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This study analyzes Tretan Muslim's Mutant series as a digital cultural text containing social criticism through the approach of Karl Marx's literary sociology. Amidst the limited academic studies on digital humor as a medium of social representation, this study investigates how class relations, social conformity, and symbolic domination are represented through the humorous interactions of the characters. Using qualitative methods with content analysis, data were obtained from in-depth observations of several key scenes and supported by literature on Marxism, social criticism, and digital culture. The results show that humor in Mutant works through three main layers: (1) class representation, (2) critique of conformity culture, and (3) commodification of identity. Thus, this study confirms that Mutant functions not only as entertainment, but also as a medium of social criticism that reveals the mechanisms of domination and resistance in contemporary society. These findings contribute to the expansion of the study of literary sociology in the context of digital culture and open up new reading spaces for humor as a means of social reflection.

This study compares Grammarly and Paraphraser.io in supporting students’ academic writing and rewriting skills based on Flower and Hayes’s (1981) cognitive process theory, which includes the stages of planning, translating, and reviewing. Using a descriptive qualitative method supported by quantitative data, the research involved 32 English Education students who had used both tools in academic writing. Data were collected through questionnaires and analyzed descriptively to identify students’ perceptions of grammatical accuracy, rewriting ability, feedback quality, and overall writing improvement. The results of this study indicate that 54.4% of students use Grammarly and 45.6% use Paraphraser.io, showing that Grammarly is the slightly more dominant and trusted tool for improving grammatical accuracy and clarity, while Paraphraser.io functions as a complementary platform for paraphrasing and generating new sentence structures; together, both tools contribute effectively though through distinct roles to enhancing students’ academic writing performance. The comparative analysis revealed that Grammarly was most effective in enhancing analytical skills during the planning and reviewing stages, improving grammar, coherence, and clarity. In contrast, Paraphraser.io was most beneficial for generative skills in the translating stage, directly enhancing originality and sentence variation. Most respondents rated their writing improvement highly, confirming the positive impact of both tools on academic performance. In conclusion, the findings confirm that Grammarly and Paraphraser.io serve distinct, yet complementary roles: the former ensures linguistic precision, while the latter supports structural creativity, ultimately helping students produce highly accurate and original academic texts.

The formation of spiritual maturity within Christian families is often misunderstood as a result of chronological age or the length of one’s Christian experience. This literature study emphasizes that spiritual maturity is not determined by age, but by a continuous process of faith formation through biblical knowledge, spiritual practices, lifestyle modeling, and character transformation. Using library research methods, this study analyzes primary and secondary literature related to the role of families, stages of faith development, and the collaborative role of the church in spiritual formation. The findings reveal that the family serves as the central foundation of faith formation, requiring the active involvement of parents in Bible reading, prayer, ethical guidance, and moral example. Furthermore, spiritual maturity is influenced by developmental stages that do not necessarily correspond to biological age. The church functions as a collaborative partner that supports family spiritual growth through teaching, ministry involvement, and pastoral guidance. This study concludes that spiritual maturity is reflected in character and actions rather than ritual participation alone, and it recommends strengthening family-based faith education and cooperation with the church as a foundation for authentic spiritual growth.

This article discusses the role of Christian Religious Education (PAK) in shaping inclusive attitudes of students in the midst of diverse Indonesian society. Using a descriptive qualitative approach, this study examines how PAK can teach the values ​​of love, justice, and respect for differences, and their impact on students' character. The results of the study indicate that PAK not only functions as a transmitter of the doctrine of faith, but also as a means to promote tolerance and interfaith dialogue. Teachers play an important role as facilitators who create a safe and supportive learning environment, and integrate multicultural values ​​into the curriculum. Although PAK faces challenges in the learning approach, collaboration between the church, school, and family can strengthen the impact of religious education. Thus, PAK has great potential in shaping a tolerant generation committed to social justice in a pluralistic society.

Banda Aceh City has high vulnerability to tsunamis due to its coastal location directly facing the sea and being situated in an active tectonic zone. This study evaluates the spatial distribution of tsunami risk and assesses coastal conditions as disaster mitigation efforts using a mixed-method approach that combines quantitative analysis based on Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and qualitative analysis through field surveys and expert assessments. Three beaches were selected as study locations: Ulee Lheue Beach, Syiah Kuala Beach, and Alue Naga Beach, with risk assessment calculated using the formula Risk = (H × V) / C according to the BNPB framework and overlay techniques in GIS to create risk distribution maps. Coastal condition evaluation focused on coastal vegetation and protective coastal structures assessed using an ordinal scale of 1–5. Results show that Ulee Lheue Beach has the highest mitigation capacity with a score of 64.5% (good category), Syiah Kuala Beach reaches 57.5% (fairly good), while Alue Naga Beach has the lowest score of 28.3% (poor). Correlation analysis yielded a coefficient of r = 0.97, indicating a very strong positive relationship between coastal vegetation and protective coastal structures. Therefore, the study recommends strengthening mitigation strategies through improved protective infrastructure and optimization of coastal vegetation functions, particularly in high-risk areas, to reduce tsunami impacts in the future.

