the incident and multiple stabbing actions resulting in physical and psychological harm, the victims are entitled to restitution, counseling, and adequate legal assistance. Yet, in reality, such protections remain unmet.

The sea fence in Tangerang Regency, Banten, has become a complex issue involving violations of spatial law, environmental impacts, and the rights of coastal communities. This research analyzes the social and environmental impacts of the case and examines the protection and restoration of victims' rights based on a greenvictimology perspective. Using an empirical juridical approach, data collection was conducted through interviews with fishermen and legal aid organizations, as well as secondary data from legal literature. The results showed that sea fences disrupt fishermen's activities, damage marine ecosystems, and violate regional spatial regulations. Ecological impacts include changes in ocean currents, decreased water quality, disruption of fish migration, damage to coral reefs, and coastal abrasion. Protection and restoration of victims' rights in the Pagar Laut case to date have not been fully fulfilled and realized by the responsible parties. This can be seen from the absence of concrete policies and concrete actions in the form of providing compensation or compensation to fishermen who are directly affected by the installation of the Sea Fence which hampers their access and space for fishing activities. In addition, efforts to restore the marine environment have also not been carried out optimally, especially in terms of dismantling sea fences that have not been carried out thoroughly and assistance programs from the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries have not been implemented.

Following the fall of the ISIS caliphate in the Middle East, the threat of terrorism did not immediately disappear. On the contrary, the transformation of ISIS's strategy and patterns of ideological dissemination has opened a new chapter in the region's security dynamics, including in Southeast Asia. Indonesia and the Philippines have become two countries significantly impacted by the spread of ISIS-affiliated networks and ideology, both through direct attacks and digital propaganda. This study seeks to analyze how the evolution of the post-ISIS terrorist threat may influence the security policies of these two countries, as well as how national and regional strategic responses are formulated to confront this challenge. This research employs a qualitative approach with a literature study method, and utilizes traditional security and human security theories as its analytical framework. Preliminary findings indicate that the character of the post-ISIS threat tends to be decentralized, relying on individual radicalization and small cells. While Indonesia prioritizes a counter-radicalization and legal regulatory approach, the Philippines focuses more on large-scale military operations. This study affirms the importance of regional cooperation in strengthening security capacity, as well as the need for more adaptive strategies against the ever-evolving new forms of terrorist threats.

This study examines the universal concept of human rights as fundamental to all individuals. Human rights reflect dignity, equality, autonomy, and legal protection, and must be ensured by the state. Although broadly accepted, continuous education and public awareness—especially for marginalized groups—remain essential. In Gorontalo Province, the Ministry of Law and Human Rights’ Regional Office plays a pivotal role in responding to alleged human rights violations through its Community Communication Services Program, as regulated by Ministerial Regulation No. 23 of 2022. Using an empirical legal approach, the study gathers data through literature reviews, legal documents, and interviews with relevant stakeholders. Findings show that the Regional Office serves as a key constitutional institution promoting access to justice and upholding legal protections. Its activities include handling public complaints, forming investigative teams, and coordinating with law enforcement and legal aid bodies. Legal aid—both state-sponsored (pro deo) and volunteer-based (pro bono)—emerges as a crucial tool for promoting justice, especially for the underprivileged. The structured complaint mechanism under Ministerial Regulation No. 23 of 2022 strengthens the state’s role in ensuring equality before the law and fulfilling its constitutional obligations to protect human dignity and human rights.

Corruption in the disbursement of educational aid funds poses a serious challenge that undermines the effectiveness of education policies in Indonesia, particularly within programs such as the Indonesia Smart Program (PIP) and the Family Hope Program (PKH). Irregularities in fund management, weak supervision, and the lack of transparency and accountability have led to unequal distribution of aid and a decline in the quality of educational services. This study aims to evaluate the impact of anti-corruption policies on the effectiveness of educational fund distribution through a normative approach using secondary data. The findings indicate that the implementation of anti-corruption policies, supported by the digitalization of financial systems, public participation, and institutional reform at the local level, has a significant effect in reducing the misuse of educational funds. However, the effectiveness of these policies heavily depends on political commitment, the capacity of supervisory institutions, and public legal awareness. Therefore, synergy between law, technology, a culture of integrity, and community participation is essential to building clean and equitable education governance in pursuit of Indonesia Emas 2045.  

