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Extraction is a crucial process for obtaining active compounds from natural materials, such as medicinal plants, spices, and other biomass. The success of the extraction process is greatly influenced by the method used, as each method has its own mechanism, efficiency, and yield. This study compared seven commonly used extraction methods: maceration, percolation, infusion, soxhletation, reflux, Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE), and Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE). Based on data collected from various scientific journals, it was found that modern methods such as UAE and MAE are capable of producing higher yields than conventional methods. Furthermore, both methods are more efficient in terms of extraction time and solvent usage, making them more environmentally friendly and suitable for industrial-scale applications. However, conventional methods such as maceration and percolation still play an important role, especially in initial research or in laboratories with limited equipment. For example, maceration is easy to perform, does not require high energy, and is suitable for heat-sensitive materials. Other factors that influence extraction results include the type of solvent, temperature, time, and the characteristics of the natural material itself. Therefore, the choice of extraction method must be tailored to the research objectives, the type of compound to be extracted, and the availability of resources and equipment. Combining several methods can also be considered to improve the efficiency and quality of the extraction results. It should be emphasized that extraction yield is influenced not only by the method, but also by the type of material, solvent, temperature, time, and particle size. Therefore, the choice of extraction method must be tailored to the nature of the material, the type of target compound, as well as the objectives and availability of resources. In some cases, a combination of extraction methods can also be used to increase efficiency and obtain optimal results.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) with Arterial Spin Labeling (ASL) is a non-invasive technique commonly used to assess cerebral perfusion, especially in stroke patients. However, ASL images often suffer from low contrast and high noise, which can hinder diagnostic accuracy in visualizing perfusion areas and detecting ischemic lesions. Image enhancement techniques, such as the unsharp mask, offer a potential solution to improve image quality. The effectiveness of this enhancement depends on the kernel size used in the unsharp mask filter. This study evaluates the impact of different kernel sizes (3×3, 5×5, and 7×7) on the quality of ASL brain images, focusing on both quantitative and qualitative improvements. A total of 63 ASL brain MRI images from stroke patients were processed using unsharp mask filters with the three kernel sizes. Quantitative analysis measured Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) and Contrast-to-Noise Ratio (CNR), while qualitative assessment involved three radiologists independently evaluating five aspects of image quality: perfusion area clarity, grey-white matter contrast, ischemic lesion boundary visibility, noise level, and overall visual quality. Statistical tests, including Friedman and Wilcoxon, were applied to compare results across the kernel sizes. Results revealed that the 3×3 kernel achieved the best results in both quantitative and qualitative assessments, with the highest SNR, CNR, and visual quality scores. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were found between kernel sizes, confirming the superiority of the 3×3 kernel. The 7×7 kernel reduced noise but caused oversmoothing, negatively impacting image sharpness. In conclusion, the 3×3 kernel provides an optimal balance between noise reduction and edge preservation, enhancing ASL brain image quality for stroke diagnosis.

Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is one of the most common oral mucosal diseases, characterized by recurrent and painful ulcerations of the mobile or non-keratinized oral mucosa. These lesions are often found on the tongue, labial, and buccal mucosa. Clinically, RAS is divided into three types: minor, major, and herpetiform. The minor type is the most common and has smaller lesions, while the major type has larger lesions and often leaves scars. The herpetiform type is characterized by numerous small lesions appearing simultaneously. Factors influencing the immunological response in RAS include genetic predisposition, viral and bacterial infections, food allergies, vitamin and microelement deficiencies, systemic diseases, stress, and hormonal disorders. Several studies have shown that these factors can trigger or worsen the occurrence of RAS lesions. In addition, emotional and physical stress can contribute to increasing the frequency or duration of ulceration. A 36-year-old female patient presented with pain on the inside of the lower lip that had lasted for 10 days. An intraoral examination revealed a unilateral, yellowish-white ulcer on the inner lower lip surrounded by a distinct, reddish erythema. The lesion was approximately 2-3 mm in size, single in size, soft in consistency, and symptomatic. Based on these findings, the treatment plan includes a complete blood count (CBC), which measures various blood components, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. This examination is necessary to obtain further information regarding the cause of RAS in this patient. RAS is a multifactorial lesion that can occur in the oral mucosa. Supportive tests such as a complete blood count (CBC) are very useful in establishing the diagnosis and providing further guidance in planning appropriate therapy. Appropriate medication is expected to help the patient recover from complaints and prevent recurrence.   Keywords : Recurrent Apthous Stomatitis, Laboratory, Stress

