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The Organization of Islamic Cooperation (“OIC”) seeks to enhance economic collaboration between its member states, as outlined in the OIC Charter. Its key efforts is the Agreement for Promotion, Protection and Guarantee of Investments among OIC Member States (“OIC Investment Agreement”), which provides safeguards for cross-border investments and outlines procedures for resolving disputes between investor-states. Article 17 of the Agreement allows for dispute resolution through conciliation or arbitration. However, the lack of a dedicated dispute resolution body and clear procedural mechanisms has led to uncertainty and differing interpretations, weakening its effectiveness. This article explores the OIC’s role in investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) under the Investment Agreement. It highlights the need for a more structured and permanent mechanism to ensure fair and consistent resolution of ISDS cases, in alignment with the objectives of the OIC Charter.

Background: Structural Health Monitoring plays a critical role in ensuring the safety, reliability, and sustainability of high performance composite structures used in aerospace, civil infrastructure, and mechanical systems. Conventional externally mounted sensors often face challenges related to environmental interference, maintenance complexity, and long term stability. Objective: This study aims to develop and validate an integrated smart composite monitoring system with embedded sensing capabilities that enhances damage detection accuracy and operational durability under varying mechanical stress conditions. Method: Smart composite specimens were fabricated by embedding fiber optic and piezoelectric sensors within fiber reinforced polymer laminates, followed by tensile, fatigue, and vibration testing. Signal processing techniques including time frequency analysis were applied to extract damage sensitive features, which were then classified using machine learning algorithms to distinguish healthy and damaged structural states. Results: The experimental findings demonstrate high damage detection capability, stable sensor performance under cyclic loading, improved reliability compared to conventional monitoring approaches, and consistent monitoring accuracy throughout the fatigue life of the specimens. The integration of embedded sensing and data driven analytics significantly enhances structural response interpretation and supports predictive maintenance strategies.

This study explores the Islamic perspective on Human Rights (HR) through a qualitative approach based on literature review. It emphasizes that the principles of human rights are not foreign to Islamic teachings, but are inherently embedded in the values of Sharia derived from the Qur'an and Hadith. Islam upholds justice, freedom of religion, equality, the right to life, and social and economic welfare. The article also examines contemporary challenges faced by Muslim societies in implementing human rights, such as gender inequality, restrictions on religious freedom, and the marginalization of vulnerable groups, including the LGBT community. The findings reveal that the tensions between Islamic principles and international human rights standards often stem from differing normative foundations and interpretations of individual freedom. Therefore, a contextual reinterpretation (ijtihad) is necessary to ensure that Islamic values remain relevant and responsive to modern global challenges. The study concludes that, when applied wisely and aligned with universal humanitarian values, Islamic teachings hold significant potential to contribute to the development of a just, inclusive, and dignified society.

This study aims to evaluate the implementation of Public Service Standards in inpatient services at Dumai City Regional General Hospital (RSUD) as an important part of the provision of health services to the community. Public service standards are needed to ensure service quality, efficiency, transparency, and public satisfaction as service users. However, in practice, various problems are still found, particularly related to the timeliness of service, clarity of service costs, and the availability of supporting facilities and infrastructure. This study uses a qualitative descriptive approach with research subjects including hospital management, inpatient service staff, and community service users. Data collection was conducted through in-depth interviews, direct observation, and documentation studies to obtain a comprehensive picture of the implementation of public service standards. The data obtained were analyzed using thematic analysis methods through the stages of data transcription, coding, theme identification, theme grouping, and data interpretation. The results of the study indicate that the overall implementation of Public Service Standards in inpatient care at Dumai City Regional General Hospital is in the good category. Indicators of service procedures, service products, and the competence of service providers have been implemented quite optimally, characterized by clear procedures, services that meet patient needs, and friendly and professional staff attitudes. However, the service completion time and cost indicators are still in the fairly good category, which indicates delays in service and limited information regarding costs received by patients. Furthermore, facilities and infrastructure are the indicators that require the most attention, especially regarding the comfort of the waiting room and the completeness of service support equipment. In conclusion, although the standard of public service at the Dumai City Regional Hospital inpatient has been running well, continuous improvement efforts are needed to increase service time efficiency, cost transparency, and the provision of facilities and infrastructure to increase public satisfaction and trust in health services.

This article examines the representation of Islamic culture through historical collections at the Sri Baduga Maharaja Museum in Bandung. It aims to analyze how artifacts such as momolo, Islamic glass paintings, and manuscripts like Serat Yusuf, Babad Banten, and Babad Cirebon reflect the process of Islamization and cultural acculturation in the Sundanese region from the 16th to early 20th century. This study employs historical methods with a qualitative approach, supported by interviews, direct observation, and literature review. The findings reveal that these collections not only hold historical value but also symbolic and educational significance, illustrating how Islamic values were integrated into local cultural frameworks in a peaceful and organic manner. Nevertheless, the curatorial interpretation of Islamic collections still requires improvement to better convey historical narratives and Islamic meanings in a contextual way to visitors.  

