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Acute pain is a complex phenomenon frequently experienced by post-surgical patients. If not properly managed, it can hinder the recovery process and increase the risk of chronic complications. This study aims to conduct an in-depth analysis of the concept of acute pain in surgical patients from a nursing perspective to improve the quality of care. The method used was a narrative literature review, analyzing various research articles and clinical protocols related to surgical pain management. The study findings indicate that acute post-surgical pain involves sensory and emotional dimensions influenced by the type of surgical procedure, individual pain threshold, and the effectiveness of pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions. Furthermore, the role of nurses in conducting accurate pain assessments and patient education is a key factor in successful pain management. The implications of this study emphasize the importance of implementing integrated multimodality pain management protocols and improving nurses' competency in conducting intensive monitoring. Optimizing pain management is expected to accelerate patient mobilization, shorten hospital stays, and increase patient satisfaction with nursing services.

Stunting remains a major chronic nutritional problem in Indonesia, including Aceh, and has serious impacts on children’s physical growth and cognitive development. Prevention efforts require appropriate, practical, and sustainable nutritional interventions, including the use of local foods such as pumpkin, which is rich in beta-carotene, vitamin A, carbohydrates, and fiber, and can be combined with animal and plant protein sources. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of an instant pumpkin-based porridge in improving the weight and height of children aged 6–24 months who are at risk of stunting in the Gunung Meriah Health Center area. The study used a quasi-experimental design with a nonequivalent control group involving 41 children divided into intervention and control groups. The intervention group received the instant porridge for 21 days. Data analyzed using paired t-tests and independent t-tests showed significant improvements in the intervention group’s weight and height (p<0.05). The pumpkin-based instant porridge proved effective as a local food–based nutritional intervention and has the potential to be integrated into supplementary feeding programs and regional nutrition policies with broader coverage and longer duration..

During gravidity, back pain is a significant issue, especially due to changes in posture along with increasing physical load in the third trimester. Muscle relaxation and stretching exercises for pregnant women can help reduce back pain, one of which is the butterfly exercise. That study aims until determine the impact to the butterfly activity on gravidity in their third trimester at TPMB Amilia Intarti Klampisrejo, Pasuruan Regency. A quantitative method was used with a quasi-experimental approach employing a one-group pre-test also post-test design. The study involved 32 third-trimester gravidity as respondents. Data were collected using purposive sampling, before-and-after measurements, and assessed with the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS). The intervention be carried out over a period of four weeks. The findings show that the butterfly pregnancy exercise effectively reduces back pain in third-trimester gravid. Therefore, the butterfly exercise can serve as an alternative method to help alleviate back pain and enhance comfort during pregnancy.  

Research on the relationship between physical activity and morbidity levels of inmates, particularly in women's prisons, is still very limited. This study aims to provide empirical data that can be used as a basis for developing better physical training programs in women's prisons, while also supporting improvements in the quality of life of inmates and their readiness to return to society. This study used a quantitative design with a cross-sectional study approach. Activities carried out included data collection and measurement of the independent and dependent variables. This study analyzed variables related to the relationship between physical activity and morbidity levels among inmates at the Class II Pondok Bambu Women's Prison, East Jakarta. The results of the study showed (1) variations in the distribution of physical activity levels were relatively balanced between the low (34.6%), medium (33.3%), and high (32.1%) categories. (2) Morbidity rates in the sample indicated a significant burden of disease, the proportion of prisoners with low levels of morbidity was 39.7%, medium 24.4%, and high 35.9%. (3) Statistical analysis showed a significant relationship between physical activity levels and levels of morbidity in prisoners, the bivariate test (Chi-Square) produced p < 0.001, so the hypothesis that there is a relationship between physical activity and morbidity is accepted. (4) In an Islamic perspective, physical activity is believed to strengthen the body, prevent disease, and maintain physical and spiritual balance.

