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Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic disease that not only causes physical disorders, but also has an impact on the patient's psychological condition, especially increased stress levels. Unmanaged stress can worsen medical conditions, decrease adherence to treatment, and negatively impact the patient's quality of life. Social support is known to have an important role as a protective factor in helping patients cope with psychological burden. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between social support and stress levels in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. The research design used was descriptive correlation with a cross-sectional approach, involving [number of respondents] patients selected with the [mention sampling technique]. The research instrument used a validated social support questionnaire and stress scale. The data were analyzed by the Pearson/Spearman correlation test according to the data distribution. The results showed that there was a significant relationship between social support and stress levels in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (p < 0.05), with a negative correlation direction, which means that the higher the social support received by the patient, the lower the level of stress experienced. These findings confirm the importance of the role of family, health workers, and the social environment in supporting patients to manage stress and improve quality of life. This study recommends the need for social support-based interventions in diabetes management programs in health services.

The addition of butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea) extract which contains antioxidants into pasteurized milk is expected to increase the intake of antioxidants in the body. This research was conducted to evaluate the effect on pH, color, organoleptic chracteristic, and antioxidant activity of pasteurized milk. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with 5 treatments and 4 replications. The results of this study showed that increasing concentration of extract decreased pH, brightness, redness and yellowness. P3 was the most preferred treatment according to sensory evaluation. The antioxidant activity increased proportionally with extract concentration, reflected in decreasing IC50 values from 116.54 ppm (P0) to 19.06 ppm (P4). These findings indicate that the enrichment of pasteurized milk with butterfly pea extract effectively enhances its antioxidant capability while maintaining favorable sensory properties, particularly at moderate extract concentrations.

Mung bean sprout husk is waste with promising nutritive value (crude protein 14%, Total Digestible Nutrients 64.58%, moisture 63.35%) and, due to its high moisture, is suitable for processing via feed-wafer technology. This study aimed to evaluate the physical quality and identify the best storage duration of complete wafers formulated with mung bean sprout husk. A completely randomized design with four treatment levels (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%) and three replicates was used. Organoleptic traits were described descriptively, while physical traits density, water absorption, impact resistance, and wafer durability index (WDI) were analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (α = 0.05). Supplementation of mung bean sprout husk significantly affected density and water absorption (P < 0.05), with the 30% treatment achieving the highest density (0.57 g·cm⁻³) and water absorption (83.0%), both superior to the control (P < 0.05). In contrast, impact resistance (99.1%) and WDI (85.8%) did not differ among treatments (P > 0.05). Overall, the 30% supplementation delivered the best physical quality and the best storage duration among the tested formulations.

Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is a common inflammatory condition of the oral mucosa characterized by round or oval ulcers with well-defined reddish borders and a shallow base covered by a grayish or yellowish fibrinous pseudomembrane. RAS is generally classified into three clinical types—minor, major, and herpetiform based on the size, number, and duration of the lesions. Several factors contribute to its occurrence, including bacterial infections such as Streptococcus sanguis, immune system dysfunctions, and nutritional deficiencies involving iron, vitamin B12, and folic acid. Other potential triggers include local trauma, hormonal or endocrine imbalances, psychological stress, and allergic reactions. Among these, anemia due to deficiencies in iron, folate, or vitamin B12 is considered an important etiopathogenic factor, although its exact role has not been fully clarified. The management of RAS primarily focuses on symptom relief, promoting faster ulcer healing, and preventing recurrence through both topical and systemic approaches. Effective treatment often includes improving nutritional intake, maintaining oral hygiene, and addressing underlying systemic or psychological conditions. Understanding the multifactorial causes of RAS is crucial in developing comprehensive strategies for prevention and long-term management of this recurrent oral lesion.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of bee pollen addition on the chemical composition of cow’s milk–based jelly candy. Bee pollen is a natural product rich in proteins, minerals, and bioactive compounds, which may enhance the nutritional value of food products. The research was conducted at the Dairy Technology Laboratory, Department of Animal Product Technology, Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Brawijaya, from June to August 2025. The research method used was a laboratory experiment using Complete Randomized Design (CRD) ANOVA with 4 treatments and 4 replications. If different results were obtaindes between treatments, Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) was continued. Four treatments were applied: T0 (control, without bee pollen), T1 (6%), T2 (12%), and T3 (19%). The results demonstrated that bee pollen supplementation had a highly significant effect (P<0.01) on the protein content (Kjeldahl method), moisture content (Gravimetri method), ash content (Dry Ashing method), and carbohydrate content (By Different method), but showed no significant effect (P>0.05) on fat content (Soxhlet method). Protein content increased from 16.83% to 19.30%, moisture content increased from 29.56% to 34.30%, while ash content exhibited a fluctuating trend. Conversely, carbohydrate content decreased from 52.90% to 45.19%. Overall, the addition of bee pollen improved the nutritional quality and functional potential of milk-based jelly candy, particularly as a natural source of protein and minerals.