This paper investigates various forms of church training for children, highlighting the central role of the family as the primary foundation. Based on a theological interpretation of Job 5:18 and an understanding of the family as a "mini church," this article explores how the family functions as the primary agent in instilling Christian values ​​through education, character education, faith and moral cultivation, and parental role models. In addition, this paper identifies the unique characteristics of children in terms of nature, needs, physical, mental, moral, psycho-social, and faith development that need to be considered in designing effective training strategies. Furthermore, this article outlines the main materials of child training and various implementation strategies that can be applied by churches and families, including increasing Sunday school services, age grouping, dexterity training, utilization of literature, emphasizing God's love and calling, and teaching principles from Proverbs 22:6. This study emphasizes the importance of a deep understanding of children and the development of empathy in the effort to foster the next generation of church members who are faithful and have Christian character.

This article discusses the transformation of the meaning of the altar from Hebrew tradition to modern spiritual life, highlighting the important role of the altar as a symbol of the relationship between humans and God. In Hebrew tradition, the altar serves as a physical altar for offering sacrifices, reflecting the sacrifice, purification, and spiritual commitment of the people of Israel. However, as time has progressed, the meaning of the altar has evolved into a deeper symbol that encompasses spiritual and emotional aspects. In a modern context, the altar is interpreted as a symbol of the human heart, a place where worship and devotion to God are performed wholeheartedly. This article also explores the application of altar values, such as devotion, humility, and service, in everyday life. Additionally, the concept of the altar is connected to universal interpretations that are relevant to various spiritual traditions. The method used in this research is a qualitative method with a literature study approach, involving the collection and analysis of literature and biblical verses related to the altar. Thus, this article aims to provide a deep understanding of the essence of the altar as a spiritual element that remains relevant, universal, and applicable in daily life, while inviting readers to reflect on the application of the altar concept in their lives.

Low financial literacy is caused by several factors. Research related to financial literacy in the Management Study Program of the Islamic University of North Sumatra is still rarely conducted so it is necessary to discuss and analyze what factors can influence financial literacy in the study program. This study uses a descriptive research method with the research approach used by the author is quantitative research. This approach uses a quantitative approach because it uses numbers, starting from data collection, data interpretation, and presentation of results. Based on the significance value (Sig.) in the F test, it can be concluded that the hypothesis is accepted. This means that Age (X1), and Parental Education Level (X2) simultaneously (together) have a significant effect on the Financial Literacy variable (Y). Based on the magnitude of the determination coefficient (R Square) of 0.902 or equal to 90.2%. This figure means that the variables Age (X1), and Parental Education Level (X2) simultaneously (together) influence the Financial Literacy variable (Y) by 90.2%. Management study program students are expected to be able to better understand Financial Literacy because this will be knowledge in the future and is also very important for the role of parents. The Adjusted R Square level reached 89.9% and the remaining 10.1% was influenced by other variables outside this regression equation or variables that were not studied or significant

The Book of Psalms is an important part of the Old Testament worship and theology tradition, reflecting the dynamics of human emotions in their relationship with God. Psalms 146-150 specifically highlight aspects of prayer and praise as expressions of joyful and hopeful faith. This study aims to interpret theologically how these five psalms describe the emotional response of believers to the work and character of God. With an exegetical and biblical theological approach, this study finds that Psalms 146-150 form a climax in the structure of the Book of Psalms, emphasizing the supremacy of praise as the primary form of worship. In addition, this study highlights how the emotional aspects of these psalms function not only as a reflection of individual faith experiences but also as a collective appeal for the community of believers. Thus, Psalms 146-150 emphasize that prayer and praise are the primary means of expressing the relationship between humans and God, while inspiring a spiritual life centered on worship.  

The phrase “Emptying Himself,” by the apostle Paul addressed to the Lord Jesus in Philippians 2:7 can be interpreted in various ways. The phrase can be interpreted that when Jesus was born into the world he was like a human being in general, not divine. It can also be interpreted that Jesus was actually a human being in general who was born with a special mission like the prophets who lived in the Old Testament. The text research on “emptying oneself” is currently one of the important verses in Christian theology regarding Christology, because it describes the action of Jesus Christ who was willing to ‘empty himself’ or what is known as kenosis. The research on the text of Philippians 2:7 will be carried out by analyzing the Greek word kenosis using the literal interpretation method, namely looking for the meaning of the original language of writing, namely Greek. To support the literal interpretation, the researcher will also conduct a contextual, grammatical and historical interpretation study. The research on this text produces meanings including: Jesus gave up His divine attributes without losing the essence of His divinity, in order to become a limited human being and take on the form of a servant. This action not only shows the love and humility of Jesus, who is an example for Christians in everyday life, but also the understanding of the essence of Christ's theology.

