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This research aims to develop a transaction data security system on the web-based Pancadaya Waste Bank application by applying a hybrid cryptographic algorithm that combines Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) and Rivest Shamir Adleman (RSA). The problem faced in the previous system is the weak recording and security of customer transaction data, because the process is still carried out manually so that it is prone to recording errors, loss of important information, and potential misuse of data by unauthorized parties. To answer these problems, this study uses the Rapid Application Development (RAD) method which allows the application development process to be carried out quickly, flexibly, structured, and according to user needs. The research method used was a qualitative approach with interview techniques with the management of the Pancadaya Waste Bank and the Environment Office, as well as an in-depth literature study on the application of hybrid cryptographic algorithms in modern information systems. The system is built using the PHP programming language, MySQL database, and OpenSSL library as the main support for the data encryption and decryption process. The implementation of the algorithm is carried out by encrypting transaction data using AES for efficiency and speed, then the AES key is secured through RSA to ensure a higher level of security while preventing illegal access. The test results showed that the system was able to encrypt and decrypt transaction data in real-time, as well as display transaction results in the form of digital notes on deposit and balance withdrawal activities. In addition, performance tests using GTmetrix showed that the application has excellent speed, stability, and processing efficiency, making it feasible to be widely implemented in Pancadaya Waste Bank operations.

The purpose of this study is to describe spelling errors in descriptive texts of grade XI students of SMA Negeri 3 Lhokseumawe. This research method is descriptive qualitative. Data were collected using documentation and note-taking techniques. Data analysis techniques were carried out through several stages, namely collecting data samples and identifying errors, classifying data based on the type of spelling errors, and describing the forms of errors found. The results of the study indicate that many students still make spelling errors, such as errors in capitalization, writing basic words, redundant words, pronouns, prepositions, abbreviations and acronyms, period errors, and comma errors. These errors are caused by students' lack of accuracy and understanding in implementing Indonesian Spelling when writing. In this case, students must be given a better understanding of Indonesian Spelling. To overcome this problem, teachers have an important role in providing more intensive learning related to the implementation of Indonesian Spelling. One effort that can be done is to provide structured writing exercises, accompanied by direct feedback on spelling errors made by students. Furthermore, the use of digital learning media, such as spelling correction apps or interactive writing platforms, can help students improve their writing skills more effectively. With the right learning strategies, it is hoped that students will be able to understand spelling rules in depth and apply them correctly in every writing activity. Furthermore, students' writing skills also need to be honed through more varied activities, such as writing competitions, daily journals, or creative writing projects that require consistent application of spelling rules. Teachers can also implement a peer review method, where students correct each other's writing, thus creating collaborative learning that can increase language awareness.

This corpus-based study explores the acquisition patterns of English modal verbs by Indonesian EFL (English as a Foreign Language) learners through a comprehensive analysis of learner language data. The study utilizes a specialized learner corpus consisting of 2.5 million words drawn from both written and spoken productions of 450 Indonesian learners, covering various proficiency levels. The research focuses on examining the frequency patterns, semantic distributions, and error types associated with modal verb usage across the learner corpus. The study employs a combination of quantitative corpus linguistic methods and qualitative error analysis to uncover developmental trends and persistent difficulties in acquiring English modals. The findings highlight a significant underuse of epistemic modality, which expresses degrees of certainty, and an overreliance on core modals like "can," "will," and "must." Additionally, learners systematically avoid more complex modal constructions that are semantically nuanced and less frequent in their linguistic output. The analysis also reveals notable cross-linguistic influences from Indonesian, particularly in the areas of politeness marking and the expression of certainty. These interference patterns suggest that Indonesian learners may transfer modal expressions from their native language, leading to specific errors in the usage of English modals. Based on the findings, the study proposes a usage-based pedagogical framework that integrates corpus-informed instruction with explicit semantic mapping of modal meanings. This framework encourages teachers to address modal verb acquisition by emphasizing frequency-based approaches, contrastive semantic analysis, and corpus-driven awareness-raising activities. The research suggests that by focusing on the form-meaning-function relationships of modals in authentic contexts, learners can better understand and produce English modals accurately and appropriately. The findings have significant implications for enhancing modal verb instruction in EFL classrooms, especially for Indonesian learners.