This study aims to analyze the role of public relations as a key pillar in building reputation and enhancing the credibility of nature-based tourism in Jombang. The research focuses on the communication strategies employed by public relations officers in delivering information, managing public interactions, and utilizing digital media as the primary tool for strengthening destination image. The research method used is a case study with a descriptive qualitative approach. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with six informants, including public relations staff, tourism managers, representatives from the tourism department, local community members, and visitors.The findings show that public relations plays a vital role in reputation building through four main dimensions: message consistency, communication transparency, collaboration with communities and stakeholders, and the optimization of digital media. Field findings reveal that consistent use of social media strengthens tourists’ trust, while local community involvement adds authenticity to the destination’s image. Moreover, public relations also functions as a crisis communication manager by providing fast and accurate information during operational disruptions. In conclusion, the reputation of nature tourism in Jombang is not solely determined by natural beauty but also by the quality of communication managed by public relations. The optimization of digital and collaborative communication has become a key strategy to maintain the credibility and attractiveness of the destination amid increasingly competitive tourism dynamics.

This article examines in depth the concept of protecting human dignity through the regulation of gaze and physical contact among mahram according to the Shafi‘i School of Islamic law. From an Islamic perspective, the preservation of dignity (ḥifẓ al-‘irḍ) occupies a highly fundamental position as part of the objectives of Islamic law, particularly in regulating social relations and family interactions. Although mahram relationships legally allow closer interaction, Islam continues to establish ethical boundaries to safeguard purity and moral values. This study is a normative legal research employing conceptual and normative-fiqh approaches, relying on primary sources such as the Qur’an, the Prophetic traditions (hadith), and classical as well as contemporary Shafi‘i jurisprudential literature. The findings indicate that the Shafi‘i School does not regard mahram relations as a sphere of absolute and unrestricted freedom, but instead provides clear regulations concerning gaze and physical contact. Visual interaction is permitted in a limited manner, restricted to certain parts of the body and subject to the condition that it does not provoke desire or potential moral temptation (fitnah). Meanwhile, physical contact is regulated more strictly and, in principle, is only permitted in situations of legitimate shar‘i necessity, such as medical treatment or emergency circumstances. Therefore, the regulation of gaze and physical contact among mahram in the Shafi‘i School functions as an instrument for protecting human dignity, preserving the sanctity of family relationships, and preventing behavioral deviations from an early stage.

This research aims to develop an E-Catalog Information System for the Library of SMPK St. Yohanes Wewewa Barat as a digital platform that provides students and teachers with fast, accurate, and efficient access to book collection information. The system is designed to replace the previous manual book search process, which often caused delays and reduced the effectiveness of library services. The development of this system applies The Model-View-Controller (MVC) method structures the system by dividing it into three distinct parts: the model, the view, and the controller, each with its own specific function resulting in a structured architecture that is easier to manage, maintain, and improve. This method was chosen because it supports modular development and provides flexibility for future system enhancements. The results of this study show that the developed e-catalog system functions properly and performs well according to the intended design. All main features, including book searching, book detail display, and book data management, operate optimally without significant issues. Moreover, the system helps improve the efficiency of library services and enhances the user experience in accessing digital book information.

This study examines Pamungkas’s song “To the Bone” through the lens of Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL), focusing on the ideational, interpersonal, and textual metafunctions as proposed by M.A.K. Halliday. Using a qualitative descriptive approach, this research explores how the lyrics represent emotional depth, longing, and devotion through linguistic choices. The ideational metafunction reveals the representation of personal experiences and emotional states, as seen in the recurring mental processes that express desire and affection. The interpersonal metafunction highlights the close emotional relationship between the singer and the listener, employing personal pronouns, modality, and mood to convey sincerity, vulnerability, and affection. Meanwhile, the textual metafunction ensures cohesion and coherence through repetition, thematic structure, and parallelism, which emphasize the constancy of emotion and strengthen the lyrical unity. By uncovering these linguistic processes, this study demonstrates how “To the Bone” serves as a powerful medium of emotional expression, illustrating how language in music functions not only as art but also as a reflection of human intimacy and emotional truth.

