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This paper analyzes the relevance of the Frankfurt School’s Critical Theory in shaping public policy in Indonesia’s trade sector, particularly in the context of implementing Law Number 7 of 2014 on Trade. Using key concepts of Critical Theory—such as alienation, reification, instrumental rationality, and emancipation—this study evaluates how the structure of modern political economy can generate social inequality, the marginalization of small business actors, and the dominance of market-driven logic in national trade practices. A thematic analysis approach based on a literature review is employed to examine relevant scholarly works, including theories from Adorno, Horkheimer, Habermas, and contemporary critical theorists. The findings indicate that trade policies tend to be technocratic, efficiency-oriented, and insufficiently reflective of economic democracy, social justice, and empowerment principles for grassroots economic actors as mandated by the constitution. Such conditions reproduce structural injustices, particularly for MSMEs, which are often marginalized within a competitive trade system dominated by large capital. Therefore, more inclusive, participatory policy designs that are sensitive to structural inequalities are urgently needed. This study concludes that Critical Theory serves as a robust conceptual framework for analyzing power relations within the trade sector while also offering a transformative direction for policy development. Strengthening deliberative public spheres, enhancing MSME protection, and transforming power relations are essential steps toward achieving trade policies that are fairer, more humanistic, and emancipatory.

Monopoli Jamaah Berkah is an educational game designed to help students understand the concepts of togetherness, cooperation, and religious values through play. The background for the creation of this game stems from the need for more interesting, interactive, and easy-to-understand learning media, especially for material related to congregations and daily religious activities. This study aims to explain the game development process, how the game works, and how it can increase student engagement and understanding. The method used is simple development research through observation of needs, creating a preliminary game design, and testing the game on a small group of students. The test results show that this game encourages students to be more active, easily understand the concepts, and be more enthusiastic about learning. In addition, the competitive elements and rules of the game proved to help students work together while continuing to learn in a fun atmosphere. In conclusion, “Monopoli Jamaah Berkah” is worthy of being used as an alternative learning medium because it is able to combine educational and entertainment elements in a balanced manner, making learning more lively and meaningful.

This community service addresses the critical struggle of students at SMP Taruna Islam Al-Kautsar (SMP TI Al-Kautsar) to understand the major psychological and emotional changes during adolescence. This lack of clarity often led to confusion and challenges in self-adjustment, pointing out a significant gap in the school's existing guidance support. The main goal was to solve this by creating and implementing an Integrative Mentoring Model (IMM). This model directly explained their developmental stages using three key psychological frameworks: Kohnstamm, Oswald Kroh, and Jean Piaget. We followed a hands-on Participatory Action Research (PAR) method, where 50 adolescent students actively joined six specialized, interactive workshops and group coaching sessions over two weeks. The activity showed clear success, as students displayed much stronger self-awareness regarding their cognitive and emotional growth after the program. They reported increased confidence and began using the developmental theories to better understand their peers and manage their own changes. The IMM effectively translated complex academic concepts into practical life knowledge. This success confirms the IMM as a valuable, theory-backed framework for enhancing student well-being and adaptation in other religious educational settings.

This study aims to describe the implementation of the Find Someone Who cooperative learning model in increasing fifth-grade students' learning interest in science. The implementation of this model provides an active and enjoyable learning experience through questioning, movement, and discussion activities that enable students to engage in meaningful social interactions. This involvement makes students more enthusiastic about participating in learning and helps them understand concepts better. In addition, the Find Someone Who model encourages collaborative knowledge construction, so students can build conceptual understanding through cooperation and communication. Increasing student interest and participation is one of the important factors that encourages improving the quality of the science learning process in the classroom. This study examines the contribution of the Find Someone Who cooperative learning model to improving fifth-grade students' interest and learning outcomes in science. The results showed an increase in learning completion from 54% in cycle I to 92% in cycle II, which was influenced by collaborative activities that helped students build a more structured understanding of concepts. Through social interaction, information exchange, and cooperation during learning, students were able to strengthen their understanding and develop communication skills. Although its implementation requires good time management and clear instructions, this model still has a positive influence when applied in a targeted and consistent manner. These findings indicate that collaborative learning through the Find Someone Who approach can enrich the science learning process in elementary schools.

