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Medical emergency services demand swift and precise action; however, medical personnel are often hindered by the risk of criminalization resulting from unintended outcomes. Although Law Number 17 of 2023 concerning Health mandates the provision of assistance, the regulation has not yet provided explicit criminal protection for good-faith rescuers, thereby triggering the practice of defensive medicine. This study aims to examine the implementation of the Good Samaritan Law (GSL) concept as an alternative legal protection for health workers. The research methods employed are juridical-normative and juridical-empirical, utilizing statutory, comparative, and case approaches. The findings indicate that current regulations, including Article 531 of the Criminal Code (KUHP) and Law No. 17/2023, have limitations as they emphasize the obligation to assist rather than the protection of the rescuer. In comparison, the international GSL concept offers a standard of "limited immunity," which explicitly protects rescuers from civil and criminal liability, provided the actions are performed without gross negligence. The impact of implementing GSL in Indonesia is projected to provide stronger legal certainty than existing regulations, reduce the psychological burden on medical personnel in emergency situations, and encourage social solidarity without the fear of unnecessary lawsuits. The study concludes that the adoption of GSL is an urgent legal reconstruction to ensure the professional protection of health workers in Indonesia.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram-negative bacterium commonly found in the environment and serves as an important indicator of microbiological contamination in cosmetic products. Its ability to survive in low nutrient conditions and its resistance to various preservatives make it a microorganism frequently found in water-based products. Contamination can occur during production, storage, and use, and has the potential to cause irritation or infection, especially in individuals with low immunity. This literature review was compiled based on data searches on PubMed, Elsevier, Google Scholar, and Scopus with inclusion criteria of original studies from 2015 to 2025 that reported the detection of P. aeruginosa in cosmetic products. The results of the review show that P. aeruginosa is not only found in new products but also in used products, mainly due to unhygienic usage practices. Although some products are declared free from contamination, monitoring of the production process and consumer education on how to use and store cosmetics are still necessary. Thus, the detection and control of P. aeruginosa are important aspects in ensuring the safety of cosmetic products on the market.

This article, titled "Parental Participation and Preventive Measures Against Cigarette Smoke Exposure in Early Childhood," aims to describe the impact of cigarette smoke exposure on the health of early childhood and analyze the role of parents in prevention efforts. This research used a literature review method, compiling data from books, journals, research reports, and related academic sources. The results of the study indicate that cigarette smoke exposure can increase the risk of respiratory disorders, reduce immunity, exacerbate asthma, and trigger various chronic diseases in children. These findings confirm that early childhood is the group most vulnerable to the dangers of cigarette smoke, both from active and passive smoking. Furthermore, the discussion demonstrates the central role of parental participation through smoking cessation, the implementation of smoke-free homes, maintaining a clean environment, and ongoing family education. Various strategies, such as evidence-based education and the use of digital media, are also considered effective in raising parental awareness. Therefore, protecting children from cigarette smoke exposure requires family commitment and the support of a healthy environment.

This study aims to analyze the influence of parental roles on fulfilling the nutritional needs of children aged 3–4 years at the Asmaul Husna Daycare (TPA) in Gorontalo. The study used a quantitative design with a cross-sectional approach and involved 60 parents as respondents. The role of parents was measured through their active involvement as educators, motivators, and facilitators in fulfilling children's nutritional needs. The results showed that 80% of children whose parents played an active role had good nutritional status based on normal weight for age and height for age indicators. Conversely, in the group of less active parents, only 36% of children achieved good nutritional status. The Chi-square test showed a significant relationship between parental roles and children's nutritional status (p < 0.05). The table data shows a clear disparity, with 32 well-nourished children coming from the active role group, while 14 children with poor nutritional status came from the passive role group. These findings emphasize the importance of monitoring dietary patterns, providing nutritious supplies, and collaboration between parents and the TPA in reducing the risk of malnutrition and stunting. Furthermore, parental involvement contributes to improved immunity, cognitive development, and the formation of long-term healthy eating habits. This study recommends holding nutrition workshops for parents as part of a sustainable TPA program.

