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This study examines the protection of trade secrets in the framework of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) by conducting a comparative study between Indonesia and Malaysia. Trade secrets are a form of intellectual property that has significant economic value for business actors but often receives inadequate attention compared to other forms of IPR. This research focuses on two main problems: first, the comparison of the legal framework for the protection of trade secrets in Indonesia and Malaysia in the context of Intellectual Property Rights; and second, the role of IPR-related institutions in both countries in providing protection for trade secrets. The research method used is normative legal research with a comparative approach and a statute approach. The data used are in the form of primary legal materials in the form of laws and regulations related to IPR in Indonesia and Malaysia, as well as secondary legal materials in the form of literature and scientific journals. The results of the study show that there are significant differences in the legal framework for the protection of trade secrets between Indonesia, which adopts  a civil law system  with special codification through Law No. 30 of 2000, and Malaysia, which applies a common law approach  with a combination of court precedents and statutory law. In addition, there are differences in the roles and functions of IPR-related institutions in the two countries in providing protection for trade secrets, especially in terms of registration, law enforcement, and dispute resolution. The study concludes that despite differences in approaches, both Indonesia and Malaysia recognize the importance of trade secret protection within the framework of IPR, with Malaysia tending to have a more comprehensive protection system based on common law practices. Based on the findings of the study, it is recommended that Indonesia can adopt some positive aspects of Malaysia's trade secrets protection system, especially in terms of harmonizing the role of relevant institutions and strengthening law enforcement mechanisms.

The main problem in this study lies in the lack of a deep and comprehensive understanding of child development from the perspective of Islamic psychology, especially in the context of education. In fact, understanding the stages of child development is very important to design appropriate educational approaches holistically. This study aims to explain the definition of child development psychology, identify psychological concepts in Islamic teachings that are relevant to child growth, and analyze how the principles of Islamic psychology can be applied in child education. The method used is library research with a descriptive-analytical approach, which examines various literatures from modern psychology and classical Islamic sources. The results show that Islam provides a strong conceptual foundation in understanding child development, which includes a balance between intellectual, emotional, spiritual, and moral aspects. Educational psychology in Islam also emphasizes the importance of the active role of parents, teachers, and the surrounding environment in shaping children's character and personality. Thus, the integration between modern psychological theories and Islamic values can be a strategic foothold in developing a child education system that is not only academic, but also oriented towards the formation of noble morals and character.

The ethics of the teaching profession are the main pillars in the implementation of Islamic education with character. The transformation of professional ethics does not only concern the scientific and professional aspects, but also the spiritual, moral, and social dimensions. This study aims to examine the role of the transformation of the ethics of the teaching profession in shaping the character of students based on Islamic values. The research method used is a literature study with a descriptive qualitative approach. The results of the study indicate that the transformation of the ethics of the teaching profession involves increasing integrity, moral responsibility, sincerity in teaching, and exemplary behavior that is sourced from Islamic teachings. The implementation of this ethics consistently can create Islamic education that is not only intellectually intelligent, but also has a strong and religious character.  

In this article, sexual violence in Islamic boarding schools is discussed in relation to human rights violations. Many incidents show the practice of sexual violence involving officials, even though Islamic boarding schools are considered educational institutions that instill moral and religious values. The purpose of this study is to determine the types of human rights violations, the factors that cause sexual violence, and the function of Islamic boarding schools in preventing and implementing efforts to protect victims. This study uses a qualitative method using case studies and literature analysis. The results of the study indicate that verbal, physical, and psychological violence are forms of sexual violence in Islamic boarding schools. These incidents are influenced by patriarchal cultural norms, unequal power dynamics, and lack of supervision from outside parties. Victims suffer greatly from the impact, both intellectually and mentally. Therefore, to provide a safe and free learning environment from sexual violence, a comprehensive strategy is needed that involves the rule of law, increasing awareness of human rights, and providing psychosocial support to victims.

This study analyzes the reinvention of heroism and gender identity in Disney's Mulan (1998), an animated adaptation of the Chinese mythology of Hua Mulan.  Mulan diverges from conventional storylines that exalt masculine power and martial prowess, focusing instead on themes of heroism, self-discovery, and the subversion of strict gender standards.  The film amplifies a female protagonist who defies cultural norms, critiquing traditional heroics and redefining greatness via resilience, intellect, and ethical purity.  This study utilizes qualitative textual analysis and Joseph Campbell’s Hero’s Journey framework to examine how Mulan subverts patriarchal tropes, establishing personal sincerity and inner power as the genuine criteria of heroism.  This study examines feminist and postcolonial critiques of classical storytelling, asserting that Mulan reinterprets old myth as a modern metaphor of empowerment, demonstrating how contemporary adaptations can reclaim traditional narratives to embody progressive ideas.  The video serves as a radical act of mythopoetic resistance, presenting an alternative conception of heroism that surpasses gender and cultural limitations.