This article examines the conceot of knowledge (ilmu) within the Islamic perspective, which holds a highliy privileged position, ranking second only to the word Tauhid (Monotheism) in Islamic teachings. his paper employs a Library Research methodology (kajian pustaka). his approach involves the assimilation, study, and in-depth analysis of various readings utilized by the author. he presence of knowledge and education profoundly influences the development of human life concepts. In the Qur'an, the word "ilmu" (knowledge/science), in its various forms, in Quran, testifying to the distinctiveness of humans as caliphs on earth. Literally, "ilmu" is defined as knowing or to know, while technically it means understanding the reality of something or the rule governing it. The ultimate source of knowledge is Allah SWT. The process of teaching knowledge from Allah can be direct (revelation/inspiration or wahyu/ilham) or indirect (through the medium of natural phenomena He created). Knowledge acquisition can be achieved through several approaches, including: practice (pengamalan), experience (pengalaman), rational (rasional using intellect/reason), emotional, and habituation (pembiasaan). Islamic scholars have classified knowledge based on its object of study and source. For instance, Ibn Sina categorized knowledge into three types: al-‘ilm al-ilahi (divine and metaphysical knowledge), al-ilm al-riyahi (mathematics), and il-‘ilm tabi’I (natural sciences). Al-Ghazali classified it into ilmu shariah and ilmu gayr al-shari’ah, which aligns with Ibn Khaldun’s division of ilmu naql (transmitted knowledge) and ilmu aqal (intellectual knowledge). This division is based on the object of study, not meant to be contradictory.

Schools play a strategic role in fostering an understanding of entrepreneurship from an early age to equip students to face future challenges. Strengthening entrepreneurial concepts is necessary to build knowledge and an adaptive mindset relevant to the dynamics of the workplace and everyday life. This Community Service (PkM) activity, conducted at Muhammadiyah Bontomarannu High School, aimed to foster students' entrepreneurial spirit through practical logo creation using the Canva app, as an effort to foster a culture of innovation within the school environment. The program was implemented in the odd semester and included a method that included explaining basic entrepreneurial concepts through presentations, educational YouTube videos, explanations of digital business opportunities, and hands-on practice in product logo creation. Nineteen students from grades 10, 11, and 12 participated in this activity. The results showed that students were able to understand the concepts of creativity and innovation more concretely. They also developed critical thinking and creative problem-solving skills through the logo design process using digital applications on mobile devices. These findings reflect the developing adaptive, creative, and solution-oriented abilities of Muhammadiyah Bontomarannu High School students. Overall, this activity is an initial step in instilling an entrepreneurial mindset while strengthening a culture of innovation within the school environment and in daily life.

Student engagement plays a pivotal role in determining the effectiveness of Islamic Religious Education (IRE), particularly in moral education that seeks to internalize ethical values and shape students’ character. However, empirical evidence from elementary school contexts indicates that low levels of engagement often hinder meaningful learning outcomes. This study examines the issue of limited student engagement in IRE learning on Morality in Daily Social Interaction and its implications for students’ conceptual understanding. Employing a descriptive qualitative approach, data were collected through classroom observations, semi-structured interviews, and document analysis at SDN 38 Bonto Perak, Pangkep Regency. The findings reveal that low student engagement is primarily associated with teacher-centered instructional practices, limited use of learning media, and insufficient variation in instructional stimuli, resulting in superficial understanding of moral concepts. To address these challenges, this study proposes two integrated instructional strategies. The first is a constructivist approach through the implementation of the Jigsaw Cooperative Learning model, which facilitates active participation, peer interaction, and collaborative knowledge construction. The second is a behaviorist approach through the application of positive reinforcement and varied instructional stimuli, including verbal praise, simple rewards, visual media, and context-based narratives relevant to students’ daily experiences. These strategies are expected to enhance students’ cognitive, affective, and behavioral engagement, thereby strengthening conceptual understanding and supporting the internalization of moral values in IRE learning. This study contributes to pedagogical discourse by offering a contextual instructional framework for improving student engagement in elementary-level moral education

The transformation of history learning in the context of 21st-century education aims to prepare students to face the challenges of an increasingly complex and dynamic world. The concept of 21st-century learning emphasizes the development of critical, collaborative, and creative skills, which are highly relevant to studying history. History learning in the 21st century must include a more interactive approach, utilizing technology as a tool to deliver historical material in a more engaging and relevant manner. Through innovative models such as project-based learning and inquiry learning, students can be more actively involved in the learning process, not only receiving information but also developing the ability to analyze, evaluate, and draw conclusions from various historical sources. Technology supports the creation of more engaging learning experiences, such as the use of multimedia, simulations, and other digital resources. Furthermore, teachers play a role as facilitators, helping students build historical awareness, guiding them in seeking information, and developing critical thinking skills. However, the implementation of this learning model faces various challenges, such as limited technological infrastructure and a lack of teacher training. Therefore, efforts are needed to strengthen teacher competencies and adapt the curriculum to be more adaptive to changing times.

