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Losing citizenship has significant legal consequences, particularly concerning land ownership rights. According to the Basic Agrarian Law (UUPA) No. 5 of 1960, land ownership is only permitted for Indonesian citizens. Therefore, individuals who lose their citizenship status automatically forfeit their right to own land. This study aims to analyze the legal implications of losing citizenship on land ownership rights and the resolution mechanisms outlined in the UUPA. The research employs a normative legal approach using secondary data sources such as laws and regulations, legal literature, and court decisions. The findings indicate that individuals who lose their citizenship are required to relinquish or transfer their land ownership within one year. If this is not done, the ownership rights will be nullified by law, and the land will revert to the state. This reflects the protection of the principles of nationality and national sovereignty in land control. Therefore, resolving land ownership issues for individuals who lose their citizenship is crucial to balancing individual rights and state interests.

Consumer protection is an important pillar in ensuring fairness and balance in the relationship between business actors and consumers, including for foreign nationals who transact in Indonesia. Economic globalization and digital developments are expanding the range of cross-border economic activities that demand the presence of an inclusive legal protection system that is adaptive to modern trade dynamics. This research aims to analyze consumer protection for foreign nationals in Indonesia through juridical and sociological approaches to understand the implementation of legal norms, the effectiveness of dispute resolution mechanisms, and the social realities faced by foreign consumers in practice. The research method used is normative legal research with a legislative approach and a sociological approach through the analysis of the literature, regulations, and empirical findings from various studies related to cross-border consumer protection. The results of the study show that although normatively Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection guarantees equal rights for all consumers, in practice there are still administrative, cultural, linguistic, and information access obstacles experienced by foreign citizens. These findings affirm the importance of harmonizing consumer protection policies with the principles of global justice, accessibility, and non-discrimination.

This study examines the legal protection provided to holders of Building Use Rights (HGB) on land under Management Rights (HPL) as interpreted in Supreme Court Decision No. 2160 K/Pdt/2017. The research aims to understand how civil law is applied to ensure legal certainty for HGB holders on HPL land and to strengthen insight into civil law principles used in resolving land-rights disputes. In the juridical context, land refers to the earth’s surface, while land rights are defined as authority over a specific, limited portion of that surface. Legal certainty, based on written regulations implementing the Basic Agrarian Law No. 5 of 1960, provides clarity regarding the rights and obligations of parties who own or control land. The study was conducted at the Sragen Police Resort using documentation methods—reviewing legal texts, literature, and supporting materials—along with field data obtained through interviews with relevant officers and individuals familiar with the case. The findings show that the Judex Facti of the West Java High Court made an error by declaring that no new issues required examination without giving adequate legal reasoning. The court also failed to address the objections submitted by the appellant, violating Article 50 paragraph (1) of Law No. 48 of 2009 on Judicial Power. Consequently, the Supreme Court annulled the previous decision, clarifying the legal consequences and strengthening the interpretation of HGB status on HPL land.

The armed conflict between Israel and Palestine, particularly in the Gaza Strip, has caused severe humanitarian impacts and raised strong allegations of violations of International Humanitarian Law (IHL). Israel’s military attacks on civilians, hospitals, and public infrastructure demonstrate breaches of the principles of distinction, proportionality, and humanity as stipulated in the 1949 Geneva Conventions and the 1977 Additional Protocol I. This study aims to analyze the forms of violations committed by Israeli forces and examine their legal accountability under international law and the International Criminal Court (ICC). The research employs a normative juridical method using statutory and case approaches, with primary legal materials from international treaties and secondary materials from academic journals and human rights reports. The findings indicate that Israel’s actions in Gaza constitute grave breaches and war crimes, as they deliberately target civilians and obstruct humanitarian assistance. This study emphasizes the urgency of enforcing international law and ensuring global accountability for perpetrators while encouraging member states of the Rome Statute to support ICC-led investigations into the ongoing violations