In the current era of globalization, ease of access to information and the expansion of scholarship opportunities have facilitated greater mobility among Indonesian students seeking higher education abroad. This phenomenon has contributed to the rise of Indonesian intellectual diasporas, who, while pursuing academic excellence, also serve as cultural ambassadors representing Indonesia on the global stage. Their presence abroad extends beyond academic engagement, encompassing efforts to promote national identity and foster cultural understanding. This study examines the dual role of Indonesian students overseas, focusing on their pursuit of education as well as their contributions to the preservation and promotion of Indonesian cultural identity in international contexts. Expressions of patriotism are frequently demonstrated through the performance and dissemination of traditional arts and cultural practices. By doing so, these students not only maintain a connection to their homeland but also enhance Indonesia’s cultural visibility in diverse academic and social environments.

The advancement of information technology has driven the growth of the creative industry, which heavily relies on intellectual works, one of which is trademarks as part of the Intellectual Property Rights regime. A trademark not only serves as a product identity but also as a marketing tool and a determinant of reputation. However, in practice, legal issues often arise, particularly related to the registration of trademarks by parties acting in bad faith and having substantial similarities with previously registered trademarks. This research analyzes the Application of the Principle of Bad Faith in the trademark registration process in the trademark dispute "C+Logo" between Gunawan and PT Bagava Alam Semesta. Through descriptive analysis research with a normative juridical approach, the results of this study indicate a violation of the principle of bad faith in the trademark registration conducted by PT Bagava Alam Semesta because it meets the principle of bad faith violation as examined in accordance with the Trademark and Geographical Indications Law.

This research aims to analyze the factors that influence the tendency of children with intellectual disabilities to develop expressive communication skills. Expressive communication skills, which include speaking and verbally expressing needs, are an important aspect of development for children with intellectual disabilities to adapt in social environments. The research method uses a qualitative approach with a case study technique on a student with mild intellectual disability named Azka Ari Pratama (10 years old) at SLB Al Azhar Medan. Data collection was carried out through participant observation, semi-structured interviews with teachers, and direct observation. The results of the research indicate that expressive communication skills are influenced by individual factors (intellectual limitations and emotional regulation), physiological factors, environmental factors, and motivational factors. The research concludes that a holistic and individualized approach is needed in the development of expressive communication of children with intellectual disabilities, considering all identified factors.

The property and real estate sector is one of the business sectors that makes a significant contribution to the country's economic turnover and growth. With the ever-evolving challenges, companies in the property and real estate sector must adapt their business strategies to remain competitive amidst uncertain market conditions. Therefore, innovation in resource management and efforts to enhance operational efficiency are essential to drive optimal profitability. This study aims to examine the effect of good corporate governance, proxied by the board of directors and audit committee, intellectual capital, firm size, and company growth on company profitability. This research utilizes secondary data sourced from the annual reports of property and real estate companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) for the 2021–2023 period. The sample was selected using a purposive sampling method based on specific criteria, resulting in a total of 50 companies as observations. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS software with a multiple linear regression method. The results indicate that the board of directors, audit committee, intellectual capital, and company growth do not have a significant effect on company profitability, whereas firm size has a positive and significant effect on company profitability.

In the traditional commercial banking industry, this study attempts to provide empirical data about the impact of board size and gender diversity on business performance, using intellectual capital as a moderating variable. The research population includes all companies in the conventional commercial bank sector as many as 39 companies, with purposive sampling technique resulting in 36 companies as samples. The analysis methods used include descriptive statistical analysis, classical assumption test, multiple linear regression analysis, and moderation regression analysis. Multiple linear regression results demonstrate that board size significantly and favourably affects business success, while gender diversity has no significant effect. In addition, moderation regression analysis results demonstrate that intellectual capital can fortify the relationship between board size and company performance, but does not strengthen the connection between business performance and gender diversity.

This article examines the contributions of two major schools of Arabic grammar, the Basran and Kufan schools, to the development of the theory of ibdal (phonetic substitution) in the Arabic language. Using a historical and comparative approach, it traces the origins of the concept of ibdal in classical Arabic linguistic tradition and explores how leading grammarians from each school shaped distinct theoretical frameworks. The Basran school typically approached ibdal with a logical and systematic perspective, emphasizing phonetic patterns and structured rules of sound transformation. In contrast, the Kufan school adopted a more flexible stance, prioritizing the realities of spoken Arabic usage even if not always supported by formal phonetic justification. This study highlights not only the methodological differences between the two schools but also their long-lasting impact on the grammatical structure of Arabic. The discussion underlines the intellectual dynamics within Arabic grammar scholarship and encourages further exploration into how classical ibdal theories can inform modern linguistic analysis in Arabic studies.