Guidance and Counseling services have a strategic role in supporting students’ holistic development, including academic, social, emotional, and moral aspects. However, in practical implementation, counseling services in schools still show a gap between theoretical ideal concepts and real field practices. This study aims to analyze the role of school counselors in the implementation of Guidance and Counseling services at MTs Ibnu Sina Karawang, focusing on the counselor’s role, teacher-student interaction patterns, supporting factors, and challenges faced during implementation. This research employed a qualitative approach through semi-structured interviews with the school principal, teachers, and selected students. The findings show that the counselor plays multiple roles, namely as a disciplinary guide, personal counselor, moral educator, and facilitator of religious character strengthening. The interaction between counselors and students is carried out through humanistic, empathetic and communicative approaches. Supporting factors include strong collaboration among teachers, principals, homeroom teachers, and religious-based school activities. Meanwhile, several obstacles are found such as limited number of counselors, lack of students’ comprehensive understanding about BK functions, limited time allocation, and negative stigma that counseling services are only for problematic students. This research emphasizes the need for strengthening counseling literacy and transforming services into more preventive, developmental, collaborative, and continuously progressive student-oriented programs.

Entrepreneurship training is crucial for enhancing students' understanding and motivation in facing the evolving business world. This community service activity aims to strengthen students' entrepreneurial knowledge and motivation through interactive discussions and business practice simulations. The methods used included pre- and post-tests to measure changes in knowledge and motivation among 30 participating students. The results showed a significant improvement in the cognitive aspect, with the average student knowledge score increasing from 3.5 to 8.3. Furthermore, the motivational aspect also experienced a significant increase, from an average of 25.43 to 43.36, indicating a positive impact of the applied learning model. Overall, this training proved effective in improving students' readiness to understand business concepts and fostering an internal drive for entrepreneurship. Therefore, the interactive discussion model is recommended as a strategy for strengthening entrepreneurship in higher education environments, to provide practical experience while simultaneously increasing students' motivation for entrepreneurship.

Compliance with local tax and retribution payments plays a crucial role in increasing Regional Own-Source Revenue (PAD). However, low fiscal literacy and limited effectiveness of existing socialization programs remain major obstacles to achieving optimal revenue targets. This community service program aims to enhance the knowledge and capacity of officers at the Regional Revenue Agency (Bapenda) of Southeast Sulawesi Province in implementing more effective, persuasive, and adaptive socialization strategies. The methods used include direct observation, interviews, document analysis, material presentation, and interactive discussions. The results indicate that the socialization activities improved officers' understanding of tax literacy concepts, fiscal communication, and technology-based educational strategies. Additionally, the findings reveal that low public literacy, limited use of digital media, and varying public perceptions of fiscal transparency significantly influence taxpayer compliance. This program produced practical educational materials and strategic recommendations that can be sustainably implemented by Bapenda. Overall, the activity contributes positively to strengthening the agency’s internal capacity and refining socialization strategies to enhance taxpayer compliance and support optimal local revenue collection.

Compliance with local tax and retribution payments plays a crucial role in increasing Regional Own-Source Revenue (PAD). However, low fiscal literacy and limited effectiveness of existing socialization programs remain major obstacles to achieving optimal revenue targets. This community service program aims to enhance the knowledge and capacity of officers at the Regional Revenue Agency (Bapenda) of Southeast Sulawesi Province in implementing more effective, persuasive, and adaptive socialization strategies. The methods used include direct observation, interviews, document analysis, material presentation, and interactive discussions. The results indicate that the socialization activities improved officers' understanding of tax literacy concepts, fiscal communication, and technology-based educational strategies. Additionally, the findings reveal that low public literacy, limited use of digital media, and varying public perceptions of fiscal transparency significantly influence taxpayer compliance. This program produced practical educational materials and strategic recommendations that can be sustainably implemented by Bapenda. Overall, the activity contributes positively to strengthening the agency’s internal capacity and refining socialization strategies to enhance taxpayer compliance and support optimal local revenue collection.