Basic immunization helps to prevent infectious diseases in toddlers. It increases immunity and reduces morbidity and mortality. However, full basic immunization coverage is low in several areas, including the Darul Imarah Health Center, Aceh Besar. Family support is considered one of the influencing factors. This support can be emotional, informational, instrumental, or appraisal. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between family support and the completeness of basic vaccinations for toddlers in the service area of ​​the Darul Imarah Community Health Center in Aceh Besar. This study used a quantitative cross-sectional design. Using a probability random sampling method, the sample size was 90 respondents out of 817 respondents in the population. The research was conducted from May 5th to 24th, 2025. The study used both bivariate and univariate analyses. The data collection was analyzed using the Chi-Square test. The results showed a relationship between family support and toddler immunization completion, with a P-value of 0.003 (p<0.05). The conclusion indicates a relationship between family support and immunization completion. Therefore, this research provides insight for the family's role in improving basic immunization coverage for toddlers. The findings may help the Darul Imarah Health Center and healthcare workers design strategies for socialization and family support to reach complete immunization targets.

Dysregulation of the immune system is associated with many medical conditions, including: Cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer. Most popular model today. In biomedical research, rodents, despite the many advantages they offer, there are also many drawbacks to its use. Recently, another in vivo model, the chicken Embryos and their chorioallantoic membranes are resurfaced for a variety of uses. This model includes cost-effectiveness, time-efficiency, Easier to use. This review describes how to use chicken embryos. As a model for immune-based research because it gradually develops the embryonic immune system, Systems functionally similar to humans. This study examined mainly intended to describbe the immune system of birds, highlighting the differences and similarities with the human immune system A system containing a repertoire of lymphoid tissue, immune cells, and other important functions. A literature search was carried out systematically through the PubMed, NCBI, Google Scholar databases using keywords, namely, “Chicken embryo model, Perspective, Novel and relevant models Immunity, based research”. Based on these keywords, 21350 articles were obtained and 50 articles that meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected. Those helped to describe general in-ovo immune ontogeny. Future studies are suggested to better tailor the use of chicken embryo models for testing carrying out specific experimental hypotheses or preclinical studies.

Based on global reports, there were 247 million malaria cases in 2021, increasing from 245 million cases in 2020. In Indonesia, the Ministry of Health recorded 254,055 malaria cases in 2020. Three provinces—Maluku, Papua, and West Papua—have not yet achieved malaria elimination. Malaria is an acute febrile disease caused by the Plasmodium parasite, transmitted to humans through bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. It remains a significant public health problem due to its impact on morbidity, mortality, and productivity in endemic areas. This study aimed to examine the relationship between nutritional status and malaria incidence among patients in the working area of Senggo Health Center. An analytical descriptive approach with a cross-sectional study design was applied. The study population included all malaria patients examined at Senggo Health Center, Citak Mitak District, Papua, totaling 559 patients in February. A sample of 243 respondents was selected using the Table for Determining Needed Size of a Random Sample. Results showed that most respondents suffered from mild malaria, and the majority had normal nutritional status. Statistical analysis indicated a significant relationship between nutritional status and malaria incidence in the Senggo Health Center area. Respondents with poor nutritional status were more likely to experience malaria with severe symptoms compared to those with normal or good nutritional status. These findings highlight the critical role of nutrition in malaria prevention. Nutritional interventions should be integrated with vector control measures and public health education to reduce malaria incidence and improve community health. Improving nutritional status, particularly in endemic regions, is essential for enhancing immunity, reducing disease severity, and supporting overall malaria control efforts. Nutritional status significantly influences malaria incidence. Public health programs targeting nutritional improvement are necessary to complement existing malaria control strategies, reduce case numbers, and promote better health outcomes in endemic areas.