This research discusses the effectiveness of the implementation of diversion for children in conflict with the law in the crime of aggravated theft, with a case study at the Surabaya Children Crisis Center (SCCC). The background of the research is based on the importance of protecting children's rights in the criminal justice sistem, in accordance with Law Number 11 of 2012 concerning the Child Criminal Justice Sistem (UU SPPA), which prioritizes restorative justice and the principle of diversion to avoid the negative impact of formal punishment on children. This research uses empirical juridical method with descriptive analysis approach, examining primary data from interviews with legal counsel at SCCC as well as secondary data from related legal literature. The results show that diversion at SCCC has been implemented according to procedures at various stages of the legal process, from investigation, investigation, to trial. However, the implementation still faces obstacles such as the lack of understanding of law enforcement officials, limited human resources at legal aid institutions, and challenges in mediation between offenders and victims. In conclusion, although the implementation of diversion in SCCC is quite effective in protecting children's rights and preventing social stigma, the implementation of diversion in SCCC is not yet effective.

Pancasila, as the foundational ideology of Indonesia, plays a fundamental role in shaping a democratic system and ensuring the protection of human rights based on justice. From Yusril Ihza Mahendra’s perspective, Pancasila is not merely a normative ideology but serves as a political and legal paradigm that integrates the values of divinity, humanity, unity, democracy, and social justice into the practice of governance. According to Yusril, Indonesian democracy cannot be equated with Western liberalism, which emphasizes individual freedom; rather, it is a constitutional democracy grounded in the moral and spiritual foundations of Pancasila. The values of Pancasila position human rights in a balanced relationship between rights and responsibilities, as well as between individual and collective interests of the nation. Thus, democracy and human rights, in Yusril’s view, are integralistic—citizens’ freedoms are directed toward realizing social j  ustice and order in national life. This article aims to examine Yusril Ihza Mahendra’s thoughts on the relationship between Pancasila, democracy, and human rights, and their relevance within the context of Indonesia’s contemporary constitutional system.

The current penal system in Indonesia focuses solely on the punitive nature of sentencing, without considering how to effectively reform the child offender for the better. This research employs a normative juridical method. The litigation process or juvenile justice system has been specifically regulated under Law Number 12 of 2011, which prioritizes the diversion system. In the litigation process, children's rights to grow, develop, and receive education must not be diminished. The educational penal system for children as criminal offenders has been regulated in Law Number 3 of 1997, particularly concerning the sanctions imposed on children as stipulated in Article 24 paragraph (1), which include: returning the child to their parents, guardian, or foster parent; handing over the child to the state to undergo education, coaching, and job training; or handing the child over to the Ministry of Social Affairs or social organizations engaged in education, coaching, and job training. The diversion system implemented in Indonesia differs from the diversion systems applied in other countries, where the system often collaborates with the Ministry of Social Affairs. According to Law Number 12 of 2011, diversion must be prioritized for children in order to prevent psychological harm. Obstacles in implementing educational sentencing or diversion systems for children arise when judges in Indonesia impose sentences rigidly based solely on statutory provisions, without considering the background, the best interests of the child, or the psychological impact of the decision, and without prioritizing justice for the child.

Abortion is prohibited under the Indonesian criminal law system. In fact, it is categorized as a crime against life, regulated by several laws and regulations, including the Criminal Code and the Health Law. Indonesian criminal law defines abortion as "Termination of Pregnancy," which is regulated by Articles 299, 346, 347, 348, and 349 of the Criminal Code. These articles clearly and unequivocally prohibit abortion for any reason, including abortion for emergency (forced) reasons, such as rape. This type of research is normative legal research (normative legal research method). The normative legal research method is a library legal research conducted by examining legal literature materials such as Legislation, Judge's Decisions, Books, Journals, Theses and Legal Dictionaries. The results of the study indicate that (1) The Judge imposed a sentence of 2 (two) years. This seems light and unfair because the defendant's actions should have been given a heavier sentence as stated in the case that the defendant had committed his crimes seven times. (2) The judge's considerations in imposing criminal sanctions in Decision Number 1224/Pid.Sus/PN.Mks, concluded that the judge's decision to sentence the defendant to two years in prison was lenient and did not reflect the sense of justice that should have been upheld. This was because the defendant's actions were classified as a serious crime that had a widespread moral and social impact on society.