Loyang Dogan cake is a traditional Indonesian food commonly sold in markets without the use of modern preservation methods, making it susceptible to microbial contamination. This food is often produced and sold in conditions that may affect its quality and safety. Therefore, this study aims to provide a scientific overview of the potential microbial contamination in Loyang Dogan cakes and its benefits as an educational foundation for both producers and consumers regarding the importance of food hygiene. The focus of this research is to identify bacterial colony growth in Loyang Dogan cakes through microbiological culture tests. The method used in this study involves inoculation, starting with the dilution of the sample using sterile solutions, followed by inoculation onto a Nutrient Agar (NA) medium that has been solidified. The samples are then incubated at 37°C for 24 to 48 hours. After the incubation period, the growing colonies are observed and the number and morphological characteristics are recorded. The results show bacterial colony growth in all tested samples, with differences in the number and shape of the colonies depending on the sample source. The bacterial colonies generally appear white, cream, or yellowish, round, smooth, and vary in size. These findings indicate that Loyang Dogan cakes have the potential to be contaminated with microbes during the production and sale process, posing risks to the quality and safety of consumption. Based on the results, it is concluded that improvements in sanitation and food handling practices for traditional products like Loyang Dogan are necessary to ensure their safety for public consumption. Therefore, educating producers and consumers about food hygiene is crucial to raising awareness of the importance of maintaining food quality and safety.

The production of pharmaceutical sterile products requires strict procedures to minimize the risk of microbial, particulate and pyrogen contamination that can be harmful to the user's health. The selection of the right sterilization method is the key to achieving the desired stability of the final product. Filtration sterilization is one of the oldest methods used for pharmaceutical sterile products. There are two types of feed flow in the method, namely through flow filtration and tangential flow filtration. This review article is prepared through literature search and download of national or international journals with inclusion or exclusion criteria that have been set. Literature sources are accessed online from various sites such as Google Scholar and Pubmed in the range of 2014-2024. The keywords used for journal searches are sterilization, through flow filtration, and tangential flow filtration. This review article reviews and compares the two methods to understand the differences, mechanism of action, and research objectives based on the review article on membrane filtration sterilization. This review aims to provide a better insight into the advantages and disadvantages of each membrane filtration sterilization method, as well as guidance in choosing the appropriate method based on the characteristics of the product to be sterilized. The results showed that through flow filtration is more commonly used in small volume and batch processes because of its simple design, but has limitations in reducing membrane fouling. In contrast, tangential flow filtration allows for continuous processing of larger volumes, with the advantage of minimizing particle build-up on the membrane surface, thus extending membrane life. The choice of method is also influenced by factors such as particle size, viscosity of the solution, sensitivity to heat, as well as operating costs. An in-depth understanding of the Working Principle and application of each method is essential for the pharmaceutical industry to ensure the quality, safety and efficiency of the production process. Thus, this review is expected to be a reference for researchers and practitioners in determining the optimal filtration sterilization strategy according to product needs.