Fibrosis, oxidative stress, inflammation, and immunity are tightly coupled processes leading to tissue damage and disease progression. Oxidative stress, triggered by reactive oxygen species (ROS), favors inflammation through the activation of pro-inflammatory cytokines as well as immune cells, especially macrophages. Chronic inflammation impedes the mechanisms of repair in tissues, resulting in an excess deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) leading to fibrosis. Immune dysregulation mediated through T cells, B cells, as well as innate immunity also propels the fibrotic pathway. In contrast, fibrotic tissue reinforces oxidative stress and inflammation, forming a vicious cycle that sustains tissue injury and remodeling. Emerging evidence indicates that various molecular pathways are involved in this complex interplay. Key signaling cascades such as transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) play significant roles in amplifying oxidative and inflammatory responses. Dysregulation of antioxidant defense systems, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione peroxidase, further aggravates oxidative stress and enhances tissue vulnerability. Moreover, metabolic alterations within immune cells contribute to the persistence of a pro-fibrotic environment. Activated macrophages, for instance, secrete profibrotic cytokines like interleukin-13 (IL-13) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), while T helper 17 (Th17) cells promote chronic inflammation and tissue remodeling. This intricate cellular cross-talk highlights the importance of immune-metabolic regulation in fibrosis progression. Understanding these interconnected mechanisms offers promising therapeutic opportunities. Targeting oxidative stress with antioxidants, modulating immune responses with biologics, and inhibiting fibrogenic pathways using TGF-β or tyrosine kinase inhibitors are currently being explored in both preclinical and clinical settings. Such interventions hold potential for breaking the vicious cycle of oxidative stress, inflammation, and immunity, ultimately preventing irreversible organ damage and improving clinical outcomes in fibrotic diseases.  

Background: Anemia is a very serious danger because it can interfere with child development, cause decreased immunity, decline in academic ability, and reduce fitness and productivity. Anemia in pregnant women and adolescent girls is caused by various things, including less than optimal consumption of iron tablets, food intake, and the presence of comorbidities. Objective: This study aims to obtain information about the factors that cause the behavior of using iron tablets in adolescent girls at the Youth Posyandu in Semanggi Village, Surakarta City. This study aims to obtain an overview of the extent to which adolescent girls know information about consuming iron tablets, and what their attitudes are towards their use. Method: This study explores the factors that influence adolescent girls in using iron tablets at the Youth Posyandu in Semanggi Village, Surakarta City. The variables studied are the level of knowledge and attitudes. This type of study is an analytical survey with a cross-sectional approach. Data were collected through questionnaires given to adolescent girls who have experienced menstruation. The sampling technique used total sampling with a total of 25 respondents. Data analysis was carried out using the chi-square test to determine significant relationships. Research Results: There is a positive relationship between the level of knowledge (p-value = 0.028) and attitude (p-value = 0.035) with the consumption of iron tablets. Conclusion: Knowledge related to anemia and iron tablets as well as attitudes are factors that influence adolescent girls in consuming iron tablets. Implications: The results of this study indicate the need to continuously improve health education through counseling activities at the Youth Posyandu, schools, and social media. These efforts can strengthen understanding and form a positive attitude of adolescent girls towards the consumption of iron tablets.

Night shift workers in the modern retail sector, especially minimarkets such as Alfamart Makassar City, often face the risk of health problems due to changes in circadian rhythms, irregular diets, and lack of nutrition education. Work patterns that require them to be active at night have an impact on metabolic imbalances, sleep quality disorders, and unhealthy eating habits. Most workers tend to eat fast food that is high in calories, fat, and sugar, but low in fiber and micronutrients. This condition can increase the risk of fatigue, decreased immunity, and impaired concentration at work. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of nutritional nursing interventions in improving the diet and physical condition of night shift workers. The research approach used was descriptive with a case study method on 32 Alfamart workers who worked night shifts. The research was carried out for three days, namely on May 24-26, 2025. The interventions provided include nutrition education through brief counseling, monitoring of food and fluid intake, and assistance in developing a meal schedule that is in accordance with night work patterns. The results of the study showed a significant improvement in nutritional behavior. After the intervention, 84% of participants started implementing a healthy diet with a frequency of twice per shift, 93% increased their water consumption as recommended, and 72% felt refreshed and did not get tired easily while working. In addition, as many as 78% of participants showed high compliance with the nutritional recommendations given. These findings prove that nutritional nursing interventions have an important role in the promotion of occupational health. Proper nutrition education not only increases workers' awareness of the importance of a healthy diet, but also has an impact on increasing the productivity and welfare of night shift workers. Therefore, nutrition promotion programs should be part of the management policies of retail companies to maintain employee health.