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by keratinocyte hyperproliferation, inflammation, and neoangiogenesis, largely driven by dominant T helper 1 (Th1) and T helper 17 (Th17) immune responses. Psoriasis is associated with metabolic, psychological, cardiovascular, and arthritic comorbidities. Vitamin D plays an important role in the management of psoriasis. Calcitriol (1,25(OH)₂D₃), regulates keratinocyte proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Vitamin D supports the formation of the cornified envelope as well as epidermal lipid and ceramide production, also acts synergistically with the epidermal calcium gradient to maintain barrier function. In addition to its epidermal effects, vitamin D exerts immunomodulatory actions by enhancing regulatory T cells and anti-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin (IL)-10, IL-4, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β)), while suppressing Th1/Th17 activity and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-2, IL-17, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)). These mechanisms highlight its potential role in psoriasis therapy. Topical vitamin D₃ analogues are effective for mild to moderate disease due to the high expression of vitamin D receptors in psoriatic keratinocytes. Oral supplementation has also been explored for its systemic immunomodulatory effects, although findings remain inconsistent.  

Background: Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) represent a global public health challenge. The increasing number of Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) cases is a serious concern worldwide. A lack of education or minimal knowledge, along with risky behavior, contributes significantly to the high STI rates, particularly among the young age group. Purposes: The objective of this study is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the major types of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)—namely Gonorrhea, Hepatitis B, HIV/AIDS, Syphilis, and HPV—by identifying their risk factors and determining the most effective prevention strategies. Method:The researchers employed a literature review method. The data search process was conducted systematically on Google Scholar, limiting sources only to articles available in full text and having open access. Results: The literature review concludes that the factors of knowledge, attitude, behavior, and age significantly influence an individual's risk of contracting Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs). Therefore, prevention efforts must be carried out comprehensively, encompassing promotive (awareness enhancement), preventive (prevention), curative (treatment), and rehabilitative (recovery) activities. Practically, this prevention must include sexual health education, adoption of safe sexual behavior, implementation of routine health checks (screening), and vaccination (specifically for Hepatitis B and HPV). Conclusion: Overall, controlling the spread of STIs requires active and collaborative roles from all parties—including the government, health workers, and the community. The main key to suppressing the spread and burden of STI diseases in the community is through improving appropriate sexual health education, improving access to health services, and periodic health screening.  

Myopia is a multifactorial disease, affected by various hereditary and environmental conditions. This literature review aims to evaluate the association between risk factors in incidence of myopia in children aged 6 to 12 years old. A cross-sectional study of elementary students in MI Patihan Kidul, Ponorogo, East Java was performed. Eligible samples were 6 to 12 years old students. Examination was performed on September 7th 2023. The students underwent short history taking, body mass index (BMI), and visual acuity examination. Age, sex, BMI, family history of myopia, sleeping time, screen time, and duration of outdoor activity were examined as risk factors. A total of 336 children met the inclusion criteria, of which 48 (14.2%) of them had myopia. Family history of myopia was proven to increase the risk for myopia on their children (p value 0.012, OR 0.436).  Heredity is a well-established risk factor for myopia. This literature review provides evidence on the positive correlation between family history and the occurrence of myopia in children. 

The body may experience insulin resistance or an insufficient production of the hormone, blood sugar levels rise continuously, leading to a chronic metabolic condition called Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Among non-pharmacological approaches proven effective in managing hyperglycemia, physical exercise particularly the Prolanis workout program has shown notable benefits. This study assesses how joining the Prolanis Exercise Program influences blood glucose reduction in Type 2 Diabetes patients at Kuta Baro Health Center, Aceh Besar. This research utilized a quasi-experimental method applying a one-group pretest–posttest framework. Participants, numbering 25 individuals, were selected through an accidental sampling process.. Throughout a four-week implementation of the Prolanis Exercise Program, measurements of blood glucose levels were taken both prior to and subsequent to the program. The findings revealed a notable decline in mean blood sugar levels, decreasing from 158.84 mg/dL before the intervention to 121.92 mg/dL afterward. Based on the Paired Samples t-Test (p < 0.05), the Prolanis Exercise intervention was found to have a significant effect in lowering blood glucose levels. This finding demonstrates that regular participation in Prolanis Exercise serves as an effective non-pharmacological approach for controlling Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Community Health Centers are advised to consistently continue developing and facilitating routine Prolanis Exercise activities, in addition to providing ongoing education on healthy lifestyles to patients. Patients are expected to actively engage in this program as part of their diabetes self-management.