With the emergence of a vast internet network, the 4.0 industrial revolution is transforming human lifestyles from conventional to modern and impacting various aspects of life, such as culture, social, and economy. The Pulang Pisau District Court uses the e-Court application, which consists of four main features: online case registration (e-filing), fee payment (e-Payment), electronic summons (e-summons), and online conference (e-ligation), launched by the Supreme Court on October 13, 2018. Data collected from various sources in this research were gathered through a qualitative literature study approach. The focus of the research is on how the e-Court application can enhance the efficiency and ease of accessing legal services for the community. The research results show that the electronic court system not only speeds up the legal administration process but also enhances the transparency and accountability of the judicial system. By launching this application, the Supreme Court is making a significant change in the reform of Indonesia's judiciary, making the judicial system cheaper, faster, and simpler for all citizens. It is hoped that the e-Court application can meet the global community's needs to face legal challenges in the digital era.

This research discusses the legal protection for children involved in drug abuse as transaction intermediaries. The main focus of this research is the application of rehabilitation in the juvenile criminal justice system, emphasizing the importance of recovery rather than punishment. This research utilizes the normative literature method and approaches legislation, cases, and conceptual. The decision was analyzed to determine the form of legal protection that can be given to children with drug abuse cases. The findings indicate that Law No. 11/2012 on the Juvenile Criminal Justice System emphasizes that children must receive protection from the investigation stage until the legal process takes place. However, in practice, judges still often impose prison sentences without considering aspects of social and medical rehabilitation. This research recommends that the justice system prioritize rehabilitation to ensure optimal recovery and social reintegration of children, which is in line with child protection theory and restorative justice theory. Keywords: Legal Protection, Children, Rehabilitation  

Paralegals play a crucial role in providing access to justice, particularly in legal aid provision and legal empowerment for communities. In this context, the role of paralegals is essential in bridging the gap in legal access, especially in areas that lack sufficient numbers of advocates. Bubalango Village in Sumalata District, North Gorontalo Regency, faces limitations in access to information and legal understanding, which hinders the community from obtaining the legal assistance they need. Therefore, the Faculty of Law at the University of Gorontalo organized a paralegal training program to enhance the community’s capacity in providing basic legal aid, educating citizens about their rights, and strengthening networking and partnerships with legal institutions and the government. The training includes topics on the Indonesian legal system, citizens' rights, paralegal ethics, and practical skills in drafting legal documents and mediation. It is hoped that this training will strengthen access to justice and build a more inclusive legal system at the village level

This research aims to analyze the mitigation of the risk of exploitation and violence against women Indonesian migrant workers in the informal sector as well as the responsibilities of the government and migrant employment agencies. Using the normative juridical method, this research examines relevant legal norms, such as the Indonesian Migrant Workers Protection Act, to evaluate the protection of women migrant workers' rights. Data is obtained from documentation of primary and secondary legal sources, analyzed using a feminist perspective to understand vulnerability factors and challenges in the feminization of migration. The results show that mitigating the risk of exploitation and violence against women Indonesian migrant workers in the informal sector includes preventive measures, such as pre-departure education, skills training, recruitment agency supervision, and legal empowerment. During the working period, protection is carried out through standardized work contracts, access to social protection, and bilateral cooperation, while post-work, economic and social reintegration is carried out through mentoring and entrepreneurship training. However, weak implementation of regulations, lack of oversight, and sectoral silos exacerbate the vulnerability of women Indonesian migrant workers in the informal sector to exploitation, discrimination, and rights violations. The responsibilities of the government and migrant employment agencies include legal protection at all stages of migration, from pre-departure recruitment, monitoring of working conditions, and post-employment reintegration programs to ensure that women migrant workers receive comprehensive protection through effective enforcement of employment contracts, legal aid, monitoring, and social reintegration. This research recommends improved regulation, pre-departure education, recruitment agency supervision, legal empowerment, and post-worker reintegration to reduce the risk of exploitation and violence against women migrant workers.

The Kei Islands community adheres to the Larvul Ngabal customary law, which governs various aspects of social and economic life. The philosophy of Ain Ni Ain, emphasizing brotherhood and justice, serves as the foundation for Yelim, a mutual aid system for managing social funds within the community. Additionally, the Kei people have implemented cultural accounting practices in recording and managing communal funds, which align with the principles of transparency and accountability in Islamic banking. However, the acceptance of Islamic banking among the Kei people remains a challenge, particularly within a multireligious community. This study is a sociological legal research (Socio-Legal Research) that employs a descriptive qualitative method with an ethnomethodological approach, involving interviews with customary leaders, religious figures, business actors, and the general public. The findings indicate that the values of Ain Ni Ain and Yelim align with Islamic banking principles, particularly in terms of social justice and financial transparency. Moreover, cultural accounting practices in communal fund management reflect an accountability mechanism similar to Islamic accounting standards. Thus, integrating Kei’s indigenous financial system with Islamic banking offers an innovative approach to enhancing financial inclusion in multireligious societies.    