The maternal mortality rate (MMR) in Indonesia remains high, with many cases linked to pregnancy complications associated with iron deficiency anemia (IDA). Anemia has widespread effects on women’s reproductive health and child development, including decreased immunity, cognitive impairment, and increased risk of premature birth. One promising nutritional intervention is the consumption of mung bean extract, which is rich in iron. This community service activity aimed to improve public knowledge and skills regarding the benefits of mung bean extract for women's reproductive health and child nutrition. The program involved educational sessions and practical demonstrations delivered to residents in the target area, with active participation from local leaders and community members. The results showed increased awareness and motivation among the participants to consume mung bean extract regularly. The enthusiasm demonstrated by the community indicates the effectiveness of this outreach in raising awareness about the importance of simple nutritional interventions to prevent anemia and improve maternal and child health. It is hoped that this activity can be sustained as a promotive and preventive public health effort.

This paper examines how The Picture Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde marks a critical turn in which he critiques late-Victorian upper-class privilege and moral immunity. While previous scholarship has predominantly analyzed the novel as a moral allegory or aesthetic treatise, this study employs cultural materialism as a theoretical framework to demonstrate how Wilde uses Dorian’s isolation of his portrait and subsequent hedonistic experimentation as symbolic representations of the aristocracy’s ability to shield him from moral and social consequences. Wilde’s text reveals how the English aristocracy could embody ideals of beauty and reap princely treatment while committing debauchery without reproach. Through Culler’s close reading method toward this novel, especially chapters eight and nine, this analysis reveals how Dorian’s act of hiding the portrait symbolizes social denial, while his obsessive aesthetic consumption reflects the practices of the leisure class. This shows that Wilde hints Dorian’s social circle accepts his sensual life simply because his appearance remains unmarred–a commentary on class privilege. By examining the specific textual elements and historical context of—especially—chapters eight and nine of this novel, this study contributes to the understanding of how Wilde’s novel serves as both a product of and commentary on the class structures and moral hypocrisy of late-Victorian England.

Abstract. Background: Slimming drugs, such as phentermine, are widely used for weight reduction but are known to induce oxidative stress, particularly affecting hepatic and renal tissues. Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs), especially those biosynthesized using natural sources like spirulina platensis, have demonstrated promising antioxidant and protective activities in biological systems. Objective: This study aimed to assess the protective effects of selenium nanoparticles synthesized from spirulina platensis extract on renal and hepatic functions in male rats exposed to phentermine induced oxidative stress. Methods: Twenty-six adult male wistar rats were divided into five experimental groups: control group (dosed with water n=5), SeNPs group (dosed with SeNPs n=5), phentermine group (dosed with phentermine n=5), SeNPs then phentermine group (dosed with SeNPs then phentermine n=5), phentermine then SeNPs group (dosed with phentermine then SeNPs n=5). The experiment lasted for 45 days, the measurement of cytokines IL-6, IL-12, TOS and TO-AC. Results: Phentermine administration significantly increased cytokines IL-6, IL-12 indicating marked oxidative stress and immune activation. Treatment with SeNPs alone or in combination with phentermine notably improved these parameters. The group dosed with SeNPs prior to phentermine (SeNPs then phentermine) showed the most prominent protective effects with values approaching those of the control. Conclusions: Selenium nanoparticles from spirulina platensis demonstrated significant protective, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory effects against phentermine induced immune disturbances. These findings support their potential

Immunity to one disease in a child does not mean immunity to other diseases. Immunization is a way to increase a person's immunity, such as when a child is actively fighting a disease in his body. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between husband's support and mothers' attitudes towards immunization of newborns in Denai Sarang Burung Pantai Labu Village in 2023. In this study a cross-sectional technique was used. Cross sectional techniques are used to study the dynamics of the relationship between risk and impact variables by accessing, viewing or collecting data at once. Total population 45. Results of research on the relationship between husband's support and mother's attitude. Implementation of infant immunization in Denai Sarang Burung Village.