Hypertension is categorized as one of the most widespread chronic non-infectious conditions among the elderly and can heighten the risk of serious complications. A non-pharmacological strategy that may be implemented to manage hypertension is the administration of boiled moringa leaves (Moringa oleifera), which are known among scientific communities for possessing antioxidant agents and potent bioactive molecules that function synergistically in maintaining cardiovascular stability and decreasing arterial pressure. This empirical study sought to examine how far the intake of boiled moringa leaves contributes to reducing blood pressure values in hypertensive older adults living within Meunasah Papeun Village, situated in Krueng Barona Jaya Subdistrict, Aceh Besar District. The statistical evaluation showed a significant p-value of 0.001 (p < 0.05), confirming a substantial effect under a quantitative quasi-experimental approach applying the One Group Pretest-Posttest model. The research sample included 20 participants chosen from a total population of 77 individuals through purposive sampling. The investigation took place from May 27 to June 25. Data were obtained using observation forms, standard operating procedures (SOP) for moringa leaf preparation, and manual sphygmomanometer readings. The findings revealed that prior to the application of treatment, the mean systolic blood pressure reached a level of 193.30 mmHg, whereas following the intervention it displayed a considerable decrease, it fell to 129.75 mmHg. The mean diastolic pressure also exhibited a decrease from 94.00 mmHg, confirming the notable influence of moringa leaf decoction in controlling hypertension. In summary, moringa leaf infusion proved effective in lowering blood pressure among elderly individuals suffering from hypertension. It is recommended that patients regularly consume boiled moringa leaves when experiencing increased blood pressure, that community health services provide education regarding non-pharmacological hypertension management through moringa leaf decoction, and that further research explore this topic with broader variables.

Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum, is a major constraint in chili (Capsicum annuum L.) cultivation due to its severe impact on plant health and yield. Excessive use of synthetic fungicides to control this disease has resulted in environmental pollution and the development of resistant pathogens. This study aimed to identify endophytic fungi from black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) and evaluate their antagonistic potential against F. oxysporum as an eco-friendly biological control strategy. The novelty of this research lies in the exploration of endophytic fungi from black pepper, a crop not commonly studied as a microbial reservoir for chili disease control, providing new insight into cross-host endophytic interactions and their potential application in sustainable plant protection. Endophytic fungi were isolated from the stems, roots, and leaves of healthy black pepper plants, while F. oxysporum isolates were obtained from diseased chili plants. All isolates were cultured on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) and tested using a dual culture assay under a completely randomized design (CRD) with five treatments and six replications. Inhibition percentage and colony growth were observed for seven days, and antagonistic mechanisms such as competition, antibiosis, and parasitism were examined microscopically. Four endophytic fungi—Trichoderma sp., Gliocladium sp., Aspergillus niger, and Aspergillus flavus—showed antagonistic activity against F. oxysporum. The highest inhibition rates (60–75%) were observed in Gliocladium sp. and Trichoderma sp., primarily through competition and antibiosis mechanisms. These results demonstrate the potential of black pepper-derived endophytic fungi as novel, effective, and environmentally safe biocontrol agents, offering an innovative approach to developing sustainable alternatives to synthetic fungicides in integrated plant disease management systems.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of adding Eucheuma spinosum seaweed on the quality of goat milk dodol on moisture, protein, fat, and color (L*, a*, b*). Goat milk was chosen due to its high nutritional value and better digestibility than cow milk, although its consumption in Indonesia remains limited because of its strong odor, while dodol, a traditional Indonesian confection with a chewy texture, was used as a base product to promote milk utilization. The research material was dodol made from goat milk, glutinous rice flour, sugar, and salt, with the addition of Eucheuma spinosum seaweed at concentrations of 0% (T0), 10% (T1), 20% (T2), and 30% (T3). The method used was a laboratory experiment employing a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four treatments and five replications. The obtained data were then analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). If significant differences were found, the Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) was conducted. The results showed a protein content value of 5.33%-6.37%. Fat content value of 11.96%-13.19%. Ash content value ranged from 1.49%-3.96%. Texture value ranged from 16.22 N-26.44 N. pH value ranged from 6.76-6.94. Color parameter value L* ranged from 39.65-45.39; a* 5.16-8.33; b* 21.16-22.71. Organoleptic value of texture 2.50-3.48; color 2.08-3.79; aroma 3.69-3.83; taste 3.02-3.47.

Cancer remains a major challenge in modern medicine due to drug resistance and the adverse effects of conventional therapies, making it one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Continuous scientific efforts aim to discover safer and more effective treatments. Owing to their structural diversity, strong bioactivity, and relatively low toxicity, natural compounds show great promise as sources of anticancer drug candidates. This article aims to explore the role of medicinal chemistry in investigating, modifying, and optimizing natural bioactive compounds to develop more effective, selective, and stable anticancer agents with improved bioavailability. A narrative review was conducted using scientific literature published between 2020 and 2025 from PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and ResearchGate. The findings indicate that eugenol, berberine, hesperidin, piperine, and quercetin exhibit anticancer activities through apoptosis induction, inhibition of proliferation, and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Modern medicinal chemistry relies on understanding structure–activity relationships (SAR), chemical modification, and nanoparticle formulation to enhance biological performance. In addition, in silico techniques such as molecular docking and QSAR analysis are applied to study ligands and receptors and predict bioavailability improvements. The development of natural products as rational, effective, and safe anticancer drug candidates is strengthened by integrating experimental, computational, and pharmaceutical approaches.

The high number of hypertension cases is due to the still low level of hypertension control, specifically medication adherence. Treatment adherence is crucial for maintaining health and well-being in patients with hypertension. In contrast, non-adherence to medication leads to treatment failure. This study aims to determine the relationship between self-management and adherence to hypertension medication in the elderly. This research employed an analytical design with a cross-sectional approach. The study consisted of 49 elderly people with hypertension in Cot Cut Village, Kuta Baro, Aceh Besar. The sample was chosen using a total sampling technique. The MMAS-8 questionnaire was used to assess adherence to hypertension medication with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.860. The self-management questionnaire showed a Cronbach's alpha of 0.766. The research was conducted from April 8th to 14th, 2025. The data analysis used univariate and bivariate methods, using the chi-square test. The results showed that out of 49 respondents, 21 (42.9%) were less adherent to hypertension medication, and 29 (59.2%) had less adherence to self-management. The chi-square test indicated a p-value of 0.001, showing a relationship between self-management and adherence to hypertension medication among the elderly. This research suggests that hypertensive patients should be supervised to improve medication adherence and self-care management to maintain stable blood pressure.