Communication is a fundamental element in the development of entrepreneurship, particularly within edupreneurship, which integrates educational innovation with entrepreneurial values to address contemporary challenges in education. In an increasingly competitive and digitally driven educational landscape, edupreneurs are required not only to possess pedagogical competence but also strong communication skills to sustain and scale their initiatives. This study aims to analyze the role of effective communication in strengthening edupreneurship competencies. The research employs a literature review method by synthesizing and analyzing relevant theories and previous studies on communication, entrepreneurship, and edupreneurship. The findings indicate that effective communication plays a significant role in enhancing key edupreneurship competencies, including negotiation skills, leadership capacity, personal branding, and adaptability to digital transformation. Communication also functions as a strategic tool for building trust, expanding professional networks, fostering collaboration, and creating supportive learning ecosystems within educational enterprises. Moreover, effective communication enables edupreneurs to articulate value propositions clearly, manage stakeholders efficiently, and respond flexibly to dynamic changes in educational markets. The implications of this study emphasize that communication competence is not a complementary skill but a core requirement for sustainable edupreneurship development. Therefore, systematic communication training and the integration of communication-based learning strategies are strongly recommended within entrepreneurship education programs, particularly for prospective edupreneurs, to support long-term innovation, competitiveness, and sustainability in the education sector.

The development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has significantly influenced the formation of contracts in civil law, particularly through the automation of clause drafting, risk analysis, and the standardization of contractual documents. The use of AI in contract drafting raises complex legal issues, especially concerning the validity of agreements and the attribution of legal liability in the event of default. This study aims to analyze the validity of contracts created through Artificial Intelligence from the perspective of Indonesian civil law and to examine models of legal liability in AI-based contracts. This research employs a normative legal method with statutory and conceptual approaches, examining the provisions of the Indonesian Civil Code, particularly Article 1320, as well as legal doctrines and scholarly perspectives on digital contracts and AI. The findings indicate that AI-based contracts are, in principle, legally valid as long as they fulfill the requirements of a valid agreement, namely the consent of the parties, legal capacity, a specific object, and a lawful cause. Artificial Intelligence cannot be positioned as a legal subject because it lacks intent, consciousness, and the capacity to bear rights and obligations, and therefore functions solely as a technological tool. Consequently, legal intent and liability remain attached to the human or legal entity that uses, controls, or benefits from AI. This study also emphasizes that the primary challenge of AI-based contracts lies in the absence of specific legal regulations governing the allocation of liability among AI users, system providers, and developers, particularly when default occurs due to algorithmic errors or system failures. Therefore, clearer, adaptive, and comprehensive regulations are required to ensure legal certainty, protect the parties involved, and maintain a balance between technological innovation and the principles of justice in AI-based contractual practices in Indonesia.

Reboan Agung at the Ahlus Shafa Wal Wafa Islamic Boarding School is a recitation tradition that is carried out regularly every Wednesday and Thursday evenings. This activity began in 2002 from a simple recitation led by KH. Mohammad Nizam As-Shofa, who at that time was only followed by a few people, especially his family members. Over time, this study developed into a large spiritual community and served as an important place to instill the values of Sufism and Islamic spirituality to the students and their congregation. This research aims to analyze the role of Majlis Reboan Agung in supporting the spirituality of the congregation within the Ahlus Shafa Wal Wafa Islamic Boarding School Foundation. The research method used is qualitative with a case study approach. The research results show that Majlis Reboan Agung has a very important role in supporting the spirituality of the congregation. Many congregants felt calm, motivated, and experienced positive changes such as increased patience, sincerity, surrender, enthusiasm, and determination in facing life's trials. They apply these values in their daily lives, which have an impact on ego control, self-understanding, and better relationships with other people. These findings show that Reboan Agung functions as an effective means for cultivating spirituality, not only increasing religious knowledge, but also forming character, strengthening ukhuwah, and growing the congregation's commitment to consistently practicing Islamic teachings.