The right to legal aid is a fundamental entitlement of every citizen, aimed at ensuring access to justice, safeguarding human rights, and providing equal opportunities for legal assistance, particularly for those who face economic challenges. In democratic legal systems, legal aid serves as a crucial mechanism to uphold equality before the law and prevent injustices caused by unequal access to legal resources. The state is responsible for guaranteeing that legal aid is available to its citizens, whether through the provision of qualified lawyers or accessible legal aid institutions, to support individuals throughout legal proceedings, both in criminal and civil cases. Legal aid extends beyond the economically disadvantaged, also covering vulnerable groups such as women, children, persons with disabilities, and other marginalized minorities who are often excluded from the judicial process. In this sense, legal aid plays an essential role in ensuring that every citizen’s rights are protected and that legal proceedings are fair and just. Furthermore, in order to ensure that everyone, regardless of social or economic background, receives equitable and unbiased treatment in legal proceedings, the right to legal assistance is essential to bolstering the rule of law.

Tafsir is a term originating from Arabic which means explanation or explanation. In the context of the Islamic religion, tafsir more specifically refers to the explanation of the Al-Qur'an. Scholars or interpreters seek to understand the meaning contained in the verses of the Qur'an, both literally and in deeper meaning, so that they can be applied in everyday life. Tafsir is a science that studies the Al-Qur'an, which is an in-depth science, where experts try to understand the Arabic language of the Al-Qur'an, the historical context of the revelation of the verses, as well as various other relevant aspects to gain a comprehensive understanding. The main goal of tafsir is to understand the meaning contained in the Qur'an. This includes understanding the meaning of words per word, the meaning of sentences, and the meaning of the entire verse or surah. Tafsir is also used to explore Islamic laws originating from the Al-Qur'an. Scholars use tafsir to understand commands, prohibitions, and various other legal provisions contained in the Koran. Tafsir helps Muslims to understand God's messages contained in the Koran, these messages cover various aspects of life, such as creed, worship, muamalah, and morals.  

Currently, the world of education can be said to be facing a crisis of value as the development of the dynamics of community life. The world of education in this era faces complex problems that can hinder the achievement of educational goals. These problems arise either because of internal factors or external factors. This study uses empirical legal research methods that examine how the law works in society. Aspects of the study examined the causes of violence committed by parents to teachers and forms of legal protection for teachers who experience violence. The results found that: (1) the factors that make the perpetrators (parents) abuse the teacher caused by lack of socialization and coordination between the school and the parents. The lack of socialization and coordination makes the perpetrators (parents) angry and emotional so they think of mistreating the teacher. Lack of accurate information that makes parents misunderstand the treatment of teachers to their children while at school that causes parents to start emotions and abuse such as beatings. (2) efforts made as a form of protection against cases of abuse against teachers by parents of students are realized through preventive actions by appealing to the public to immediately report to the authorities in the event of a crime including the crime of abuse by unscrupulous parents of students against teachers in the school environment.Suggestions from this study: (1) it is expected that the government and all related agencies in terms of improving education through schools, it is good to teach teachers with methods adapted to the current global conditions, so that teachers can better answer the challenges of the times in terms of education and the condition of students then and now is very much different. (2) expected for all parties concerned, both the police, legal aid agencies, witness and victim protection institutions of the government and the community to continue to improve cooperation in an integrated manner in tackling the occurrence of crime, especially crime cases of abuse by unscrupulous parents of students against teachers.

Protection and recognition of human rights is the responsibility of the state as a consequence of its status as a country of law. Every individual, including the poor who face legal problems, has the right to receive equal treatment before the law. Access to justice is a fundamental right of every citizen, but the poor often face various obstacles in obtaining legal aid. Legal aid for the poor is guaranteed by the constitution, but its implementation still faces various obstacles. The purpose of writing this journal is to enrich the literature related to the implementation and optimization of legal aid for the poor based on Law Number 16 of 2011 concerning Legal Aid. This study uses a literature study approach by reviewing primary and secondary legal materials and analyzing them through various theories, doctrines, and legal principles. The results of this study are expected to contribute to increasing access to justice for the poor in Indonesia.