Entrepreneurship training is crucial for enhancing students' understanding and motivation in facing the evolving business world. This community service activity aims to strengthen students' entrepreneurial knowledge and motivation through interactive discussions and business practice simulations. The methods used included pre- and post-tests to measure changes in knowledge and motivation among 30 participating students. The results showed a significant improvement in the cognitive aspect, with the average student knowledge score increasing from 3.5 to 8.3. Furthermore, the motivational aspect also experienced a significant increase, from an average of 25.43 to 43.36, indicating a positive impact of the applied learning model. Overall, this training proved effective in improving students' readiness to understand business concepts and fostering an internal drive for entrepreneurship. Therefore, the interactive discussion model is recommended as a strategy for strengthening entrepreneurship in higher education environments, to provide practical experience while simultaneously increasing students' motivation for entrepreneurship.

This study examines the convergence between classical Islamic philosophy and contemporary digital theory, emphasizing how foundational Islamic concepts can respond to social fragmentation in post-digital Muslim societies. As digital technologies increasingly mediate religious learning, identity formation, and communal interaction, Muslim communities face growing challenges, including the weakening of social bonds and the decentralization of religious authority. Online platforms encourage individualized interpretations of faith and pluralistic expressions of religiosity, which, while expanding participation, often contribute to fragmented identities and diminished communal cohesion.Drawing upon core classical concepts such as ummah (community), akhlaq (ethics), and asabiyya (social solidarity), this research argues that Islamic intellectual heritage offers a normative framework capable of addressing these disruptions. These concepts underscore collective responsibility, moral discipline, and the cultivation of shared values as the foundation of a stable and just society. Using a qualitative approach grounded in textual analysis of classical Islamic scholarship and contemporary digital sociology, the study recontextualizes these principles within present-day digital environments.The findings suggest that adapting traditional values to online engagement can strengthen ethical conduct, mutual accountability, and constructive dialogue in virtual spaces. The notion of a “cyber ummah” further illustrates how transnational digital networks may foster solidarity across geographic and ideological boundaries. Ultimately, this study affirms the continuing relevance of classical Islamic philosophy in guiding the development of an inclusive, morally grounded, and socially cohesive digital society.

Café retrorika is one of the cafes located in Batu City, Malang, which adopts a green marketing concept with a unique aesthetic touch, combining the concepts of “Retro” and “Eco-friendly”, where almost all of the café’s furniture and decorations are made from recycled materials, such as old windows, used motorcycle tanks, gas cylinders and rims, which are transformed into high-art decorative elements. Awareness of the importance of sustainable business is growing, including in the culinary sector. Cafes and restaurants now compete not only in terms of taste and service but also in their commitment to environmentally friendly concepts. Moreover, today’s consumers are increasingly selective in choosing places to eat that support local products, use environmentally friendly materials, and strive to reduce plastic waste. This is one of the reasons for building cafes with different concepts, as done by the owner and founder of Retrorika café. This study uses a qualitative approach with a case study research type. Data collection techniques include participant observation, interviews and documentation. The result show that Retrorika café was built based on the personal idealism of its owner as a green movement activist, rather than market calculations. The café’s “Retro” identity serves as physical evidence of sustainability practice through the use of used furniture while also creating a nostalgic experience. Its marketing strategy focuses on education through the Re-dukaci program, Retrorika goes to Halokes and Sa-Si-Su as an effort to prove the authenticity of green practices and mitigate greenwashing. These results can be concluded that the founder’s passion shapes the Green Corporate Identity and becomes a source of sustainable competitive advantage that is difficult to imitate.

