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Nurul Ahwat Rantekata; Muh. Azhar Mubarak

Jurnal Inovasi Pendidikan 2025 Lembaga Pengembangan Kinerja Dosen

This study aims to determine the effectiveness of group counseling services using a behavioral approach through the shaping technique in reducing academic procrastination among postgraduate students at UIN Sunan Kalijaga during online learning. The participants consisted of 22 master’s students from the Interdisciplinary Islamic Studies program, with concentrations in Islamic Guidance and Counseling, Middle Eastern Studies, Library Science, and Islamic Educational Psychology, all of whom demonstrated high levels of procrastination based on questionnaire results. The research employed a quasi-experimental design with a one-group pretest-posttest model. Data were collected using a procrastination scale adapted from the study by Simamora and Letara. The data were analyzed using a non-parametric Paired Sample t-test. The results showed a Sig. (2-tailed) value of 0.000 < 0.05, indicating that group counseling services with a behavioral approach through the shaping technique effectively reduced procrastination among postgraduate students. These findings suggest that through gradual behavioral formation (shaping), students can develop study discipline, enhance academic responsibility, and reduce their tendency to delay academic tasks during online learning. Therefore, behavioral-based group counseling services significantly contribute to improving learning effectiveness among postgraduate students.

Putra Armawan; Glorysha Simbolon; Kholillah Azahra Barus; Raka Ayub Pratama; Dionisius Sihombing +1 more

Jurnal Nuansa : Publikasi Ilmu Manajemen dan Ekonomi Syariah 2025 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Manajemen Kewirausahaan dan Bisnis Indonesia

The development of digital technology has brought significant changes to marketing strategies, including in the Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSME) sector. This study aims to design a digital marketing strategy that can increase sales at Lontong Bang Haji MSMEs in Medan City. The research method uses a case study approach with data collection through interviews, observation, and documentation. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive qualitative methods to describe the marketing practices implemented and the effectiveness of the digital media used. The results of the study show that the use of social media, particularly Instagram and WhatsApp Business, is the most effective strategy for expanding market reach, increasing interaction with consumers, and building brand awareness. The main challenges faced include time constraints, technical knowledge limitations, and digital promotion budgets. However, the integration of offline and online promotions has proven to enhance the competitiveness of SMEs. Thus, a simple yet consistent digital marketing strategy can serve as a practical solution for SMEs to expand their market and drive sales growth.

Kasbijanto, Kasbijanto; Mohammad Syahidul Haq; Amalia, Kaniati; Hazin, Muffarihul

International Journal of Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 2025 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Pendidikan Indonesia

This study is a literature review aimed at evaluating the policy related to the integration of the Basic Education Data (Dapodik) with the online New Student Admissions (PPDB) system in public junior high schools under the auspices of the Bojonegoro Regency Education Office. This integration is considered crucial for building a more open, effective, and accountable education system supported by accurate data. This study examines a number of related literature sources, regulations, and policy documents to explore the challenges, opportunities, and consequences of this policy on the implementation of online PPDB. The results of the study indicate that although the integration of data between Dapodik and online PPDB can strengthen data validity, improve data accuracy, and accelerate the selection process, its implementation still faces technical obstacles, limited human resource capacity, and disparities in facilities across schools. Therefore, it is necessary to improve coordination between relevant parties, strengthen the technical capabilities of school operators, and adapt regulations responsive to local conditions. The results of this study are expected to contribute as considerations in the development of policies for a more integrated and sustainable education system.

Redyantoko Danang Prasetyo; Susantiningrum Susantiningrum; Hery Sawiji

Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi, Administrasi Publik dan Kebijakan Negara 2025 Asosiasi Peneliti Dan Pengajar Ilmu Sosial Indonesia

This study aims to analyze the implementation of public services in the administrative sector at the Batuwarno District Office, Wonogiri Regency. The research employed a descriptive qualitative approach. The data sources in this study include informants, research settings and events, as well as supporting documents. The sampling technique used was snowball sampling. Data were collected through three main methods: interviews, observations, and documentation studies. The validity of the data was tested using four criteria—credibility, confirmability, transferability, and dependability. Data analysis was carried out by applying the interactive analysis model. The results of the study indicate that: (1) the implementation of administrative services at the Batuwarno District Office has not yet been optimal, particularly in terms of facility maintenance and repair, which are essential to support efficient service delivery; (2) the main obstacles encountered include insufficient facility maintenance and a lack of understanding of administrative procedures among both the public and the staff; and (3) efforts undertaken to address these issues include improving coordination with related agencies, implementing the SAMBAT PAK CAMAT and DIK SUKMA programs, providing online administrative services, and distributing informational brochures and pamphlets on administrative services.