Marriage is principally intended to establish a happy and enduring family. However, in practice at Puncak area of Bogor Regency has seen the growth of contract marriage, a practice that often resembles disguised prostitution and may facilitate the exploitation of women. This research aims to analyze the legal position and validity of contract marriage from the perspectives of islamic law and Indonesian positive law, as well as to explain its legal consequences for women and children. This study employs a normative juridical method through an examination of positive law, legal doctrine, and prior research, and applies both a statute approach and a case approach. The findings indicate that contract marriage is a time limited marriage that contradicts the objective of marital permanence under the Marriage Law. In Islamic law, the practice is equated with mut’ah marriage, which is prohibited, and if conducted it is deemed void by operation of law. Under Indonesian positive law, contract marriage is not recognized, and its agreement does not satisfy the legal requirements for a valid contract under Article 1320 of the Civil Code. As a result, women may lose civil rights such as maintenance, inheritance rights, and entitlements to joint marital property, while Out-of-Marriage Children may have a limited civil relationship only with the mother and the mother’s family. Therefore, contract marriage lacks validity under both Islamic law and Indonesian positive law and may generate legal, social, and moral harms, particularly for women and children.

Marriage agreements frequently give rise to juridical issues when intersecting with inheritance law, particularly within the context of second marriages. This study is based on an inheritance dispute examined in the Palangka Raya District Court Decision Number 21/Pdt.G/2022/PN.Plk, wherein the second wife argued the existence of a marriage agreement to annul the inheritance rights of children from the previous marriage. Using a normative juridical method with statutory and case approaches, this research evaluates the agreement’s validity against formal registration requirements and freedom of contract limitations. The findings indicate that the marriage agreement invoked by the defendant was declared invalid and lacked binding legal force due to noncompliance with the formal registration requirements under Article 29 of the Marriage Law and the inclusion of clauses contrary to inheritance provisions in the Civil Code, particularly concerning the rights of children as lawful heirs. Consequently, the disputed property was classified as marital property to be distributed among all heirs in accordance with applicable law. This study affirms that freedom of contract in marriage agreements is limited and cannot override legal protection of legitimate heirs.

The reform of criminal investigation procedures has become a crucial aspect of Indonesia’s criminal justice system renewal, particularly following the enactment of the new Criminal Code, which introduces significant shifts regarding the rights of suspects, investigative authority, and the implementation of due process of law. In an era of rapid digital development, investigative practices must also incorporate the principles of good governance and human rights protection to ensure that state authority is exercised proportionally. This study aims to analyze the relevance of the principles of good governance in modern investigative processes, assess the adequacy of due process guarantees under the current Code of Criminal Procedureand the new Criminal Code, and identify practical challenges in application. Using a normative legal research method through statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches, the study finds that criminal investigations in Indonesia continue to face issues such as normative inconsistency, regulatory disharmony, and weak accountability mechanisms. The integration of the principles of good governance has the potential to strengthen the quality and fairness of investigations, yet requires clearer normative foundations and consistent implementation. Moreover, the new Criminal Code does not fully resolve harmonization issues with Code of Criminal Procedure, making procedural reform an urgent necessity. The findings contribute to the enhancement of suspect protection, professionalism among investigators, and the overall improvement of Indonesia’s criminal justice system.

Cross-national marriages between Indonesian citizens and foreign nationals generate complex legal issues concerning land ownership and citizenship. The Basic Agrarian Law (UUPA) and Citizenship Law No. 12 of 2006 have yet to harmonize their provisions regarding property rights within mixed-nationality marriages. This study aims to analyze the interrelation between land law and citizenship in cross-national marriages and evaluate their legal certainty. The research employs a normative-empirical approach by reviewing statutory regulations, case law, and interviews with land officials. The findings reveal a normative conflict between the prohibition of land ownership by foreign nationals and the constitutional right of Indonesian citizens married to foreigners to acquire joint property rights. Such disharmony leads to legal uncertainty and potential violations of property rights. The study concludes that reforming Indonesia’s land and citizenship law is crucial to accommodate international marriage dynamics and ensure legal certainty for all citizens.