Waste management in Indonesia continues to face serious challenges, with waste generation reaching around 68 million tonnes per year, while the traditional landfill-based approach has become increasingly ineffective and unsustainable. This study aims to: (1) analyse the policy strategies of local government in implementing Integrated Waste Treatment Facilities (IWTFs) in Sidoarjo Regency; (2) identify the key success factors of the IWTF programme; (3) evaluate its impact on waste reduction and community participation; and (4) propose an effective governance model that can serve as best practice for other regions. Using a qualitative single case study approach, data were collected through in-depth interviews with local government officials, IWTF managers, and community leaders, as well as field observations at five IWTF sites and a review of relevant policy documents. Thematic analysis was applied within the framework of policy implementation and collaborative governance theories. The results show that IWTF success in Sidoarjo was driven by four main factors: strong political commitment supported by adequate budget allocation, a collaborative partnership between government, community, and private sector, community empowerment through economic incentives via waste banks, and a structured monitoring–evaluation system. The IWTF programme has reduced landfill waste by 35%, increased public waste-sorting participation from 20% to 68%, and generated IDR 2.4 billion annually from recycling activities. Overall, Sidoarjo’s IWTF initiative demonstrates that sustainable waste management can be achieved through decentralized, participatory, and collaborative governance backed by consistent policy and institutional capacity.

Plant growth regulators are organic or synthetic compounds that function to regulate and stimulate plant growth, both in the vegetative and generative phases. The administration of plant growth regulators (PGRs) is an effort to provide hormones to plants for optimal growth. The purpose of this study was to determine the growth and yield of expired corn (Zea mays L.) plants after the administration of various plant growth regulators. The research using a randomized block design consisted of 10 treatments where treatment A = new seeds + Aquades, B = new seeds + 500 cc / L ZPT bean sprout extract, C = new seeds + 500cc / L ZPT young coconut water, D = new seeds + 0.2 cc / L Auxin, E = new seeds + 0.2 cc / L Gibberellin, F = expired seeds + Aquades, G = expired seeds + 500 cc / L ZPT bean sprout extract, H = expired seeds + 500 cc / L young coconut water, I = expired seeds + 0.2 cc / L Auxin, J = expired seeds + 0.2 cc / l Gibberellin. Each treatment was repeated 3 times, until 30 experimental units were obtained. Based on the results of the study, the highest plants were found in treatment I = expired seeds + 0.2 cc / L auxin at plant age 6 MST with an average of 257,667. The observation of the highest number of leaves was found in treatment I = expired seeds + 0.2 cc / L auxin at plant age 6 MST with an average of 14,530 strands, the best stem diameter was in treatment F = expired seeds + Aquades, at plant age 5 MST with an average stem diameter of 28,733, observations on the weight of the cob with husk and the best weight of the cob without husk were found in treatment F = expired seeds + Aquades with an average of 287,200 grams, and 251,533 grams, observations on the length of the best cob in treatment F = expired seeds + Aquades with an average length of 19,900 cm.

This research aims to determine the influence of the role-playing method on the creativity of early childhood at Miftahul Jannah TPA. Creativity as an important aspect of development needs to be stimulated from an early age through activities that are fun and meaningful for children. This research uses a quantitative approach with a pre-experimental design type one group pretest-posttest design, where researchers measure creativity before and after role-playing treatment. The research results show that the role playing method has a positive influence on the development of children's creativity. This can be seen from the increase in scores on several indicators of creativity, such as the ability to generate ideas, elaboration and concentration. The elaboration indicator received the highest score in the very good category, indicating that children were able to add details and enrich the storyline during role play. However, the indicators of flexibility and authenticity are still in the poor category and require further stimulation. Overall, an average creativity score of 54 was obtained, which shows that role playing is effective in stimulating children's creativity. These findings emphasize that role-playing methods need to be applied variedly and continuously in learning to optimize the creativity of early childhood.