Khesyfa Hanan Kinanti; Fadzlul Fadzlul; Beny Rahim

Jurnal Publikasi Ilmu Psikologi. 2025 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Kesehatan Indonesia

Burnout is a psychological issue often faced by Civil Servants (ASN) due to demanding job responsibilities, negatively impacting performance, motivation, job satisfaction, and productivity. Excessive workload is a primary factor contributing to burnout, making it essential to examine their relationship in the governmental context. This study investigates the perception of workload and the level of burnout among civil servants at the National Unity and Political Agency (Kesbangpol) of Jambi Province. Using a quantitative correlational approach, the study involved 65 civil servants selected through purposive sampling. Data were gathered through an online questionnaire consisting of a workload perception scale (30 items) and a burnout scale (22 items). The Pearson Product Moment correlation test with SPSS software was used for data analysis. Descriptive results showed that most respondents reported moderate to high levels for both variables. A correlation coefficient of r = 0.503 with a significance level of p = 0.001 (p < 0.05) indicates a significant positive relationship between workload perception and burnout. This suggests that higher perceived workload increases the likelihood of experiencing burnout. To reduce burnout and maintain optimal performance, balanced workload management, social support, and stress management strategies are essential for civil servants.

Veri Sangap Tua Pasaribu; Rouli Elisabet Naibaho; Ega Grace Nichol Sitindaon; Lisa Dwi Cahaya Nayu; Fadli Agus Triansyah

Jurnal Manajemen Bisnis Era Digital 2025 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Manajemen Kewirausahaan dan Bisnis Indonesia

This study aims to analyze the application of digital marketing through social media at Yuk Ngopi Coffee UMKM in Medan City in facing competition in the digital era. The research method uses a qualitative approach with data collection techniques through in-depth interviews, observation, and documentation studies. The results show that the use of digital platforms, particularly Instagram and TikTok, contributes significantly to increasing brand awareness, consumer engagement, and market expansion. Content strategies that emphasize visual aesthetics, interaction with consumers, and affordable prices are key factors in attracting customers. In addition, the integration of offline experiences in the form of a café atmosphere with online promotions has succeeded in strengthening the brand image. However, the study also found several challenges, including limited human resources, marketing budgets, and the rapidly changing dynamics of social media algorithms. Theoretically, these findings reinforce the relevance of the Integrated Marketing Communication (IMC) model, Customer Relationship Management (CRM), and the concept of Perceived Value in the context of UMKM. This research provides practical implications for businesses to optimize social media as a strategic marketing tool, while balancing digital innovation and real-world consumer experiences.

Natasya Dwi Nanda

Majelis : Jurnal Hukum Indonesia 2025 Asosiasi Peneliti dan Pengajar Ilmu Hukum Indonesia

The licensing of clinics and hospitals is crucial for achieving quality and equitable healthcare in Indonesia. The legal framework, including the 2009 Health Law and the 2020 Omnibus Law, has introduced a risk-based approach via the Online Single Submission (OSS) system to streamline the process. However, significant challenges remain. These include bureaucratic complexity, inconsistent regional regulations due to autonomy, lack of data integration between institutions, and high accreditation costs. These barriers particularly hinder small investors and limit the distribution of healthcare facilities in remote areas. Recent reforms, such as the National Digital Public Service Mall (MPP Digital), aim to address these issues by reducing licensing time to under one hour, thereby boosting transparency and efficiency. Despite this progress, unresolved issues concerning patient data privacy, the uneven distribution of medical personnel, and conflicting environmental regulations still need harmonization. To foster inclusive investment and support the 2030 Universal Health Coverage (UHC) goals, this research proposes key solutions: implementing fiscal incentives, adopting AI technology for verification, and strengthening public-private partnerships. With these targeted reforms, the licensing system can become a powerful driver for better healthcare access and sectoral growth.