This study aims to identify the phonological differences shown by two three-year-old boys, namely Galfin Yasasi Habbika and Muhammad Arkhan Al Hafiz with different family backgrounds in Pangalengan, Bandung, and it analyzed the environmental factors and parental roles that contribute to variations in their phonological acquisition. This Study uses descriptive qualitative method with the data were conducted through video documentation of natural interactions and interviews with the parents of both children. The data collected were 18 utterances from each child which were then analyzed based on phonological aspects to identify error patterns, compensation strategies, and articulation skills. The findings showed that the two children has different phonological development patterns with Galfin showing more conservative phonological strategy by maintaining the original word structure, and people interaction environment from digital medias showing good phonological awarenees in Indonesian language development. While Arkhan showed more active phonological reconstruction by transforming difficult words into more easly produced form with a family environment that often made direct correction to Arkhan’s phonological errors which more stable and consistent phonological structure. Their phonological development was also successfully achieve through a variety of consistent support strategies that were responsive to the child’s emotional state and learning style. The result of this study support Chomsky’s Language Acquisition Device theory, in which both children demonstrated an innate capacity for language learning while showing how environmental triggers activated and shaped this biological predisposition because the children's ability to produce complex phonological structures without explicit instruction supports the nativist perspective on language acquisition.          

This study analyzes the use of non-standard words in a thesis entitled "Effectiveness of Waste Management Based on Reduce, Reuse, Recycle (TPS 3R) Waste Disposal Sites at TPS Jokotole, Barurambat Timur Village, Pademawu District, Pamekasan Regency". The use of language is an essential thing in communicating, both orally and in writing to convey messages and information so that they are conveyed effectively. However, language errors are often found, especially the use of non-standard words, even by someone who has a deep understanding of Indonesian language rules. The use of standard language is very important to avoid misunderstandings, especially in the context of scientific writing such as theses. This research method uses a descriptive qualitative method with data collected then analyzed, classified, and evaluated standard and non-standard vocabulary based on KBBI. The results of this study indicate that many uses of non-standard words include errors in phonology, morphology, use of the preposition "di", punctuation, and non-standard spelling errors, as well as word wasting. These errors are mostly caused by habits, the influence of foreign languages, and a lack of understanding of standard language rules. The research findings highlight the importance of understanding the application of standard language rules in scientific writing to improve the quality of students' writing.  

The ability of students’ writing skills in class VIII is related to the use of spelling (letters). Capitalization) and word selection (meaning) in writing slogan text compositions for students are still lacking. This study aims to analyze errors in the use of Indonesian in writing slogan text compositions for class VIII students at UPTD SMP Negeri 1 Gunungsitoli. This study is a qualitative descriptive study. The data for this study are student worksheets in writing slogan text compositions. The data sources in this study were class VIII-F students at UPTD SMP Negeri 1 Gunungsitoli and one of the Indonesian language teachers. The research instruments were tables of Indonesian language errors in writing slogan text compositions and interviews. Data collection techniques were observation, interviews and written tests. The data analysis technique in this study was reduction. Data, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. Based on the results of the research that has been conducted, the errors in Indonesian language in writing slogan text compositions found 161 errors in the use of Indonesian language in writing slogan text compositions of class VIII-F students including: (1) the use of spelling (capital letters) as many as 31 errors, starting from errors in the placement of capital letters (capital) and placement or use of lower case letters in writing student slogan texts, (2) word selection as many as 72 errors