Long-term treatment adherence is critical for schizophrenia patients, yet non-adherence remains a significant global challenge, contributing to relapse, re-hospitalization, and increased healthcare costs. Understanding the underlying multidimensional factors is crucial for developing effective interventions. This systematic literature review aims to identify and categorize the dominant factors contributing to medication non-adherence among schizophrenia patients, based on current quantitative evidence (2019-2024). A systematic search of Google Scholar and PubMed targeted quantitative cross-sectional studies using the PICOST framework. Article selection followed PRISMA guidelines, and quality was assessed using the JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist. Seven articles were included in the final narrative synthesis. The synthesis confirms that non-adherence is multifactorial. Identified factors were categorized into three groups: (1) Patient-related factors (e.g., poor illness insight, feeling cured, treatment fatigue); (2) Treatment-related factors (e.g., medication side effects, therapy duration); and (3) System and social factors (e.g., low family support, stigma, poor therapeutic alliance). Non-adherence is a complex issue arising from the interplay of patient, treatment, and social factors. Low family support and poor patient knowledge consistently emerge as key determinants. Interventions require a holistic approach extending beyond pharmacotherapy, focusing on comprehensive psychosocial education for patients and families, active side-effect management, and strengthening the family's role in care.

The prevalence of correct handwashing behavior with soap in Aceh Province is 36%. School-age children are the time to instill PHBS values ​​and have the potential to be agents of change to promote PHBS both in the school environment, family, and society. The impact of lazy handwashing with soap can cause various diseases such as diarrhea, flu, hepatitis A, and impetigo (a contagious infection that usually occurs in children who rarely wash their hands, this disease is characterized by red skin which then develops into small blisters). The purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of mini posters as a health promotion media on handwashing behavior with soap in elementary school students. The research method is one group pretest posttest design. The sampling technique is total sampling, while the number of samples in this study was 80 students from grades 5 and 6 of elementary school. The results of the study obtained before the intervention of mini posters washing hands with soap behavior of elementary school students 77.5% of students did not wash their hands with soap after urinating and defecating. After the intervention of mini posters washing hands with soap behavior of elementary school students 87.5% did wash their hands with soap. There is an effect of mini poster intervention on increasing handwashing behavior in elementary school students with a p value of 0.000 < 0.05. The results show that mini posters are a reference for the effectiveness of health promotion in preventing infectious diseases in elementary school children by implementing a handwashing program with soap in the school environment

Extrinsic skin aging or photoaging occurs due to repeated and prolonged exposure to ultraviolet (UVA) and ultraviolet B (UVB). Photoaging prevention can be done, one of which is the use of sunscreen. This literature review aims to review the role of sunscreen in photoaging prevention using a variety of existing literature. Sunscreen plays an important role in preventing skin damage caused by sunlight, especially in preventing and repairing skin damage due to sun exposure (photoaging). The addition of antioxidants such as vitamin C, vitamin E, vitamin A, melatonin, polyphenols, Polypodium leucotomos (PLE) extract as well as enzymes such as photoliase and T4N5 has been shown to increase protection against UV, visible light, and infrared-A rays and help repair skin damage. The use of colored sunscreen is recommended for protection from visible light. In addition, education on how to use sunscreen properly, such as reapplying every two to three hours and selecting the appropriate SPF and PA, also plays a big role in maximizing the effectiveness of skin protection from photoaging.

Anemia is a micronutrient deficiency problem that is common in various parts of the world. Indonesia is one of the countries with a high anemia rate. According to the 2024 Basic Health Research (Riskesdas), the anemia rate in adolescent girls reached 32%. Breakfast habits and consumption of iron supplements affect daily nutritional intake. Low hemoglobin levels occur due to infrequent iron supplement consumption and inadequate food intake, resulting in a lack of iron stores in the body. The purpose of this study was to encourage adolescent girls to continue maintaining good habits of consuming iron supplements and having a healthy breakfast. This study used a quantitative analytical observational method with a cross-sectional design. The target population was female students of SMPN 1 Nibong. The study was conducted at SMPN 1 Nibong. The sample was obtained using a cluster random sampling technique of 50 respondents. The results of the chi-square test showed a strong association between breakfast habits and the risk of anemia, with a p-value of 0.000, which is far below 0.05, so technically significant. In essence, breakfast habits and blood supplement consumption have been shown to influence the risk of anemia in adolescent girls at SMPN 1 Nibong. The school is expected to promote understanding of nutrition and the importance of breakfast and blood supplement consumption, as well as motivate students to eat breakfast and consume blood supplement tablets regularly.