Santi Wilujeng; Heru Sutapa; Indah Yuni Astuti

Maeswara : Jurnal Riset Ilmu Manajemen dan Kewirausahaan 2025 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Manajemen Kewirausahaan dan Bisnis Indonesia

This research is motivated by the importance of improving employee performance in the public sector, particularly at the Department of Education of Kediri City, which faces challenges related to work discipline, workload, and the phenomenon of cyberloafing. The study aims to analyze the influence of work discipline, workload, and cyberloafing on employee performance. A quantitative research method was employed, with data collected through questionnaires distributed to 69 respondents. The data were analyzed using multiple linear regression tests to determine both partial and simultaneous effects. The results indicate that, partially, work discipline and workload have a significant influence on employee performance, while cyberloafing has no significant effect. Simultaneously, all three variables have a joint impact on performance. These findings suggest that effective management of employee discipline and workload can enhance performance levels, whereas controlling cyberloafing behavior helps maintain productivity and work focus. Practically, this research contributes to the formulation of strategic human resource policies that can increase efficiency, optimize task distribution, and reduce unproductive online behavior among government employees.

Fransiska, Chiva; Ayuanti, Rafikhein Novia; Saputra, Beny Mahyudi

Jurnal Ekonomi, Bisnis dan Manajemen (EBISMEN) 2025 FEB Universitas Maritim Semarang

This study aims to analyze the effect of price, green knowledge, and electronic word of mouth (eWOM) on purchase intention toward electric bicycles in Kediri City. A quantitative approach with a causal-comparative design was employed. Data were collected through an online questionnaire involving 112 respondents familiar with electric vehicle concepts, using purposive sampling. The validity and reliability tests confirmed that all research instruments were valid and reliable. Data analysis was performed using multiple linear regression with SPSS version 26. The results reveal that all independent variables have a positive and significant effect on purchase intention, with an R² value of 0.893. Among them, eWOM has the most dominant influence compared to price and green knowledge. These findings indicate that reasonable price perception, adequate environmental knowledge, and positive online reviews simultaneously enhance consumers’ purchase intention for electric bicycles. This study supports the Theory of Planned Behavior in explaining eco-friendly purchasing behavior and provides strategic implications for companies to apply value-based pricing, environmental education campaigns, and effective digital promotion strategies.

Cindi Amalia Hapsari; Mohammad Djamil M Nur; Arda Arda

Akhlak : Jurnal Pendidikan Agama Islam dan Filsafat 2025 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Pendidikan Agama dan Filsafat Indonesia

This study aims to analyze the influence of the use of gadgets on the reading interest of students at SMAN 1 Tolitoli. The background of this research departs from the phenomenon of declining students' interest in reading in the digital era, where students spend more time using gadgets for entertainment such as social media, online games, and watching videos than reading books or lesson literature. The low number of visits to school libraries, which only increased before the exam, is a major indicator of the weakening of the literacy culture among students. This study uses a quantitative approach with data collection techniques through observation, questionnaires, and documentation. Data analysis was carried out by normality test, t-test, and determination coefficient (R²) to determine the magnitude of the influence of gadgets on reading interest. The results of the study show that there is a significant influence between the use of gadgets on students' reading interest. The tcalculated value of 4,028 > ttable 1,655 indicates that H₀ is rejected and Hₐ is accepted. The use of gadgets contributed 9.8% to the reading interest of students at SMAN 1 Tolitoli, while the rest was influenced by other factors such as family environment, learning motivation, and support for literacy facilities at school.