Bekasam is a traditional fermented fish product commonly produced in South Sumatra and South Kalimantan, known for its distinctive sour taste resulting from the metabolic activity of lactic acid bacteria (LAB). LAB play a crucial role in the fermentation process, contributing to the product’s flavor, texture, and safety. This study aimed to isolate, identify, and characterize LAB from bekasam made using tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Isolation of bacterial strains was performed using the pour plate method on Nutrient Agar (NA) medium at various serial dilutions to obtain discrete colonies. The colonies were observed macroscopically to assess their morphological characteristics, including shape, size, color, surface texture, and edge profile. Further identification involved Gram staining to determine cell wall type and microscopic morphology. The results revealed that the bacterial colonies were generally small, round, white to cream in color, with smooth surfaces and flat edges. Gram staining demonstrated that the dominant isolates were Gram-positive bacteria, exhibiting rod-shaped or oval morphology. These characteristics are consistent with members of the genus Lactobacillus sp., a common LAB group in fermented fish products. Additional phenotypic traits observed included catalase-negative reactions, absence of spore formation, and the ability to produce lactic acid as the main metabolic end product. The combination of morphological, staining, and basic biochemical characteristics supports the initial identification of the isolates as LAB. The presence of Lactobacillus sp. in bekasam suggests their significant contribution to the fermentation process, influencing the product’s sourness, safety, and preservation. The findings of this study provide a basis for further molecular characterization and potential selection of LAB strains as starter cultures to improve the quality, consistency, and safety of bekasam in traditional and industrial production.

Based on Indonesia's 2021 health profile, the coverage of iron supplementation (IBT) for adolescent girls in Indonesia, North Maluku ranks lowest among all provinces in Indonesia, at 2.1%, and West Sumatra province, at 11.5%, ranks 29th out of 34 provinces. The province with the highest percentage of iron supplementation coverage for adolescent girls (Ministry of Health, 2021). Anemia is a common health problem among adolescent girls. Many adolescent girls still face the dangers of anemia in Padang City. There is a risk of anemia in 193 adolescent girls, according to the Padang City Health Office's screening of grade X female high school, vocational high school, and Islamic high school students in 2021. The Padang Community Health Center's work area has the highest risk of anemia in adolescent girls, namely 96 people and a percentage of 21.91%. Screening conducted at the Padang Community Health Center workplace in 2021 found that SMKN 9 Padang had the highest risk of anemia in adolescent girls with 25 confirmed cases and a percentage of 26.31%. The purpose of this study was to determine the Overview of the Level of Knowledge of Grade X Female Adolescents About Anemia at SMK N 9 Padang City in 2025.This type of research is "analytical descriptive" with a cross-sectional design. This research was conducted in February-March 2025 at SMK Negeri 9 Padang. The population of this study was all grade X students totaling 164 respondents at SMK Negeri 9 Padang. The sampling technique was simple random sampling with a sample size of 63 respondents.The results of the SPSS data processing showed that adolescents had good knowledge (9.5%), sufficient knowledge (25.4%), and insufficient knowledge (65.1%). The information sources were assessed from the internet (88.9%), books (1.6%), family (1.6%), friends (3.2%), and school (4.8%).

The use of office stationery (ATK) plays an important role in supporting the smooth operation and administrative activities of government agencies, particularly the Financial and Development Supervisory Agency (BPKP). As an institution whose primary function is to supervise and evaluate state financial management, BPKP requires adequate logistical support to ensure optimal implementation of its duties. One form of such support is the availability of sufficient, timely, and appropriate ATK. Common problems often encountered in ATK management are overstock, which is excess inventory that leads to wasted budget and storage space, and stockout, which is a shortage of inventory that can hinder work activities. This study aims to control ATK inventory by applying the Min-Max Stock method. This method helps in determining the minimum and maximum inventory limits for each type of ATK, so that procurement of goods can be carried out in a planned and efficient manner. With this approach, agencies can maintain a balance between availability of goods and efficient use of the budget. The results of the study indicate that the application of the Min-Max Stock method in the BPKP environment produces more rational inventory figures. For the type of HVS paper F4 size ATK, the minimum and maximum values are set at 12 reams. Meanwhile, for A4-sized HVS paper, the minimum and maximum values are 72 reams and 98 reams, respectively. For printer ink, the ideal minimum and maximum quantities are 74 and 92 bottles. Meanwhile, BPKP logo folders have a minimum value of 240 sheets and a maximum of 325 sheets. The implementation of this method has a positive impact on the efficiency of the procurement and control process of stationery at BPKP.