This literature review analyzes the transformative potential of digital learning media in revitalizing Indonesian traditional music, with a particular focus on Gambang Kromong innovation within the framework of Society 5.0. Traditional music, as the foundation of cultural identity, faces significant threats from globalization and modernization, resulting in declining interest, especially among the younger generation. This approach examines how digital technologies can serve as a catalyst for the preservation, learning and dissemination of traditional music, transforming it from a marginalized status to one of contemporary relevance. The report synthesizes existing literature to identify key trends, benefits derived from the use of technologies such as Digital Audio Workstations (DAWs), Virtual Reality (VR), Augmented Reality (AR), Artificial Intelligence (AI), gamification, and online and social media platforms. In addition, the report discusses inherent challenges, including the digital divide, the need for increased educator competencies, and intellectual property rights issues, while highlighting opportunities for collaboration and global audience reach. The conceptualization of "Gambang Kromong 5.0" is proposed as a holistic model that integrates traditional essence with intelligent technological advancements in a human-centric manner, ensuring cultural survival and artistic relevance in the digital age.

According to BPS data, in 2024, the poverty rate in Siak Regency reached 5.08% of a total population of 487.67 thousand. Family poverty is a major challenge in Indone-sia’s social development. As the official institution managing zakat, BAZNAS plays a strategic role in alleviating poverty. However, the current zakat regulations do not ful-ly support a family-based approach to zakat distribution. This study aims to formu-late a legislative reconstruction model for BAZNAS based on the Maqasid Syariah, ensuring that zakat distribution is more equitable, effective, and has a systemic impact on the welfare of poor families. Employing a qualitative normative approach and Maqasid Syariah theory, the study finds that the restructuring of BAZNAS regula-tions should emphasize the dimensions of protection for religion (din), soul (nafs), intellect ('aql), lineage (nasl), and wealth (mal), with the family as the fundamental unit of society. Family poverty is not merely a matter of economic incapacity; it also encompasses the failure to meet basic needs related to education, health, and social protection. Religious institutions like BAZNAS possess a constitutional and reli-gious mandate to manage zakat professionally. However, the current management and legislation of zakat have not been holistically oriented towards the sustainable empowerment of poor families. Within the framework of Maqasid Syariah, zakat is not only an obligatory act of worship but also a socio-economic instrument designed to safeguard five essential components: religion, soul, intellect, lineage, and wealth. Therefore, it is imperative to reconstruct zakat regulations in a manner that is attuned to contemporary needs and capable of addressing the challenges of family-based poverty.

Ethics plays a vital role in the philosophy of education, serving as a moral foundation that guides both the aims and processes of education. Education is not solely concerned with the acquisition of knowledge, but also with the development of students' character. In this regard, ethics provides a framework of values that directs the relationships between educators and learners in a humane and dignified manner. An ethical foundation in educational philosophy encourages critical reflection on educational practices and policies. Values such as justice, responsibility, and empathy serve as essential principles in creating a conducive and fair learning environment for all stakeholders. Without ethics, education risks becoming mechanistic and unresponsive to social and human needs. Educators, as moral agents, are expected not only to deliver knowledge but also to exemplify ethical behavior in their daily lives. Therefore, ethical education must begin with the training of future teachers, equipping them to nurture a generation that is not only intellectually capable but also morally wise. In this way, ethics in the philosophy of education becomes a central pillar in building a civilized and character-driven society. 65% of teachers consider teaching hours insufficient, 42% of schools do not have a structured cultural program, 78% of bullying cases occur due to weak supervision.

Patent rights are a part of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) that provide legal protection for inventions in the field of technology. With the rapid development of the times and technological advancements, the protection of patent rights has become an increasingly crucial issue. This is due to the growing number of patent infringements, particularly in the digital and medical device sectors, which often involve major global technology companies. One such case is the patent dispute between Apple Inc. and Masimo Corporation. The patent conflict between Apple and Masimo serves as a concrete example of how disputes over the ownership of technology can lead to complex legal issues, while also demonstrating how legal systems in developed countries respond to alleged patent infringements relatively effectively. On the other hand, Indonesia, as a developing country, still faces various challenges in resolving patent disputes, ranging from policy aspects and law enforcement processes to the capacity of existing institutions. This study aims to evaluate the extent to which Indonesia's patent legal system has been able to meet the demands of the times. Through the analysis of the Apple vs. Masimo case, this paper seeks to examine how Indonesia’s patent dispute resolution system can be strengthened to address global dynamics.