Pramesti, Wida Desi Arika; Aqmala, Diana; Kadarningsih, Ana; Oktoriza, Linda Ayu

Jurnal Manajemen Sosial Ekonomi 2025 LPPM Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Ekonomi - Studi Ekonomi Modern

This research investigates the impact of influencer marketing, brand awareness, and product quality on consumers' decisions to purchase Wardah lip cream. Employing a quantitative method, data was gathered through an online questionnaire filled out by 100 participants who are actual users of the product. The data was then analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) through the SmartPLS 4 software. Based on the analysis, influencer marketing was found to have a positive and statistically significant effect on purchase decisions. In contrast, brand awareness did not demonstrate a meaningful influence in this context. Among the variables studied, product quality emerged as the most influential and statistically significant factor, indicating that consumers prioritize product performance when deciding to make a purchase. The model's explanatory power is shown by an R-square value of 0.645, meaning that 64.5% of the variation in purchasing decisions can be explained by the three variables combined. Furthermore, the Q² Predict score of 0.620 indicates that the model is highly predictive and reliable in understanding consumer behavior. Overall, product quality plays a crucial role in shaping consumer choices regarding Wardah lip cream, surpassing the effects of brand familiarity or promotional efforts through influencers

Ahsan Nadya; Salman Shiddiq; Gusmaneli Gusmaneli

Al-Tarbiyah: Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan Islam 2025 STAI YPIQ BAUBAU, SULAWESI TENGGARA

In education in the 4.0 era, teachers should pay attention to the strategies used in the learning process and also the technology coverage that helps to facilitate the application of learning so that the learning goals formulated are well achieved. Interactive learning strategies can support learning processes with the use of technology as a learning medium. In this paper, the author uses the study of literature (Library Research) by collecting data from various sources such as books, scientific journals, dissertations, and online sources related to the effectiveness of the use of technology in enhancing interactive learning strategies. Conclusion The interactive learning strategy is an approach that encourages students to think critically, share opinions, and conduct research on their own questions. The use of media and technology, such as video and animation, can also improve learning effectiveness. Video enables students to understand material better, while animation can arouse students' interest in learning.

Eris Kusmawati; Maharani Rahma

Jurnal Ekonomi, Akuntansi, dan Perpajakan 2025 Asosiasi Riset Ekonomi dan Akuntansi Indonesia

The younger generation born in the digital age has great potential to support tax collection. However, the low level of tax compliance among the younger generation is a major concern, especially in the digital age, where the use of online tax services is not yet optimal, tax literacy is still limited, and a lack of socialization is an obstacle to utilizing digital services. This study aims to analyze the influence of preferences for digital tax services and tax literacy on tax compliance among the younger generation at the Majalaya Tax Office. The study uses a quantitative approach with surveys as the data collection method. The sample consists of young taxpayers registered at the Majalaya Tax Office, and the data is analyzed using linear regression to test the partial and simultaneous effects of independent variables on tax compliance. The results show that digitalization preferences have a positive and significant effect on tax compliance, indicating that younger generations who are more responsive to digital services tend to be more compliant. Tax literacy also has a positive and significant effect, showing that a sufficient understanding of tax rights, obligations, and regulations encourages compliance. Simultaneously, the combination of digitalization preferences and tax literacy significantly affects tax compliance, with a coefficient of determination of 0.438, meaning that 43.8% of the variation in compliance can be explained by these two variables. The findings of this study emphasize the importance of integrating easy access to digital services and improved tax literacy to encourage tax compliance among the younger generation.

Annisya Syarifuddin; La Ode Muhamad Sety; Mubarak Mubarak

Akhlak : Jurnal Pendidikan Agama Islam dan Filsafat 2025 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Pendidikan Agama dan Filsafat Indonesia

Rabies is a deadly disease transmitted through animal bites, especially dogs, and is still a serious threat in Indonesia. As of April 2023, more than 31,000 bite cases have been recorded, with Southeast Sulawesi being the region with the highest cases. In Kendari City, data shows that bite cases have fluctuated since 2018. Research objectives: To develop a prediction model for rabies prevention measures to enforce an EWS in high school students in Kendari City. Research methods: Cross-sectional quantitative research, involving 350 students from three sub-districts (Baruga, Poasia, and Kadia) with independent variables in the form of knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs, and the dependent variable in the form of rabies prevention measures. Data were collected in February 2025 through a hybrid/online questionnaire. Research results: Knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs have a significant effect on rabies prevention measures in high school students in Kendari City. Knowledge is the most dominant factor (p = 0.000; Odds Ratio (B) = 8.747), followed by attitude (Odds Ratio (B) = 5.725) and belief (Odds Ratio (B) = 2.545). Students with good knowledge are 8.7 times more likely to take rabies prevention. If the three variables are at a low level, the probability of rabies prevention actions among students is 14.4%, but it increases significantly to 95.6% when all three variables are at a good level. Research Conclusion: There is a significant influence of knowledge, attitude, and belief on rabies prevention behavior to support the EWS among high school students in Kendari City in 2025. The probability of engaging in preventive behavior is 14.4% when all three variables are at a low level, but it increases significantly to 95.6% when all variables are at a high level. Knowledge contributes the most, while attitude and belief synergistically strengthen the overall effect.