Integral equations are essential tools in applied mathematics, with wide-ranging applications in fields such as physics, engineering, and finance. However, solving these equations presents significant challenges, particularly when dealing with complex, high-dimensional, or singular problems. Traditional methods, such as manual analytical techniques or direct numerical approaches, often struggle with computational efficiency, especially for large-scale systems, and may not be suitable for handling ill-conditioned problems. This study aims to develop an efficient numerical method for solving integral equations by combining adaptive quadrature techniques with Python-based iterative solvers. The adaptive quadrature method adjusts the step size dynamically based on error estimates, ensuring high accuracy even in the presence of singularities or near-singularities, which are common in many real-world problems. The iterative solver, based on Krylov subspace methods, enhances computational efficiency by reducing memory usage and improving the convergence speed of the solution. By using these techniques together, the proposed method significantly improves the computational time required to solve large-scale and complex systems of integral equations, while maintaining satisfactory accuracy. The results demonstrate that the adaptive quadrature technique, when combined with the Python-based iterative solver, offers a substantial advantage in both speed and precision compared to traditional methods. The proposed method is especially effective in handling complex, high-dimensional systems and ill-conditioned problems, making it a powerful tool for applied mathematics, physics, and engineering applications. In conclusion, this study presents a robust and efficient approach for solving integral equations, with potential for future research in solving non-linear and multi-dimensional integral equations.

The European Green Deal is the European Union's strategy to reduce the impact of climate change and carry out major reforms in the agricultural sector. However, small and medium-sized farmers are suffering losses due to shift to more environmentally friendly agricultural system, stricter regulations, reduced subsidies, and restrictions on chemical fertilizers. In this journal, it can be seen how EGD policies create economic and social vulnerabilities that could threaten food security and the internal stability of the European Union. The methods used are a qualitative approach and descriptive analysis of the impact of green deal policies, which affect farmers and the general public. Data collection was conducted through a literature review of previous studies related to the impacts of the Green Deal. This journal discusses four key areas, the transformation of Green Deal policies, economic vulnerabilities faced by farmers, emerging social-political resistance, and implications for non-traditional security. The research indicates that while EGD policies aim to address climate threats, their implementation has led to non-security issues. A balance between climate and long-term food security is needed. To address social and economic changes at the domestic and regional levels, this study emphasizes the importance of inclusive and adaptive green transition policies.

Timeliness in financial reporting is a critical aspect for companies as it influences stakeholders’ decision-making. However, in practice, there is often a time gap between the end of the fiscal year and the date the audit report is issued, commonly referred to as audit delay. This study aims to analyze the effect of company size, public accounting firm (PAF) reputation, and audit opinion on audit delay. The research method employed is quantitative with secondary data sources. The sample consists of 89 observations from 16 healthcare sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) during the 2018–2023 period. The analytical technique used in this study is multiple linear regression analysis. The findings show that company size and audit opinion have a negative and significant effect on audit delay, supporting the agency theory applied in this study. Meanwhile, the reputation of the public accounting firm has no significant effect on audit delay, which is not in line with the agency theory.  

The sustainable management of marine ecosystems and fishery resources is a primary goal of the SDGs (Goal 14). Supporting this objective requires the availability of a cold chain network, including ice factories, to preserve the quality and freshness of fish catches. In the southern coastal area of Sukabumi, particularly Ciwaru Village within the Ciletuh National Geopark, the availability of ice factories remains insufficient. Small fishing vessels (<5 GT) in this area require approximately 6 tons of ice per month. This study aims to design the production capacity of a portable mini ice factory to meet the local ice demand. By considering seasonal patterns, fishing volumes, and fluctuating ice needs, the factory is designed to produce around 788–798 tons of ice per year, with an ice storage capacity of 2 tons. The design utilizes 12 kg ice blocks, adjusted to the vessel sizes commonly used by local fishermen employing one-day fishing methods. The planning results indicate that the establishment of this mini ice factory can address the ice supply shortage in Ciwaru, support the maintenance of fish quality, and enhance the economic value of fishermen’s catches.