Regional Head Elections (Pilkada) are crucial for upholding popular sovereignty and realizing democracy. This research aimed to examine the level of political participation among voters with disabilities and the factors contributing to their low engagement in the 2024 Pilkada in Baregbeg District. The research method used was qualitative with a descriptive approach, involving field studies, literature reviews, and data analysis. The results showed that while the 2024 Pilkada in Baregbeg District, Ciamis Regency, was successfully executed, the participation of voters with disabilities was very low, at only 29.93% of the 294 registered voters. This low participation was caused by external micro factors such as non-inclusive socialization (lack of assistive tools), suboptimal voter education, budget limitations, ineffective 'jemput bola' mechanisms, insufficient family support, unfriendly polling station locations, and minimal initiatives from stakeholders and disability organizations. Additionally, internal macro factors of disabled individuals also played a role, including communication limitations (for those with hearing, visual, speech, and intellectual impairments), differences in information access and mobility, varying levels of understanding, low organizational awareness, and limited scope of movement and social interaction. The socialization efforts already undertaken have not been able to significantly increase participation, indicating the need for a more comprehensive and inclusive approach.

This study discusses the role of holistic and comprehensive education in shaping the Islamic character of students through an integrative approach that includes physical, intellectual, emotional, social, and spiritual aspects. This study aims to evaluate the extent to which a holistic educational approach can contribute to the formation of Islamic character rooted in the values ​​of Islamic teachings, while supporting the goals of Islamic Religious Education (PAI) in the context of formal education. The method used is descriptive qualitative research with a literature study approach, which involves analysis of various scientific sources, including journals, reference books, and relevant articles. The results of the study indicate that holistic and comprehensive education is able to shape the Islamic character of students comprehensively and contextually, in line with the principles of PAI. This study also emphasizes the importance of integrating character values ​​through the curriculum, learning methods, and the role of teachers and the environment as the main supporters of the success of Islamic character education. Thus, character education based on a holistic and comprehensive approach can be an effective model in responding to the moral and spiritual challenges of students in the modern era.

The values of Islamic education are the development of the human mind and the arrangement of behavior and emotions based on Islamic teachings. Thus, Islamic education's values will provide humans with happiness, welfare and human safety both in this world and in the afterlife. According to the Islam viewpoint, everyone must prepare themselves as well as possible to build a relationship based on love and noble values. Physical, mental, and economic preparedness is required; in this situation, in terms of the educational features inherent in Islamic teachings, the objective is to build a secure, pleasant, and tranquil home environment.

Humans are not merely thinking beings but also emotional and spiritual creatures. However, modern education tends to prioritize the cognitive dimension and academic achievement, while psychological and spiritual aspects are often neglected. This imbalance has resulted in the emergence of intellectually capable generations who may lack emotional maturity and moral integrity. Therefore, an educational approach that incorporates philosophical, psychological, and Islamic values is essential in shaping a holistic human being. This study aims to analyze the nature of humans from a psychological perspective and its implications for designing holistic, learner-centered education. This research employs a qualitative approach using the library research method. Data collection was carried out through documentary studies by reading and reviewing written sources such as scientific books, journal articles, and other academic literature relevant to the research topic. The data were analyzed using content analysis, which includes identifying themes, categorizing key ideas, and drawing conceptual meanings from the collected data. The results show that from a psychological perspective, humans possess innate potentials that develop through specific stages, are influenced by environmental factors, and have a fundamental need for self-actualization. Humanistic, cognitive, and behaviorist psychological approaches all contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of human nature. The findings reinforce the notion that education focused solely on cognitive development is insufficient for shaping a well-rounded personality. Therefore, the education system must be oriented toward balanced development of the cognitive, affective, socialand spiritual dimensions of learners.

Humans are not merely thinking beings but also emotional and spiritual creatures. However, modern education tends to prioritize the cognitive dimension and academic achievement, while psychological and spiritual aspects are often neglected. This imbalance has resulted in the emergence of intellectually capable generations who may lack emotional maturity and moral integrity. Therefore, an educational approach that incorporates philosophical, psychological, and Islamic values is essential in shaping a holistic human being. This study aims to analyze the nature of humans from a psychological perspective and its implications for designing holistic, learner-centered education. This research employs a qualitative approach using the library research method. Data collection was carried out through documentary studies by reading and reviewing written sources such as scientific books, journal articles, and other academic literature relevant to the research topic. The data were analyzed using content analysis, which includes identifying themes, categorizing key ideas, and drawing conceptual meanings from the collected data. The results show that from a psychological perspective, humans possess innate potentials that develop through specific stages, are influenced by environmental factors, and have a fundamental need for self-actualization. Humanistic, cognitive, and behaviorist psychological approaches all contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of human nature. The findings reinforce the notion that education focused solely on cognitive development is insufficient for shaping a well-rounded personality. Therefore, the education system must be oriented toward balanced development of the cognitive, affective, socialand spiritual dimensions of learners.