International business contracts are the main tool in global trade activities. However, the complexity of laws between countries gives rise to various legal risks that can be detrimental to corporations. In practice, differences in national legal systems, inappropriate choice of law, jurisdictional uncertainty, and differences in interpretation of contract clauses are often the main causes of disputes. Legal risks can also arise due to non-compliance with local laws, changes in government policies, and force majeure conditions that are not adequately anticipated in contracts. This study aims to analyze the types of legal risks in international business contracts and mitigation strategies that can be applied by corporations. This study uses a normative legal approach method with data collection techniques through literature studies of international regulations, doctrines, and practices. The results of the study indicate that differences in legal systems, jurisdictional uncertainty, and force majeure and arbitration clauses are crucial issues that must be anticipated strategically. The application of the principle of prudence in drafting contracts and the selection of appropriate laws and dispute resolution forums are the keys to the success of legal risk mitigation.    

This study aims to determine what types of traditional accessories are worn by Batak Toba brides and grooms during weddings and pre-weddings and to determine the aesthetic value and symbolic meaning of each accessory. This study uses a qualitative method with a descriptive approach. The techniques used in data collection are library studies, observation, interviews, and documentation. Data analysis is carried out by data tabulation, data triangulation, and data interpretation, as well as drawing conclusions. Based on the results of the study, the traditional accessories worn by Batak Toba brides have various types, and the form or style of use depends on the region. Each traditional accessory has an aesthetic value that can be seen from its physical form that can be sensed, such as its unique and attractive shape, color and shape. Each traditional Batak Toba accessory also contains a symbolic meaning that symbolizes prayer, and the hopes of the family and bride in starting a new life.

The scope of pretrial authority is regulated under Article 77 of the Indonesian Criminal Procedure Code (KUHAP), with an extension of authority introduced through the Constitutional Court Decision Number 21/PUU-XII/2014. The evidentiary process in pretrial proceedings is governed by Article 2 paragraphs (2) and (4) of the Supreme Court Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 4 of 2016 concerning the Prohibition of Judicial Review of Pretrial Decisions. However, in practice, petitions for pretrial often address matters beyond this prescribed authority. Moreover, there remains a disparity in judicial reasoning across different judges, particularly with respect to the evaluation of evidence in the determination of a suspect.The legal issues examined in this study are: (1) whether the expansion of the pretrial authority’s scope has led to multiple interpretations among law enforcement officers, and (2) how the evidentiary process in pretrial proceedings aligns with the principle of legal certainty. This thesis employs normative legal research using statutory, conceptual, and case approaches. The findings of this thesis reveal that the expansion of pretrial authority has indeed created multiple interpretations among law enforcement officials, owing to inconsistencies in pretrial decisions that result from judicial discretion. Furthermore, the evidentiary process in pretrial proceedings ought to be limited to the formal aspects of investigative or prosecutorial actions. Nevertheless, certain pretrial rulings have considered the substance and quality of evidence, and even assessed the conduct of the suspect. Such practices undermine legal certainty for justice seekers. Therefore, the Supreme Court should issue more concrete regulations concerning the scope of pretrial and the evidentiary standards applicable in pretrial proceedings.

Based on the Qur'an and Hadith, this study investigates how Islamic teachings prohibit usury. Usury is an economic practice that damages the financial system. This study aims to provide an explanation of the meaning, legal status, and interpretation of the verses of the Qur'an and Hadith related to usury. This study analyzes the concept of usury and its types in contemporary financial transactions using a qualitative descriptive approach and literature study. The results of the study indicate that many communities, including Islamic communities, still do not understand the meaning of usury and its effects. Consequently, comprehensive education is essential to eliminate usury and support the development of a just and sustainable Islamic economic system.

This study examines the relationship between the hadith of H.R. Tirmidzi No. 1232 concerning the prohibition of selling goods that are not yet owned with Article 4 Paragraph (1) of Law No. 21/2008 concerning the intermediary function of Islamic banking in Indonesia. With a descriptive-analytical approach with a juridical-normative method, this study reveals significant gaps in the implementation of regulations. While the hadith provides theological guidelines that require actual ownership before the contract, the fragmented regulatory framework results in inconsistent interpretations by the Sharia Supervisory Board in various institutions. Analysis of SINTA indexed journals shows that many Islamic banking products still contain elements of gharar (uncertainty), especially in murabahah contracts with installment payments. This study identifies three main issues: the limited explicit regulation in the DSN-MUI fatwa regarding hybrid contracts, structural challenges in Indonesia's decentralized regulatory approach compared to Malaysia's centralized model, and the gap between theoretical discourse and practical implementation. To strengthen the synergy between religious principles and regulatory mandates, this study recommends harmonization of the regulatory framework, implementation of intensive training for supervisory boards on the contextual background of related hadiths, and development of integrated compliance audits to assess product consistency with hadith guidance and legal requirements.    