PT. Gemilang Sejahtera Abadi (GSA) is a company engaged in the oil palm plantation business, which is spread across the East Kutai Regency, precisely in Long Mesangat District. It is still difficult for office admins to monitor plantation results and production results by relying on paper records, via telephone and SMS, making it difficult to understand palm oil production data. The computerized system used when the research was conducted still used Microsoft Excel and Microsoft Word. The purpose of this study was to create a web-based Monitoring Information System Design application for the PT. Gemilang Sejahtera Abadi office admin. The method used is the Waterfall method which consists of 5 stages, namely: communication, planning, modeling, construction and system submission. The system created is web-based using the PHP programming language and MySQL database.The results of the study concluded that the design of the plantation production monitoring system for the office admin can be implemented and is expected to help the office admin in managing harvest data and can reduce errors in the data input process.

The rapid development of information and communication technology has opened up significant opportunities to enhance service efficiency in various fields, including the beauty industry. Soraaya Studio, which offers a range of beauty services, currently still manages appointment scheduling manually. This manual system leads to several challenges, such as difficulties in efficient schedule management, data duplication, recording errors, and disorganization in the service reservation process. Furthermore, communication with customers regarding schedule confirmation becomes less effective. With the increasing number of customers, this manual scheduling system is no longer able to meet the growing complexity of operational needs.To address these issues, a web-based appointment scheduling system has been designed, which is integrated and user-friendly. This system is built using the PHP programming language with a MySQL database and features a responsive interface, making it easily accessible from various devices, including desktops and mobiles. Key functionalities provided include real-time creation, modification, and cancellation of appointments, management of service availability, and automated notifications via email or text messages to customers and studio staff. The implementation of this system aims to improve the accuracy and speed of the scheduling process, reduce manual errors, and facilitate schedule monitoring by management and staff, thereby enabling Soraaya Studio to provide a more professional and satisfying service to its customers.

In the era of increasingly advanced technological development, decision support systems (DSS) play an important role in improving the quality of decision-making in the education sector. The selection staff at SMP Dharma Bakti find it difficult to objectively determine the best academic students because they still use a manual method that is prone to errors. This research aims to design a web-based decision support system that can help selection staff assess and determine their best academic students objectively and quickly. This system is developed using the PHP programming language, MySQL database, LARAVEL 8 framework, and applies the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method within it. This research produces a system that allows the SMP Dharma Bakti Selection Officers to input alternative data, namely student data, determine the weight of criteria and sub-criteria, and view the ranking results automatically, thus greatly facilitating the SMP Dharma Bakti Selection Officers in determining their best academic students.

PT. Surya Cahaya Kembar or known as Cozy Mart aims to improve the delivery process and inventory management by using a web-based warehouse management information system. Companies have difficulty monitoring stock and distribution accurately as their business grows rapidly. The system analysis and software development method used in this research is Agile, which allows quick adjustments to user needs. The system is designed to include delivery tracking, stock management features and reports to assist staff in making decisions. System design uses Unified Modeling Language (UML) which describes system functionality as a whole. Test results show significant improvements in user satisfaction, as well as the speed and accuracy of warehouse management. PT. Surya Cahaya Kembar (Cozy Mart) hopes to reduce operational errors and optimize business processes by implementing this system. This helps the overall growth of the company.

This study investigated pronunciation errors in early childhood when singing the song “Burung Kakatua”. The purpose of this study was to identify, classify and analyze phonological errors that occurred based on the theory of generative phonology. The research method used was descriptive qualitative research with data collection techniques in the form of observation and recording, on four children aged 2-5 years. Based on the results of the study, the most common pronunciation errors were phoneme substitution (pronunciation of consonant /r/ to /l/), omission of consonant clusters, and phoneme errors in polysyllabic words. Phonological analysis revealed that these errors were related to the development of the child’s speech organs and the complexity of sounds in the song. This study contributes to our understanding of language acquisition and phonological development in early childhood and provides educational implications for educators and parents who help children acquire correct pronunciation through song media.