Low exclusive breastfeeding rates are often linked to the widespread use of formula milk in infants. Formula feeding cannot replace colostrum, the first milk produced after birth, which is crucial for providing infants with essential nutrients and immunity. Without colostrum, infants are at increased risk of developing diarrhea, septicemia, meningitis, and other serious health complications. Additionally, formula milk may lead to protein intolerance, which often results in allergies among infants. This study aims to identify the factors associated with formula feeding in infants aged 0-6 months. The study employed an analytic observational approach with a cross-sectional design, involving 55 mothers with infants aged 0-6 months. Participants were selected using accidental sampling. Data were analyzed using the Chi-square statistical test. The univariate analysis revealed that the majority of respondents (56.4%) had good knowledge of infant feeding practices, while 30.9% had a junior high school education. Most respondents (76.4%) were not employed, and 56.4% of mothers reported giving formula milk to their infants. The bivariate analysis showed a significant relationship between maternal knowledge and formula feeding practices, but no significant relationship was found between the mother's education level or employment status and the use of formula milk. Based on these findings, it is recommended that healthcare workers play a more active role in providing education, information, and motivation to mothers, helping them understand the benefits and advantages of exclusive breastfeeding. By increasing maternal knowledge and addressing misconceptions, healthcare workers can contribute to improving exclusive breastfeeding rates and reducing the unnecessary use of formula feeding.

Pregnancy is a natural process that many women undergo, but it is often accompanied by discomfort during antenatal visits. One of the most common symptoms during pregnancy is nausea and vomiting, known as emesis gravidarum, which typically occurs in the first trimester. Various natural remedies, such as lime extract, are believed to alleviate these symptoms. Lime, rich in essential limonin, linalool, and flavonoids, offers benefits for pregnant women by potentially relieving nausea and vomiting. Additionally, honey, when consumed during pregnancy, can support overall health and immunity. This study aims to investigate the effect of honey-lime juice (Citrus aurantifolia) on nausea and vomiting in pregnant women with emesis gravidarum at Puskesmas Murung Pudak, Tabalong Regency, South Kalimantan. The research design used a pre-experimental approach with a one-group pre-test post-test method. The intervention was administered for four consecutive days, during which the frequency of nausea and vomiting was measured on the first and fourth days. A purposive sampling technique was applied to select 30 pregnant women as participants. Data were collected through observation using the PUQE (Pregnancy-Unique Quantification of Emesis and Nausea) scoring system. The analysis was conducted using the Paired T-Test, which resulted in a p-value of 0.000, indicating a significant effect with a confidence level of α = 0.05. Therefore, it can be concluded that there is a significant effect of giving honey-lime juice in reducing nausea and vomiting in pregnant women with emesis gravidarum. This finding suggests that honey-lime juice could be an effective natural remedy to alleviate pregnancy-related nausea and vomiting, offering a promising alternative for managing this common pregnancy symptom.

Pregnancy is a natural process that many women undergo, but it is often accompanied by discomfort during antenatal visits. One of the most common symptoms during pregnancy is nausea and vomiting, known as emesis gravidarum, which typically occurs in the first trimester. Various natural remedies, such as lime extract, are believed to alleviate these symptoms. Lime, rich in essential limonin, linalool, and flavonoids, offers benefits for pregnant women by potentially relieving nausea and vomiting. Additionally, honey, when consumed during pregnancy, can support overall health and immunity. This study aims to investigate the effect of honey-lime juice (Citrus aurantifolia) on nausea and vomiting in pregnant women with emesis gravidarum at Puskesmas Murung Pudak, Tabalong Regency, South Kalimantan. The research design used a pre-experimental approach with a one-group pre-test post-test method. The intervention was administered for four consecutive days, during which the frequency of nausea and vomiting was measured on the first and fourth days. A purposive sampling technique was applied to select 30 pregnant women as participants. Data were collected through observation using the PUQE (Pregnancy-Unique Quantification of Emesis and Nausea) scoring system. The analysis was conducted using the Paired T-Test, which resulted in a p-value of 0.000, indicating a significant effect with a confidence level of α = 0.05. Therefore, it can be concluded that there is a significant effect of giving honey-lime juice in reducing nausea and vomiting in pregnant women with emesis gravidarum. This finding suggests that honey-lime juice could be an effective natural remedy to alleviate pregnancy-related nausea and vomiting, offering a promising alternative for managing this common pregnancy symptom.