This article explores the meaning of millennials in Revelation 20:1–6 through the lens of amillennialism within the framework of Reformed theology. The millennium—the thousand-year period of Christ's reign—is a central issue in Christian eschatological discussions, giving rise to three main views: premillennialism, postmillennialism, and amillennialism. Using historical-theological hermeneutics as well as the study of literature, this paper examines the symbolic meaning of the book of Revelation and how it has been interpreted throughout the history of the church. The amillennial approach interprets that Christ has reigned spiritually since His resurrection through His presence in the church, and that the millennium is not a literal period in the future, but rather describes the present era of the church. This understanding rejects the view of a literal thousand-year kingdom and focuses on Christ's ongoing work on the world. Therefore, the proper interpretation of millennials influences.

Most people do not know the legal basis for resolving traffic accidents that result in death through restorative justice (peaceful, family). Such a wrong public perception will cause great harm to the government's efforts to develop in the legal field, among other things, it can raise confusing questions. This study is a contribution of researchers' thoughts to participate in solving one of the legal problems that have long occurred in society. The research used is juridical-sociological or empirical research with a legal research approach. This research is an in-depth interview. The data collected are verbal and nonverbal. The conversation is recorded in a notebook or recorded with a tape recorder. The data is processed, analyzed and interpreted in a juridical-descriptive manner to explain or describe the data obtained by providing a logical interpretation and confirmed by the opinions of experts. The results of the study indicate that the causal factors or reasons for peaceful resolution or restorative justice of traffic accident cases resulting in fatalities at the Kupang City Police Resort are public legal awareness, public tendency to prioritize peace and family, and police discretionary authority. The practice of restorative justice resolution of traffic accident cases resulting in fatalities is carried out through the stages of the Approach Stage, Mediation Stage, Agreement Making Stage, Agreement Implementation Stage, and Completion and Case Closed Management.

This study aims to examine the position of the Qur’an as a source of law in Islam with the ushul fiqh approach. The main focus of this study is the exploration of Islamic thought related to the development of Qur’anic law. The method used is a qualitative approach through library studies, where data is collected from primary and secondary sources. The results of the study indicate that the Qur’an has the highest authority in the Islamic legal system, is dynamic, and open to methodological interpretation. Thus. This study reveals that a contextual understanding of the texts of the Qur’an is very important to answer complex legal issues in the contemporary era.

The yellow book is a source of Islamic knowledge that is very important in Islamic religious education, such as in the fields of interpretation, hadith, fiqh, and tasawuf. In the world of Islamic education, Islamic boarding schools are one of the formal education that uses the book as the main reference in finding the material taught. This study aims to find out how students of the Islamic Religious Education (PAI) Masters program at FITK UIN North Sumatra interact with the yellow book. The problems studied are regarding students' understanding of classical sentences, the teaching methods used, and the challenges they face in mastering the yellow book. This study uses qualitative methods, and its analysis techniques are interviews, observations and documentation. The results of the study are a description of the role of the yellow book in Islamic higher education and its contribution to the development of more effective teaching methods. Therefore, it is highly recommended for us to know and understand the contents and meaning of the yellow book, as well as to know the role of the yellow book in the world of education.  

The problem of the legality of the agreement of the deed of debt and credit agreement into buying and selling requires legal certainty so that no one is harmed. Normative legal certainty is when a regulation is made and promulgated with certainty because it regulates clearly and logically. Clear in the sense that it does not cause doubt (multi-interpretation) and logical in the sense that it becomes a system of norms with other norms so that it does not clash or cause norm conflicts. Norm conflict arising from rule uncertainty can take the form of norm contestation, norm reduction or norm distortion. This research approach is descriptive analytical which describes legal events that occur as they are and conveys these conditions according to theory and legislation. The research method used in the research is empirical juridical which analyzes the Bandung District Court Decision Number: 162/PDT.G/2021/PN.BDG regarding the Legality of the Deed of Sale and Purchase Agreement as Collateral for Debt and Credit Due to Legal Defects. The results of this study show that; AJB, which should be a proof of transfer of land rights in a real sale and purchase transaction, in this case is used to guarantee debt repayment. This is a deviation from the function of the AJB, which is legally unjustified because it contradicts the principle of halal causa (Articles 1335 and 1337 of the Civil Code). Therefore, the AJB made does not meet the elements of a valid causa, and therefore can be canceled or even null and void.