This study aims to describe and analyze various forms of lexical errors found in the observation report texts in Indonesian language textbooks for eighth-grade junior high school students, as well as identify inappropriate diction based on categories such as connotative, denotative, formal, informal, general, specific, and borrowed foreign words. The research utilized a qualitative descriptive linguistic analysis of three authentic and representative observation report texts. The findings indicate numerous lexical errors, including the use of foreign terms without equivalents, redundant synonyms, and words inappropriate for formal or scientific contexts. These errors potentially reduce communication effectiveness, disrupt message clarity, and affect language correctness within the texts. If left uncorrected, such errors may cause ambiguities and hinder students’ comprehension of the reports objectively and accurately. Suggested corrections include selecting precise, specific words aligned with Indonesian language norms and employing neutral, objective language to facilitate student understanding and strengthen the educational value of the textbook. These findings provide valuable references for developing quality teaching materials and enhancing teachers’ and authors’ competencies in crafting effective, standards-compliant texts. This research is expected to offer practical and theoretical benefits, ultimately improving the overall language learning process in educational settings.

This study aims to describe and analyze various forms of lexical errors found in the observation report texts in Indonesian language textbooks for eighth-grade junior high school students, as well as identify inappropriate diction based on categories such as connotative, denotative, formal, informal, general, specific, and borrowed foreign words. The research utilized a qualitative descriptive linguistic analysis of three authentic and representative observation report texts. The findings indicate numerous lexical errors, including the use of foreign terms without equivalents, redundant synonyms, and words inappropriate for formal or scientific contexts. These errors potentially reduce communication effectiveness, disrupt message clarity, and affect language correctness within the texts. If left uncorrected, such errors may cause ambiguities and hinder students’ comprehension of the reports objectively and accurately. Suggested corrections include selecting precise, specific words aligned with Indonesian language norms and employing neutral, objective language to facilitate student understanding and strengthen the educational value of the textbook. These findings provide valuable references for developing quality teaching materials and enhancing teachers’ and authors’ competencies in crafting effective, standards-compliant texts. This research is expected to offer practical and theoretical benefits, ultimately improving the overall language learning process in educational settings.

This research aims to identify and describe various forms of errors in the use of punctuation marks found in fiction and non-fiction texts in Indonesian language textbooks for class VII SMP. The research was carried out with a qualitative descriptive approach using content analysis methods, based on writing rules in Enhanced Indonesian Spelling (EYD V). The results of the research show that the errors that most often appear include the use of commas, quotation marks and hyphens. These errors can cause unclear understanding of correct punctuation rules and indicate a lack of accuracy in Therefore, more attention is needed from writers and curriculum compilers so that the use of language in textbooks remains in accordance with applicable rules.

This research aims to identify and describe various forms of errors in the use of punctuation marks found in fiction and non-fiction texts in Indonesian language textbooks for class VII SMP. The research was carried out with a qualitative descriptive approach using content analysis methods, based on writing rules in Enhanced Indonesian Spelling (EYD V). The results of the research show that the errors that most often appear include the use of commas, quotation marks and hyphens. These errors can cause unclear understanding of correct punctuation rules and indicate a lack of accuracy in Therefore, more attention is needed from writers and curriculum compilers so that the use of language in textbooks remains in accordance with applicable rules.

This study aims to analyze the use of italics and capital letters in the novel Hati Suhita by Khilma Anis based on the General Guidelines for Indonesian Spelling (PUEBI). This study uses a qualitative descriptive approach with text analysis techniques on quotations in the novel that contain italics and capital letters. The results of the study indicate that there are various forms of inconsistencies in the use of italics, especially in words in regional languages ​​(Javanese), foreign terms, and non-standard words that are not italicized as they should be. Meanwhile, errors in the use of capital letters were found in the form of inappropriate capitalization of common nouns, greetings, and after punctuation that does not start a new sentence. Of the total data analyzed, more than half of the quotations showed deviations from applicable spelling rules. These errors have an impact on the clarity of meaning, stylistic nuances, and readers' perceptions of the narrative structure. This study emphasizes the importance of spelling accuracy in literary works, not only as a technical aspect, but also as part of the rhetorical and aesthetic power of the text. These findings are expected to be a reference in editing literary works and teaching Indonesian based on spelling.