In order to guarantee the best possible maternal health and fetal growth throughout pregnancy, complementary services for expectant mothers are required. These services include nutrition, mental health, and supplementary medical treatment. According to data, 70% of pregnant women have low back discomfort. According to a different poll, eight out of ten third-trimester pregnant women report having back pain. Doing Childpose (Balasana) exercises is one more way to lessen this problem. This study sought to ascertain if Childpose (Balasana) exercises were beneficial in lowering low back pain complaints among pregnant women in their third trimester at the South Bolango City Health Center. This study employed a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest approach with a sample of 34 pregnant women in the third trimester. There were twenty participants in the study's sample. Childpose or balasana exercises are beneficial in relieving back discomfort in third trimester pregnant women at the South Bolango Health Center, according to the data, which indicated a P-value of 0.000 <0.05.

Hipodontia adalah kondisi medis yang dapat mempengaruhi gigi desidui dan/atau gigi permanen, dan sering kali menimbulkan berbagai tantangan yang memerlukan perencanaan multidisiplin. Kondisi ini dapat berdampak negatif pada aspek estetika, bicara, fungsi oklusal, serta kesejahteraan psikologis pasien. Salah satu bentuk perawatan yang umum diberikan untuk pasien dengan hipodontia adalah penggunaan gigi tiruan cekat (GTC). Tujuan laporan kasus ini adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimana perawatan gigi tiruan cekat dapat diterapkan pada pasien dengan hipodontia. Metode yang digunakan dalam laporan kasus ini adalah memberikan perawatan dengan GTC pada pasien hipodontia, kemudian dievaluasi hasilnya setelah diberikan perawatan. Dalam merawat hipodontia, penggunaan gigi tiruan cekat sangat bergantung pada sejumlah faktor, antara lain ukuran, bentuk, dan warna gigi yang hilang, lokasi hipodontia, serta profil wajah pasien. Selain itu, aspek estetika seperti garis senyum, perbedaan panjang lengkung gigi, ukuran gigi, ketebalan tulang rahang, dan ekspektasi estetika pasien juga turut mempengaruhi keputusan perawatan yang dilakukan. Dengan pendekatan yang tepat, perawatan hipodontia dapat memperbaiki fungsi oklusal dan estetika, memberikan hasil yang optimal untuk pasien.

This study aims to analyze and synthesize findings from various scientific literature on the implementation of multicultural counseling as an effective intervention in addressing language discrimination conflicts in school environments. Language discrimination (linguisticism) is a social justice issue that seriously impacts the psychological well-being and academic outcomes of minority students. Unfair treatment of someone based on their language is not only a social issue but can also cause students to feel sad and stressed, and can affect their grades or academic achievement. The research method used was a Systematic Literature Review, which focused on an in-depth analysis of the concept of multicultural competence and the role of counselor advocacy in a linguistic context.  The results of this study indicate that culturally respectful counseling can be an effective method to address language discrimination, by championing changes in the school system and making counselors more sensitive to cultural differences. This study concludes that the implementation of multicultural counseling is an effective way to create a fair learning environment and respect linguistic diversity.

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) are biological agents that play an important role in increasing the efficiency of nutrient uptake and plant tolerance to abiotic stress, especially in acidic soils such as ultisols. This study aims to analyze the growth and yield responses of chili (Capsicum annuum L.) to the combination of NPK fertilizer doses and AMF inoculation. The study was conducted in Sungai Talang, Gadut, Agam Regency, from June to October 2025 using a Factorial Completely Randomized Design with two factors, namely AMF inoculation (without AMF, Glomus sp., and Rhizophagus sp.) and NPK fertilizer doses (100%, 75%, 50%, and 25% of the recommendation). The results showed a significant interaction between AMF inoculation and NPK doses on plant height, dry weight, flowering time, and fruit yield per plant. Glomus sp. inoculation with a 50% NPK fertilizer dose resulted in the highest growth and yield, equivalent to the 100% NPK treatment without AMF. The integration of AMF with a 50% reduction in NPK dosage has been shown to maintain crop productivity. This strategy can serve as a basis for developing a sustainable agricultural system based on nutrient efficiency and soil microbial balance.