Petrus J. Darus; Vinsensius Aprila Kore Dima; Lidia Lali Momo

Mars: Jurnal Teknik Mesin, Industri, Elektro Dan Ilmu Komputer 2025 Asosiasi Riset Teknik Elektro dan Informatika Indonesia

The rapid development of digital technology has significantly transformed commercial activities, particularly through the emergence of marketplaces as platforms for online transactions. The vast number of products available in a marketplace often creates difficulties for users in finding items that suit their needs and preferences. To address this challenge, a recommendation system is required to provide personalized and relevant product suggestions. This study discusses the implementation of a product recommendation system in a marketplace using the Collaborative Filtering method. This method works by leveraging information from users’ previous behavior, such as purchase history, ratings, and similarity of preferences with other users, to generate more accurate product recommendations. The Collaborative Filtering approach has proven effective in identifying user preference patterns based on relationships between users as well as between items. This study employs user interaction data such as ratings and shopping activities as the processing foundation. The process involves data collection, preprocessing, calculation of similarity between users or products, and generating recommendation lists. The results indicate that this method enhances the shopping experience by providing relevant product suggestions tailored to user interests, thereby increasing customer satisfaction and potentially improving sales performance in the marketplace. Thus, the application of a Collaborative Filtering-based recommendation system not only simplifies product discovery for users but also offers strategic advantages for marketplace operators in digital business competition

Pandu Sotyo Yugho Kuswanto; Sekartaji Anisa Putri

Konsensus : Jurnal Ilmu Pertahanan, Hukum dan Ilmu Komunikasi 2025 Asosiasi Peneliti Dan Pengajar Ilmu Sosial Indonesia

Environmental issues are becoming increasingly urgent, particularly the worsening clean water crisis, which requires effective mass communication to raise awareness and encourage community involvement. Social media has emerged as a strategic platform for disseminating information and promoting environmental actions. PandawaraGroup, a dedicated TikTok account focusing on environmental issues, utilizes persuasive communication to encourage positive actions. This study aims to examine the influence of persuasive communication by the @PandawaraGroup TikTok account on followers’ interest in participating in social actions. The research employed a quantitative method with data collected through an online questionnaire (Google Form) distributed to 100 respondents who are followers of the account. Data analysis was conducted using simple linear regression along with descriptive tests, validity, reliability, and dimensional analysis. The findings reveal that persuasive communication from @PandawaraGroup has a moderate influence on followers’ interest in engaging in social actions. Based on these results, the study suggests that @PandawaraGroup should strengthen follower engagement through active interactions, such as responding to comments and direct messages, as well as organizing regular Q&A or discussion sessions. Furthermore, diversifying content with creative approaches is essential to maintain audience interest and relevance. These strategies are expected to enhance the effectiveness of @PandawaraGroup in promoting environmental awareness and public participation.

Dinanti, Augis; Muchtar, Irfan Zaky; Gultom, Jonatan Rio; Hutabarat, Aldrik Bastio

Teknik: Jurnal Ilmu Teknik dan Informatika 2025 LPPM Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Ekonomi - Studi Ekonomi Modern

This study designs and implements Bank Jali, a web-based bank queue system that applies a queue data structure with the First In First Out (FIFO) principle to improve service efficiency. The research and development method includes requirement analysis, design, implementation, testing, and evaluation. The application is built with HTML, CSS, and JavaScript, storing queue data temporarily through localStorage so the entire process runs client-side without a dedicated server. Key features include online queue registration, digital ticket generation, real-time status monitoring with waiting-time estimation, and an admin dashboard for managing teller and customer service queues. Testing shows the system operates reliably, processes queues according to FIFO, and provides a practical, lightweight user experience across devices.