This study aims to analyze the use of italics and capital letters in the novel Hati Suhita by Khilma Anis based on the General Guidelines for Indonesian Spelling (PUEBI). This study uses a qualitative descriptive approach with text analysis techniques on quotations in the novel that contain italics and capital letters. The results of the study indicate that there are various forms of inconsistencies in the use of italics, especially in words in regional languages ​​(Javanese), foreign terms, and non-standard words that are not italicized as they should be. Meanwhile, errors in the use of capital letters were found in the form of inappropriate capitalization of common nouns, greetings, and after punctuation that does not start a new sentence. Of the total data analyzed, more than half of the quotations showed deviations from applicable spelling rules. These errors have an impact on the clarity of meaning, stylistic nuances, and readers' perceptions of the narrative structure. This study emphasizes the importance of spelling accuracy in literary works, not only as a technical aspect, but also as part of the rhetorical and aesthetic power of the text. These findings are expected to be a reference in editing literary works and teaching Indonesian based on spelling.

This study aims to identify and analyze syntactic errors made by students in their academic writing. Using a descriptive qualitative approach, this study explores in depth the forms of errors that appear and the general patterns formed in students' sentence structures. Data were obtained from various documents of students' academic writing, such as essays, papers, and observation reports. The results of the study indicate that the dominant syntactic errors include incomplete sentence construction, inappropriate use of conjunctions, the influence of regional languages in sentence structures, inaccuracy in phrase formation, and errors in the structure of subjects, predicates, and objects. These findings reflect students' weak mastery of Indonesian language syntax rules. Therefore, more effective learning strategies are needed, such as the use of discovery-based learning methods and providing direct feedback, to improve students' syntactic competence. Syntactic error analysis not only functions as an evaluation of language skills, but also as a basis for developing contextual and relevant teaching materials.  

Indonesian language has an important role in education, especially in shaping students’ literacy skills through text-based learning. One type of text taught in the Merdeka Curriculum is anecdote text. This study aims to identify and describe the forms of syntactic errors in anecdote texts in the book Cerdas Cergas Berbahasa dan Bersastra Indonesia for SMA / SMK class X. The method used is descriptive qualitative with error analysis approach according to Ellis’ model. The data were collected through listening and note-taking techniques, and analyzed through the stages of identification, classification, and evaluation of errors. The results of the analysis show the existence of various errors, including the use of non-standard words, incorrect word writing, inappropriate diction, excessive word usage, conjunction errors, and punctuation errors. The findings emphasize the importance of improving the quality of language in textbooks, as errors in books can affect students' language skills. Theoretically, this study expands the study of syntactic errors in the narrative text genre. Practically, the results of this study can be a reference for teachers, book writers, and curriculum developers in improving and enhancing the quality of Indonesian teaching materials.

Error checking is a technique for seeing mistakes made by students on the language object path. The aim of this research is to describe the forms of errors and factors that cause errors in the use of the complementary word 出来Chūlái，出去 Chūqù，进来 Jìnlái, 进去Jìnqù among students of the Class of 2021 Mandarin Language Education study program. This research uses descriptive and quantitative research instruments in the form of questions and questionnaires. The theory used in this research is Tarigan's theory. The research data in this study are errors in complementary words obtained from students' written and non-written exam answers. Formation errors were found in the part about filling in gapped sentences, the percentage of incorrect formation errors was 9.09%. Meanwhile, the word incorrectly arranged is found in the part about arranging random sentences into a correct sentence. The percentage of misordering errors is 61,82%. The cause of errors made by students is the lack of mastery of the material regarding the complementary words 出来Chūlái，出去 Chūqù，进来 Jìnlái, 进去Jìnqù as well as the complexity of the sentence structure which is very different from the structure of Indonesian.