Equality in education and employment is an important foundation for realizing social justice as mandated by Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution. Equality means that every individual has the same rights to access, treatment, and opportunities without discrimination based on gender, religion, ethnicity, social status, or physical condition. In education, equality is realized through equal access to learning facilities, an inclusive curriculum, and equal opportunities for all students to develop. Meanwhile, in the field of employment, equality includes fair opportunities in recruitment, promotion, training, and commensurate income. Education plays a strategic role in building awareness of equality by instilling the values ​​of empathy, tolerance, and social justice. A multicultural approach and inclusive education are key to shaping students who value diversity and reject discrimination. Although various policies have been implemented, such as the Smart Indonesia Card (KIP) and affirmative action programs for marginalized groups, challenges such as socio-economic inequality, discrimination, the digital divide, and weak policy implementation remain major obstacles. Therefore, comprehensive efforts are needed, encompassing policy reform, improving teacher quality, and implementing pluralism-based character education to create a just, inclusive, and equal Indonesian society.

This study aims to describe the nature of children from an Islamic educational perspective. This study uses a library research method by examining various relevant literature, including classical texts, the Qur'an, hadiths, and contemporary scientific works that discuss the concept of children in Islam. The results of the study indicate that children, from an Islamic perspective, have a very noble and strategic position, encompassing six main aspects. First, children are seen as a trust from Allah SWT. Second, children are a potential that needs to be developed. Third, children function as the next generation and bearers of the future of the community. Fourth, children have the right to receive a good and proper education. Fifth, children are positioned as subjects who have rights and roles in social life, not just objects of education. Sixth, children are also a source of happiness and well-being for their families and their surroundings. In the context of Islamic education, there are several methods that can be applied to educate children, including the method of role model, reward and punishment, the story method, and the advice method. These four methods play an important role in shaping children's character, faith, and morals in accordance with Islamic values. Understanding the nature of children in Islamic education is the main basis for building a generation that is faithful, has noble morals, and is responsible for themselves, their families, and society.

The advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology has generated significant benefits while simultaneously creating new opportunities for cyber-based sexual offenses, particularly through deepfake technology, which enables the manipulation of a person's face into pornographic content without consent. This study examines criminal liability for perpetrators of AI-based sexual harassment and legal protection for victims in deepfake pornography cases, focusing on a case involving a student at Udayana University, Bali. This research employs a normative legal method by analyzing primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. The findings indicate that although Indonesian law does not yet explicitly regulate deepfake technology, perpetrators can still be prosecuted under the Electronic Information and Transactions Law, Pornography Law, Sexual Violence Law, and the new Criminal Code. Criminal intent is established through the deliberate manipulation, creation, and dissemination of non- consensual sexual content. Furthermore, victims are entitled to legal protection, including psychological recovery, privacy rights, restitution, and content removal. This study highlights the urgency of developing specific regulations addressing AI-related sexual crimes, enhancing forensic digital capabilities, and strengthening victim-centered protection mechanisms. The research contributes to the legal discourse on emerging digital crimes and emphasizes the need for adaptive legal frameworks in the AI era.  

Digital transformation is reshaping the way economic value is created, exchanged, and governed across borders. This study aims to analyze how digital transformation redefines the paradigm of business law in the era of globalization, as well as the interaction between business law and global regulatory politics in responding to the challenges of the digital economy. A normative legal approach is employed, grounded in the analysis of digital business law regulations within the global political-economic system. Data is collected through literature review of statutory frameworks, international policy instruments, and scholarly works. The findings reveal that digital transformation not only changes how transactions are conducted, but also reconfigures the locus of economic power through the control of data, algorithms, and digital platform infrastructure. Consequently, the legal paradigm shifts from merely regulating market actors’ behavior to designing a digital justice architecture that emphasizes accountability, algorithmic transparency, interoperability, and contestability. At the global level, the interaction between business law and digital regulatory politics reflects ongoing tensions between market openness and data sovereignty producing regulatory pluralism while simultaneously encouraging convergence toward principles of fair, adaptive, and responsive digital governance. This study concludes that business law in the digital era must serve not only as a regulatoryinstrument governing transactions, but as an architect of the global economic order one that safeguards innovative growth without compromising market fairness and fundamental rights, while enabling the strengthening of adaptive national regulatory frameworks aligned with evolving global dynamics.

Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Indonesia often face challenges in protecting their Intellectual Property Rights (IPR), particularly due to limited understanding of trademark, copyright, and product design registration. This lack of legal awareness reduces competitiveness and increases the risk of ownership disputes. This Community Service Program aimed to enhance the legal knowledge and awareness of MSMEs regarding IPR through an interactive counseling activity in Bacang Subdistrict, Pangkal Pinang City. The method included material presentation, interactive discussions, IPR registration simulations, and evaluation using pre-test and post-test. The activity was attended by 25 participants from various business sectors. The results showed a significant improvement in participants’ understanding, as evidenced by the average pre-test score of 43.08 increasing to 77.08 in the post-test, representing a 79% improvement. Beyond knowledge enhancement, participants also demonstrated a shift in mindset, with the majority expressing a commitment to initiate IPR registration steps. These findings confirm that practice-based counseling combined with interactive discussions is effective in increasing MSME legal awareness and supporting the protection of intellectual assets through IPR mechanisms

This abstract summarizes the innovation in land administration services through the implementation of Electronic Land Rights Certificates (e-Certificates) by the Ministry of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning/National Land Agency (ATR/BPN). The policy responds to persistent challenges in conventional land certificate services, including lengthy bureaucratic procedures, limited transparency, and risks of document duplication and forgery. The study focuses on the implementation of e-Certificate services at the Surabaya City Land Office II, aiming to analyze the effectiveness of the innovation, supporting and inhibiting factors, and its impact on public service quality. A descriptive qualitative approach is employed, utilizing Rogers’ Diffusion of Innovation theory (1971) with five key indicators: relative advantage, compatibility, complexity, trialability, and observability. Data collection methods include document analysis, in-depth interviews, and field observation. Findings indicate that the e-Certificate provides significant benefits, such as time efficiency, enhanced data security, and improved transparency. The innovation also aligns with national priorities for digital transformation and bureaucratic reform. However, notable complexity persists due to limited digital literacy among the public and adaptation challenges faced by employees. Limited-scope pilot implementation supports iterative system improvements, while observable outcomes include accelerated services and increased public trust. Key enabling factors consist of strong national policy support, advanced digital infrastructure in Surabaya, and organizational commitment. Conversely, constraints include limited human resources, resistance to organizational change, and data security concerns. Overall, the e-Certificate innovation at the Surabaya City Land Office II has generated new public value through faster, more efficient, and accountable services, establishing a model for advancing digital transformation in land administration across Indonesia.

This training supports the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), specifically SDG 4 (Quality Education), SDG 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth), and SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production). The community service activity follows the UNJ Community Service Strategic Plan (PPM Renstra) 2021–2025, focusing on education and environmental initiatives. A needs analysis conducted at SMAN 1 Muara Gembong, particularly in the school canteen, revealed that many food items sold lacked attention to health and hygiene, and did not optimize local food products. Based on this, training on personal hygiene education for the school community is needed to support school entrepreneurship programs. The training uses a practical approach integrated with digital technology through poster creation. Results showed that participants increased their awareness of health and hygiene, which improved the quality of their entrepreneurial products. The training included material on personal hygiene in entrepreneurship, with educational posters as the output. Evaluation was done using questionnaires, with data analyzed descriptively. Expected outcomes include the publication of an article, mass media exposure, YouTube video, partnership recognition, intellectual property rights registration, educational posters, and a profile of personal hygiene education for the school community in canteen management.

Child exploitation is a serious violation of human rights that involves children as victims. In Indonesia, such cases frequently occur due to severe economic pressure, lack of education, weak social supervision, and inadequate law enforcement. Children are often used as laborers or sources of income, either directly in the informal sector or through digital media. This study aims to examine how the juvenile criminal justice system in Indonesia addresses cases of child exploitation and to evaluate the effectiveness of legal protection for child victims. The research employs a normative juridical approach by referring to statutory regulations and relevant legal concepts. Data were collected from various primary legal sources, including the Child Protection Law and the Juvenile Criminal Justice System Law. The findings indicate that although legal regulations are relatively clear and firm, their implementation in practice remains problematic. Coordination among institutions is not yet effective, social rehabilitation for victims is insufficient, and public awareness regarding children’s rights remains low. Law enforcement also has not fully prioritized the restorative justice approach, which emphasizes victim recovery and active community involvement. Therefore, stronger and more integrated legal policies, improved law enforcement capacity, and the empowerment of families and communities are required to ensure sustainable child protection.