Hapni Laila Siregar; Diana Puspita Ayu; Hanifah Hanum; May Sartika; Silvia Annur Hasibuan

Jurnal Riset Rumpun Ilmu Ekonomi 2025 Lembaga Pengembangan Kinerja Dosen

The purpose of this research is to examine how Medan State University students' financial management is affected by the widespread practice of online gambling.  The increasingly accessible online gambling phenomena has led to a number of issues, particularly with regard to the personal financial situation of students.  60 students were chosen as a sample for this study, which used a quantitative approach with a survey methodology.  With the use of SPSS 25 software and basic linear regression, data analysis was completed. The purpose of this research is to examine how Medan State University students' financial management is affected by the widespread practice of online gambling.  The increasingly accessible online gambling phenomena has led to a number of issues, particularly with regard to the personal financial situation of students.  60 students were chosen as a sample for this study, which used a quantitative approach with a survey methodology.  With the use of SPSS 25 software and basic linear regression, data analysis was completed.

Rosmini Rosmini; Arifin Sahaka; Ahmad Abdul Mutalib

International Journal of Islamic and Economic Education 2025 International Forum of Researchers and Lecturers

This study examines and analyzes the strategies of mosques as a medium for empowering the community's economy in the city of Watampone. The main focus of the research is to identify the types of strategies implemented by mosques, the challenges faced in carrying out economic programs, and to formulate effective strategies for improving community welfare based on mosque-centered initiatives.The research method used is qualitative descriptive, with data collected through interviews, observations, and documentation of four main mosques in Watampone City: Masjid Agung al-Malkaz al-Ma’arif, Masjid Nurul Hamirah, Masjid Tua Al-Mujahidin, and Masjid Songko’ Recca. The findings reveal that mosques in Watampone have implemented two strategic approaches to economic empowerment: offline (physical) and online (digital). (1) Offline strategies are carried out through the utilization of physical assets such as hall rentals, the establishment of business units, and the organization of social and educational activities.(2) Online strategies are still limited to the use of QRIS for donations and da'wah media, and have not yet extended to digital economic empowerment such as sharia-based marketplaces or online training platforms. In practice, mosques utilize several Islamic economic contracts, including ijarah, muḍarabah, and wakalah. The implementation of these empowerment programs faces several internal and external challenges. This study formulates six effective strategies to address these challenges. These findings are expected to serve as strategic recommendations for mosque administrators, government institutions, and the broader community in enhancing the role of mosques as centers of community economic empowerment.

Resga, Arie; Nurhasanah, Nina

KOMPAK : Jurnal Ilmiah Komputerisasi Akuntansi 2025 Universitas Sains dan Teknologi Komputer

This study aims to examine the influence of servant leadership (SL) on perceived organizational support (POS), job satisfaction (JS), job embeddedness (JE), and turnover intentions (TI) among private bank employees in West Jakarta. The research is motivated by the high turnover rate in the banking industry, despite organizational efforts to strengthen leadership and employee support. A total of 154 employees participated by completing an online Likert-scale questionnaire, and the data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling–Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS) with SmartPLS 4.1.0.9. The findings reveal that SL positively and significantly influences POS (β=0.667), JS (β=0.585), and JE (β=0.579). Furthermore, POS (β=−0.328), JE (β=−0.386), and JS (β=−0.220) significantly and negatively affect TI. Predictive relevance is supported with Q² values ranging from 0.283 to 0.604, while model fit testing using SRMR yielded 0.050 (saturated) and 0.127 (estimated). Bootstrapping was conducted with 5,000 resamples, two-tailed testing, bias-corrected accelerated (BCa), and 95% confidence intervals. Theoretically, this research strengthens the literature by demonstrating that SL enhances workplace relationships through improved POS, JS, and JE, which subsequently reduces turnover intentions. Practically, the findings provide implications for banking management to adopt servant leadership as a strategic approach to employee retention. Nevertheless, despite high levels of POS, JS, and JE, some respondents still report turnover intentions, indicating the presence of unmodeled external factors such as career opportunities, workload, or industry dynamics. This study is limited by its cross-sectional design and one-time self-report measurement; thus, generalizations and causal inferences should be made with caution.