Elderly exercise is a sporting activity that can help improve heart health, maintain stable blood pressure and blood sugar levels, and prevent various degenerative diseases in the elderly. Abnormal blood sugar levels can cause metabolic disorders that lead to various serious health problems. This study aims to determine the impact of elderly exercise on improving the health and independence of older adults in carrying out daily activities. This study used an evaluative method with a cross-sectional approach at the Nibong Community Health Center, North Aceh, involving 38 elderly people (14 men and 24 women) as a sample. The results showed that after participating in regular exercise, the number of elderly people with high blood sugar levels decreased to 31.6%, while the number of elderly people with normal blood sugar levels increased to 86.6%. Statistical tests showed a significant difference between blood sugar levels before and after exercise (p < 0.05). From these results, it can be concluded that elderly exercise is effective in lowering blood sugar levels, increasing insulin sensitivity, improving fitness and balance, and motivating elderly people to maintain their health. It is recommended that the Nibong Community Health Center regularly hold structured elderly exercise programs and provide educational counseling on the importance of a healthy lifestyle and controlling sugar intake. The results of this study can serve as a reference for health institutions and further research

This research explores the significant role of cultural institutions in overseeing and enforcing laws based on local wisdom in Indonesia, a nation characterized by its rich cultural diversity. The purpose of this study is to analyze how cultural institutions, particularly customary law bodies, can help integrate local traditions and values into the formal legal system, ensuring that laws are more reflective of and responsive to the diverse communities across the country. The study employs a normative approach with a prescriptive method to examine the challenges and opportunities of incorporating local wisdom into national law, particularly in the realm of legal oversight and dispute resolution. The research reveals that, despite constitutional recognition of customary law, its practical implementation within the national legal framework remains hindered by conflicts between customary norms and formal legal structures. Key findings suggest that strengthening the role of cultural institutions in legal processes can enhance both the legitimacy and effectiveness of the legal system, promoting social harmony and fostering justice that resonates with the local context. Ultimately, the study concludes that empowering cultural institutions is vital for creating a legal environment that respects and integrates local wisdom, which will contribute to a more inclusive, fair, and sustainable legal system in Indonesia.

The national priority program of 12 years of compulsory education is a strategic effort by the government to improve the quality and equity of education, particularly at the secondary education level. This program is supported by the School Operational Assistance (BOS) and the Indonesia Smart Program (PIP). The PIP funds are used to meet the educational needs of students, such as purchasing books, stationery, uniforms, and transportation costs. The goal of providing PIP is to reduce the financial burden of education, decrease school dropout rates, and increase access to quality education. This study examines the effectiveness of PIP in promoting educational equity in Indonesia and evaluates the alignment of government policies related to beneficiaries, implementation, and monitoring of PIP. The method used is a literature review for public policy evaluation in the field of education. The findings show that PIP has successfully increased educational participation, as reflected in the improvement of the School Participation Rate (APS), Gross Participation Rate (APK), and Net Participation Rate (APM). PIP also expands educational access for children from low-income families. However, its implementation faces challenges such as bureaucratic obstacles, misidentification of recipients, low parental administrative literacy, and delays in the distribution of assistance in 3T regions (frontline, outermost, and underdeveloped).

This study examines the short story "Click that Kills" by Taufiqurohman to reveal the position of humans in the increasingly dominating digital algorithm environment. Using a descriptive qualitative approach that focuses on structural analysis and literary psychology based on Freud's psychoanalytic theory, this study thoroughly analyzes the intrinsic elements as well as the inner conflicts of the characters. The findings of this study show that the AIDA system poses a profound existential crisis, where individual freedom is threatened due to systemic information manipulation. The characters of Dito and Genta experience a serious conflict between id, ego, and superego when dealing with the figure of "Shadow User" who is a real symbol of the shift in human dignity through raw data. In terms of structure, the storyline conveys a deep social critique of the loss of human self-control in cyberspace. This research shows that this short story is a premonious criticism of the importance of maintaining the essence of humanity in the midst of the prevalence of mechanical algorithms. The phenomenon emphasizes that digital technology can potentially alienate the moral consciousness of individuals in modern society.