This study aims to determine the effect of the interaction between the duration of immersion of coconut water plant growth regulators and manure on the growth of guava cuttings (Syzygium aqueum). This study used a Factorial Randomized Block Design (RAK) consisting of 2 factors with 48 plots, namely: The first factor is the duration of immersion of coconut water plant growth regulators which is given the symbol 'A' which consists of 4 levels of treatment, namely A0: without immersion, A1: 3 hours, A2: 6 hours, A3: 9 hours. The second factor is manure which is given the symbol 'S' which consists of 4 levels of treatment, namely S0: 0 g / polybag, S1: 50 g / polybag, S2: 100 g / polybag, S3: 150 g / polybag. So there are 16 combinations consisting of 3 replications. The parameters observed in this study are the age of shoot emergence, number of shoots, shoot length, leaf length, number of leaves, percentage of survival. The results of the study showed that the duration of immersion in young coconut water with growth regulators and the application of cow dung fertilizer significantly affected the growth of water apple (Syzygium aqueum) cuttings. The results showed that the duration of immersion in young coconut water with growth regulators and the application of cow dung fertilizer only significantly affected the number of shoots and leaves observed in the ninth week.

Background: Section Caesarea (SC) is the process of giving birth through surgery by making an incision in the mother's stomach (laparatomy) and uterus (hysterectomy) to remove the baby. 75% of surgical patients experience moderate to severe pain after surgery. Women experience high levels of pain intensity for 24 hours after SC. Objective: The aim of this research is to determine the effectiveness of lavender aromatherapy to reduce pain intensity in post-section caesarean mothers at Muhammadiyah Kalikapas Hospital. Methods: In this research, researchers used a Quasi Experimental type of research with a one group pre test and post test design. The population was 39 and a sample of 35 patients was obtained using purposive sampling. This research data uses the Verbal Rating Scale (VRS) observation sheet. After tabulating the data, it was analyzed using the Wilcoxon test with a significance level of p= ? ? 0.05. The results of the study showed that before being given lavender aromatherapy, most of the 35 post- SC mothers experienced severe pain, after treatment 19 people (54.3%) experienced moderate pain. Result: The Wilxocon Test results obtained a significant value, namely p-value 0.000, then Ha is accepted so it can be concluded that there is an effect of using lavender aromatherapy to reduce pain intensity in post caesarean section. This means that there is an influence of the use of Lavender Aromatherapy to Reduce Pain Intensity in Post Sectio Caesarea Mothers at Muhammadiyah Kalikapas Hospital in 2024. Conclusion: Lavender Aromatherapy can be a non-pharmacological therapy in reducing pain intensity for post SC Mothers

This study aims to evaluate the Resource Development and Installation (RDI) technique to reduce symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in female victims of domestic violence. Domestic violence (which falls under the category of intimate partner violence/IPV) is a global public health problem that contributes significantly to women's mental health disorders, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Recent systematic evidence shows a strong association between various forms of IPV and adverse mental health outcomes in women, with large variations in prevalence across contexts. Resource Development and Installation (RDI) is a psychological stabilization procedure within EMDR aimed at generating positive resources in individuals exposed to traumatic experiences. The research method used in this study was multiple baseline with a single case (single case research), namely research conducted on subjects with the aim of determining the magnitude of the effect of treatment given repeatedly over a certain period. This study involved three adult female participants who experienced trauma symptoms due to violence perpetrated by an intimate partner in a domestic context. The data analysis technique used in this study was visual inspection by comparing changes in trauma scores in respondents between the baseline and intervention phases. Trauma symptoms were measured using the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ). There was a decrease in HTQ scores from an average of 2.9 (presence of PTSD symptoms) before the intervention to 2.1 (minimal). Resources Development and Installation were effective in reducing trauma symptoms in female victims of violence. This was evident in the decrease in trauma symptom scores between before and after the provision of Resources Development and Installation to female victims of violence.