Low exclusive breastfeeding rates are often linked to the widespread use of formula milk in infants. Formula feeding cannot replace colostrum, the first milk produced after birth, which is crucial for providing infants with essential nutrients and immunity. Without colostrum, infants are at increased risk of developing diarrhea, septicemia, meningitis, and other serious health complications. Additionally, formula milk may lead to protein intolerance, which often results in allergies among infants. This study aims to identify the factors associated with formula feeding in infants aged 0-6 months. The study employed an analytic observational approach with a cross-sectional design, involving 55 mothers with infants aged 0-6 months. Participants were selected using accidental sampling. Data were analyzed using the Chi-square statistical test. The univariate analysis revealed that the majority of respondents (56.4%) had good knowledge of infant feeding practices, while 30.9% had a junior high school education. Most respondents (76.4%) were not employed, and 56.4% of mothers reported giving formula milk to their infants. The bivariate analysis showed a significant relationship between maternal knowledge and formula feeding practices, but no significant relationship was found between the mother's education level or employment status and the use of formula milk. Based on these findings, it is recommended that healthcare workers play a more active role in providing education, information, and motivation to mothers, helping them understand the benefits and advantages of exclusive breastfeeding. By increasing maternal knowledge and addressing misconceptions, healthcare workers can contribute to improving exclusive breastfeeding rates and reducing the unnecessary use of formula feeding.

Background: Exclusive breastfeeding is essential for infant growth, immunity, and overall health. However, many breastfeeding mothers experience difficulties in maintaining exclusive breastfeeding due to improper breastfeeding techniques, low maternal knowledge, and lack of guidance from health workers. Proper application of breastfeeding techniques, including correct latch-on, positioning, and frequency, can improve breastfeeding consistency and prevent early weaning (Sari, 2020; Putri, 2021). Objective: This study aimed to determine the effect of the application of breastfeeding techniques on the consistency of exclusive breastfeeding in breastfeeding mothers at the Dambalo Community Health Center. Methods: A quantitative, pre-experimental study with a one-group pretest-posttest design was conducted. Thirty breastfeeding mothers were selected using purposive sampling based on inclusion criteria, including mothers of infants aged 0–6 months who were willing to participate and had no medical conditions preventing breastfeeding. Results: All 30 participants (100%) applied the recommended breastfeeding techniques after the intervention. Following the intervention, 27 mothers (90%) consistently practiced exclusive breastfeeding, while three mothers (10%) showed partial improvement. Statistical analysis using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test revealed a significant difference in exclusive breastfeeding consistency before and after the intervention (p = 0.000), indicating that the application of proper breastfeeding techniques significantly improved breastfeeding practices. Conclusion: The application of breastfeeding techniques has a significant positive effect on the consistency of exclusive breastfeeding among mothers at the Dambalo Community Health Center. Structured guidance and practical support from health workers, particularly midwives, are essential to improve maternal skills, reinforce proper practices, and ensure the health and growth of infants.

This study analyzes the dialectic of political interests in the recovery of assets from corruption through the Non-Conviction Based Asset Forfeiture (NCB) mechanism. Using a normative legal approach, the study reveals that NCB is a strategic solution to overcome the limitations of the conventional system, especially in cases where perpetrators flee or have immunity, with the potential to increase asset recovery by up to 40%. Findings indicate that political interests are hindering the enactment of the Asset Forfeiture Bill, despite NCB being mandated by the UNCAC 2003 and proven effective internationally. This study recommends accelerating the legislative process for the enactment of the Asset Forfeiture Bill, which could revolutionize the enforcement of criminal law against corruption in Indonesia