This study explores how Islamic epistemology can address the fragmentation and ethical challenges in contemporary Muslim societies. By emphasizing the integration of divine revelation and human reason, Islamic epistemology offers a balanced framework for intellectual and spiritual development. The core principles of mīzān (balance), maqāṣid al-sharīʿah (higher objectives of Islamic law), and tawhid (divine unity) form the foundation of Islamic ethical thought, guiding individuals and communities toward social harmony and moral responsibility. The study highlights how these principles can be applied to modern issues such as social justice, environmental sustainability, and the erosion of communal values. Through a comparative analysis, the research contrasts Islamic epistemology with Western ethical frameworks that prioritize individual autonomy, showing how Islamic approaches promote communal accountability and social cohesion. Empirical research, including surveys and interviews, reveals that Muslim communities view Islamic epistemology as a valuable tool for addressing contemporary ethical dilemmas and fostering unity. By revisiting classical Islamic scholars like Al-Farabi, Ibn Sina, and Al-Ghazali, the study provides a theoretical foundation for applying Islamic knowledge to modern day challenges. Additionally, the research examines how the principles of moral agency and personal responsibility in Islamic thought offer solutions to the weakening of ethical conduct in contemporary societies. The study concludes by recommending further research into the practical implementation of Islamic epistemological concepts in governance, education, and social structures to promote ethical and social reform. Integrating Islamic wisdom with modern ethical challenges can offer significant contributions to fostering a more harmonious, just, and ethically responsible global society.

Community service activities through Scouting training for the Pandega Scouts of Poltekkes Kemenkes Surabaya and Racana Universitas Brawijaya aim to equip the younger generation with leadership skills, character development, and social-ecological awareness. This program involved two main activities, namely the Basic Scout Leader Course (KMD) organized by Universitas Brawijaya at Pusdiklatcab Kota Malang and a canoeing training held in Jung Kwatu, Mojokerto. The methods employed combined theory and practice, using an interactive, participatory, and experiential approach. The evaluation of the training results showed a significant improvement in participants' understanding of scouting concepts, leadership skills, and environmental conservation awareness. Furthermore, the program successfully strengthened inter-institutional collaboration and empowered the local community through ecotourism potential. This program is expected to contribute to the development of a generation that is more socially and environmentally conscious and to strengthen the position of Scouting as a key institution in character-building for the nation.

The innovation of learning-based instructional videos holds great potential to enhance interaction during the learning process. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of using learning-based videos compared to traditional teaching methods. Using a qualitative approach with classroom action research (CAR), data were collected from 91 students across two schools through questionnaires and direct observation. The findings reveal that video usage not only enhances students’ learning motivation but also fosters active engagement in class discussions. Visually and interactively presented videos assist students in understanding complex concepts, despite challenges such as technological limitations and insufficient teacher training. This study concludes that the innovation of video-based learning significantly contributes to improving teaching effectiveness and student motivation, emphasizing the need for improved technological infrastructure and teacher training to optimize technology-based learning.

This study aims to analyze the role and strategies of introducing mathematical proofs appropriately for students, as well as to describe their contribution to enhancing logical, critical thinking, and understanding of mathematical concepts. The method used is library research with a descriptive qualitative approach through the analysis of various current scientific literature relevant to mathematics learning and education. The results of the study indicate that mathematical proofs not only function as a tool for verifying the truth of a statement but also as an epistemological process that develops deductive, argumentative, and reflective reasoning skills in understanding the structure and relationships of mathematical logic. Effective introduction strategies include the use of visual representations, collaborative learning, linguistic scaffolding, and the application of a gradual approach from informal argumentation to formal deduction. The approach has been proven to enhance students conceptual understanding, argumentative skills, and logical awareness. The implication is that proofs need to be systematically integrated into mathematics learning in secondary schools to strengthen Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) and develop a scientific mindset in accordance with the principles of the Merdeka Curriculum

Minimalist style, as one of the major streams of modern design, has developed rapidly and influenced various aspects of life, including furniture design in Aceh. Along with the increasing dominance of minimalism, the existence of traditional Acehnese ornamentation has declined in application and tends to stagnate through repetitive use of similar motifs. This study aims to integrate the aesthetic and symbolic values of Acehnese ornamentation into minimalist furniture design through a contextual design approach based on local wisdom. The research applies the Design Thinking method, encompassing stages of contextual exploration, formulation of aesthetic concepts, visual experimentation, and critical reflection. Visual experiments were carried out through manual sketches and digital reproduction using SketchUp, CorelDRAW X7, and Gopain. The study produced two furniture designs a document cabinet and an office desk which combine Acehnese ornaments derived from the tomb complex of Raja Jalil in Lam Lagang and the traditional house of Teungku Chik Awee Geutah in Bireuen. The findings reveal that integrating Acehnese ornamentation into minimalist design can create harmony between tradition and modernity without losing philosophical depth or local identity. The study highlights the significance of a contextual design approach as an innovative strategy for cultural preservation through contemporary furniture creation.