How well the ergonomic work tool fits the human size determines how comfortable and uncomfortable it is to use it. Determining the suitability of the work tool with the anthropometry of the employees of the Belu District Health Office is the purpose of this study. Descriptive methods combined with quantitative approaches are used in this kind of research. 30 participants are the population and sample used in this study, which includes seven types of chairs and all sampling techniques. The findings of the study showed that, among the staff of the Belu District Health Office, 12 (40%) were male and 18 (60%) were female in terms of anthropometric measurements. The dimensions of the 7 types of chairs used by male employees are categorized as appropriate because the height of the chair legs with the height of the employee's knees are included in the anthropometric measurements. While for female employees, the appropriate one is a computer chair because the height of the chair legs can be adjusted according to the needs of female employees in anthropometric measurements. The most common type of complaint is in the mild category with 17 people (56.7%), the moderate category with 12 people (40%), and the severe category with 1 person (3.3%).

Hypertension is one of the health disorders that can be fatal and is a leading cause of death worldwide, both in developed and developing countries. In Indonesia, hypertension ranks among the top ten causes of death, contributing 5.3%. According to the 2021 Riskesdas, the prevalence of hypertension in Indonesia is 34.1%, with 8.8% diagnosed and 13.3% undiagnosed. Health screening (MCU) results from workers at PT. X in 2023 showed that 13% of 138 workers had hypertension, and in May 2024, the prevalence increased to 20% among 120 workers. Although the increase is not significant, hypertension remains the second most common disease in the top ten list at PT. X in 2024. This study aims to identify factors associated with the occurrence of hypertension among office workers at PT. X in 2024. This is a quantitative study with a cross-sectional design. The sample size used in this study is 90 workers, selected using a system random sampling technique. Data collection was performed using secondary data obtained from the MCU results in 2024. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test, which showed a significant relationship between age (p=0.000), family history (p=0.000), body mass index (BMI) (p=0.000), and stress (p=0.000) with the incidence of hypertension among office workers at PT. X. Based on the findings of this study, it is recommended that the company strengthen its health education efforts for all workers, especially those with a family history of hypertension, and enhance prevention programs by educating healthy lifestyle practices, maintaining an ideal weight according to BMI, and conducting monthly blood pressure checks.

Chamomile flowers (Matricaria chamomilla) are known to have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antipruritic properties that may be beneficial in the treatment of dermatitis, especially in children. Atopic and contact dermatitis are common skin conditions that often cause itching, inflammation, and discomfort. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of chamomile flowers in reducing dermatitis symptoms in children through a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. A literature search was conducted in the PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane Library databases using relevant keywords. The analysis results indicate that topical application of chamomile extract significantly reduces inflammation and itching compared to a placebo and is nearly comparable to mild corticosteroids. However, further studies with larger sample sizes are needed to confirm its effectiveness and safety.

Acne is a common skin problem caused by the accumulation of oil that blocks the hair follicles. Factors contributing to acne include bacterial colonization by Staphylococcus epidermidis and Propionibacterium acnes, increased sebum production, and follicle disturbances. Generally, acne treatment aims to reduce sebum production, address inflammation, decrease bacterial colonization, and improve skin conditions. The commonly used therapies include antibiotics and retinoids, although challenges such as antibiotic resistance and side effects exist. As an alternative, clove (Syzygium aromaticum) contains eugenol, which has antibacterial properties that are effective against the growth of Propionibacterium acnes. A combination of emulsion and gel (emulsisponge) can be a stable and effective formulation for acne treatment. This study aimed to formulate clove leaf oil into an emulsified gel preparation, evaluate the formulation, and test its antibacterial activity. The study began with distillation of clove leaf oil and its formulation into an emulsion gel. Evaluation of the emulsion included organoleptic, homogeneity, pH, viscosity, particle size, skin irritation, and antibacterial activity tests. The results showed that The emulsified gel was white, aromatic, thick, and homogeneous. The emulsion has pH (4.5-6.5), viscosity (6500-9500 mPa.s), and particle size (8.3-14.1 µm), and remains stable for 12 weeks at room temperature, low temperature, and high temperature, without causing skin irritation. Antibacterial test results indicated that the emulsion exhibited a highly active inhibition zone.