This research aims to develop Zepp Quiz as a creative learning media to enhance students' understanding of Islamic Cultural History at Madrasah Aliyah. The research method used is Research and Development (R&D) with the ADDIE model (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, Evaluation). The developed product consists of 10 multiple-choice questions about the Conquest of Mecca with varying difficulty levels, equipped with supporting illustrations, educational feedback, point systems, timers, and leaderboards. Data collection was conducted through quantitative methods using validation questionnaires from media experts and material experts with a Likert scale of 1-5. Data analysis was performed descriptively by calculating average scores and feasibility percentages. The results showed that media expert validation obtained an average score of 4.31 or 86% in the very feasible category, while material expert validation obtained an average score of 4.25 or 85% in the very feasible category. Based on expert validation results, Zepp Quiz learning media is declared very feasible to be used as a creative learning media in Islamic Cultural History learning at Madrasah Aliyah.

The extract of Carica papaya L. leaves contains phytochemical compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, phenolics, and saponins that play a role in biological activities, including antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and modulation of the nervous system. This study aims to evaluate the effects of fresh papaya leaf extract on the central nervous system (CNS) and autonomic nervous system based on varying extract concentrations. The study used test animals with treatment groups consisting of negative control, positive control, and extracts at concentrations of 4%, 8%, and 16%. Parameters observed included parasympathomimetic (PSM), parasympatholytic (PSL), sympathomimetic (SM), sympatholytic (SL), analeptic effects (ANA), CNS stimulation (SSSP), CNS depression (DSSP), and muscle relaxation (RO). The results showed that the 16% concentration produced the highest PSM activity (46.82%) and dominant CNS stimulation (38.59%), while DSSP and RO decreased at higher concentrations. This phenomenon indicates that increasing the extract concentration does not always enhance CNS depression, but rather leads to stimulation. These findings support the potential of papaya leaf extract as a neuroprotective and multifunctional agent. Further research is needed to confirm its molecular mechanisms and clinical effectiveness as a phytotherapy candidate.

The goal of this community service (PkM) program is to provide Emotion Management training to the PKK mothers to enhance their understanding of the importance of self-compassion related to emotions, in order to support physical and mental health. The training includes relaxation techniques, effective communication, and problem-solving that help individuals manage their emotions in daily interactions. Relaxation techniques are used to improve subjective well-being and promote a healthy lifestyle that benefits both themselves and their environment. Most of the PKK mothers in RT.02/RW.05 of Kelurahan Gemah are housewives who face pressures from family and social environments. Emotional management is crucial to prevent negative impacts on mental health, which can affect both the family and the community. Therefore, the PkM team from the Faculty of Psychology conducts training to help the mothers manage their emotions. The training activities include lectures, storytelling, games, and discussions. As a result, there was a 40% improvement in their understanding of emotion management. Through this training, it is hoped that the mothers will find it easier to control their emotions, focus, and better understand themselves and their environment, thus enabling them to overcome challenges in their daily lives.  

The concept of Human Rights in the perspective of modern Islamic law according to Abdullah Ahmed An-Naim emphasizes the importance of prioritizing humanitarian values ​​as a central part of Islamic law. An-Naim proposes that Islamic law needs to undergo a comprehensive reconstruction to remain in line with the development of the times without losing its Islamic elements. According to him, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights is a very important tool to maintain the dignity, honor, and rights of all individuals throughout the world. An-Naim also encourages the elimination of all forms of violence and emphasizes the importance of recognizing humans as subjects that must be valued and respected, as well as providing sufficient space for human rights values ​​in public contexts and rejecting the application of sharia as an oppressive state law, but rather as a moral guideline that is more flexible and appropriate to the conditions of today's society.