Hematoxylin-eosin staining is a crucial technique used in histopathology to differentiate tissue components. One of the steps in this staining is changing the color of the nucleus, which was previously reddish due to the acid solution, to bluish; this step is known as blueing. The bluing agent, lithium carbonate, is commonly used in laboratories but has side effects and low availability. Sodium bicarbonate, also known as baking soda, can be used as an alternative due to its optimal pH, lower toxicity, and availability. This study aims to find out whether baking soda is as effective as lithium carbonate when used as a blueing agent for hematoxylin-eosin staining. The study design used was a true experimental post-test only control group design with a sample size of 32 preparations. Results of preparations using baking soda microscopically had good color uniformity, the nucleus was visible, the cytoplasm was clear, so the boundaries between cells were visible, and no cell lysis was found. In percentage terms, 14 preparations received a score of two (87.5%), two preparations received a score of three (12.5%), followed by a P value of 0.051 after carrying out the Fisher's exact test in bivariate analysis. Based on the results, baking soda is as effective as lithium carbonate, so it can be used as an alternative to bluing agent of hematoxylin-eosin staining.

Background: Hypertensive Disease in Pregnancy (HDK) is a vascular disorder that occurs during pregnancy, arises during pregnancy or in the postpartum periode, and is one of the most common causes of maternal death. Objective: this study was to determine how factors of having a history of hypertension, obesity, and using hormonal birth control impact the incidence of hypertension Disease in pregnancy (HDK). Metodes: the research approach used was analytic observation with a croos sectional design. This study involved 332 pregnant women who come to the Health Center. A sampel random sampling technique, with a sample size of 183 was used. In this study, the independent variables were history of hypertension, obesity, and hormonal birth control use; the incidence of HDK was the dependent variable. Data was collected using a documention study approach with an observation sheets. To analyse the data, a logistic regression statistical test was used with an error rate of α 0.05. The results showed that pregnant women with HDK were exposed to hypertension 45.6%, and hormonal birth control by 36.3%. The result of bivariate analysis of hypertension history with HDK is o.o1 < α 0.05, and the variable of obesity with HDK is 0.024 < α 0.05 and the variable of hormonal birth control history with HDK is 0.21% < α 0.05. The conclusion of the results showed that of the three factors contributing to the incidence of HDK, only the history of hypertension and obesity had a significant influence, with a history of hypertension accounting for 9.9% of HDK cases. Therefore, it is recommended that Strengthing Integrated Antenatal care for increasing the role of mindwives and general practitioners in better screening of pregnant women at risk.

The development of increasingly advanced technology has a major influence on the world of the communications industry and has led to competition between smartphone manufacturers. They compete to produce advantages in products that will be marketed. The number of iPhone users among students has become commonplace, when they buy a product, of course, they do not only see the advantages offered, but they also see the brand they will buy and country of origin, perceived quality and brand image are factors that cannot be underestimated in influencing purchase decisions through customer trust. This research uses quantitative methods with a sample size of 100 respondents. Data sources are primary data and secondary data, primary data obtained from the distribution of questionnaires. This study uses probability sampling with random sampling technique. For the data analysis process using the Smart-PLS version 4.1.0.3 processing tool. Based on the results of research on direct effects, it shows that perceived quality and brand image do not have a significant effect on purchase decisions, while country of origin has a significant effect. The indirect effect shows that customer trust does not mediate the relationship from the influence of country of origin and brand image on purchase decisions, but customer trust is able to mediate the relationship from the influence of perceived quality on purchase decisions.    

Fibroadenoma mammae is a benign breast tumor that occurs due to abnormal proliferation of periductal tissue into the lobules, often found in the upper lateral quadrant area due to the highest distribution of glands in this tissue. FAM is commonly experienced by younger women between the ages of 20-40 years, with a median age of 30 years. The clinical appearance of FAM lumps is typically lobulated, mostly 2-3 cm in diameter, with a firm and mobile consistency, without causing inflammatory reactions, skin dimpling, or nipple retraction. In this case, we report an 18-year-old female patient diagnosed with a breast tumor. The history revealed a lump in the left breast that enlarged within 1 month, initially the size of a marble and growing to the size of a quail egg, occasionally causing pain. On physical examination, the lump was palpable, mobile, without tenderness or signs of malignancy. Ultrasound examination showed signs of a benign tumor.