This study aims to develop an educational application based on a Graphical User Interface (GUI) using MATLAB App Designer that functions as an interactive simulation for evaluating blood pressure. The application allows users to input systolic and diastolic blood pressure values along with supporting information such as name and age. The input data are then analyzed and classified into several blood pressure categories according to the standards of the American Heart Association (AHA), including normal, hypotension, stage 1 hypertension, stage 2 hypertension, and hypertensive crisis. The classification results are presented visually through an interactive pie chart with dynamic percentages and legends to enhance user understanding. In addition, all data are automatically stored in a Microsoft Excel file containing a summary of blood pressure categories and session timestamps. The system is designed with a simple interface and intuitive interaction, making it suitable for early health education purposes. Although the application still relies on manual data input, it has the potential to serve as an effective learning tool for increasing public awareness of the importance of regular blood pressure monitoring. 

This study is entitled Nahwu and Shorof as Sciences in the Ontological Perspective within the Realm of Philosophy. The purpose of this research is to examine the essence of nahwu and shorof not merely as technical tools for understanding the Arabic language, but also as scientific entities that possess ontological dimensions in philosophy. Nahwu is understood as the science that regulates the arrangement of words within sentences, while shorof functions to form and transform words according to specific patterns. From an ontological perspective, both are not simply linguistic instruments, but rather representations of the structure and form of linguistic reality that reflect the orderliness of human thought. The analysis demonstrates that nahwu and shorof play a fundamental role in preserving the integrity of meaning in Arabic texts, while also serving as a means to comprehend the essence of language as a living and dynamic entity. Thus, nahwu and shorof can be regarded not only as practical sciences in language learning, but also as philosophical disciplines within the ontology of knowledge, revealing the essence of form and structure of language in relation to human and societal reality.

This sociolinguistic study examines patterns of regional language interference in formal Indonesian usage across bilingual areas of Indonesia. Through a mixed-methods approach, this research analyzes oral and written data from 240 participants across three strategic bilingual regions: Javanese-Indonesian, Sundanese-Indonesian, and Batak-Indonesian. Data were collected through structured interviews, ethnographic observations, and corpus analysis of formal documents. Quantitative analysis employed linguistic corpus software to identify frequency patterns and interference distribution, while qualitative analysis applied ethnography of communication approaches to understand social contexts and functions of interference in communicative interactions. Findings reveal systematic interference typologies that vary according to linguistic domains. Phonological interference demonstrates the highest resistance to formal register constraints (78% consistency), with Batak-Indonesian speakers showing the highest interference rates (85%), followed by Javanese-Indonesian (74%), and Sundanese-Indonesian (71%). Lexical interference occurs in 65% of samples with significant variation based on communication domains, where Sundanese-Indonesian shows the highest rates (72%). Morphological interference is found in 52% of cases, particularly in affixation and reduplication systems. Syntactic interference shows the highest sensitivity to situational formality, decreasing from 45% in semi-formal communication to 28% in strict formal contexts. Research implications indicate the need for reorienting language policy from corrective approaches toward recognizing interference productivity. Language policies should develop flexible standards that accommodate regional variations and promote positive attitudes toward multilingualism. In educational contexts, integration of contrastive approaches in Indonesian language learning is required, along with development of instructional materials sensitive to students' linguistic backgrounds, and teacher training on managing productive versus corrective interference.This research contributes to Indonesian sociolinguistics through providing comprehensive empirical databases, developing innovative theoretical frameworks, and replicable methodologies for language contact analysis. Findings confirm that regional language interference in formal Indonesian constitutes a productive phenomenon reflecting Indonesia's multilingual vitality. Approaches that recognize productive aspects of interference while optimizing formal communication effectiveness become key to developing language strategies responsive to contemporary multilingual Indonesian realities.

Student resilience is an essential capacity for coping with academic, social, and psychological challenges in educational settings. One of the external factors that plays a significant role in fostering resilience is social support. This study aims to analyze the role of social support in enhancing student resilience from the perspective of Islamic educational psychology. This research employed a library research approach by reviewing and synthesizing relevant journal articles and scholarly books published between 2021 and 2025 related to social support, student resilience, and Islamic educational psychology. Data were analyzed using content analysis and thematic analysis of previous research findings. The results indicate that social support derived from family, teachers, peers, and the school environment functions as a protective factor that enhances students’ adaptive abilities, emotional regulation, and resilience in facing academic pressures. From the perspective of Islamic educational psychology, social support is integrated with Islamic values such as ukhuwah (brotherhood), ta’awun (mutual assistance), sabr (patience), and tawakkul (trust in God), which strengthen students’ resilience in a holistic manner, encompassing both psychological and spiritual dimensions. This study contributes theoretically to the development of Islamic educational psychology and provides practical implications for educational institutions in creating supportive and value-based learning environments.

This research aims to explore the function of the church in improving the understanding of the congregational environment through an eco-ecclesiology perspective. Eco-ecclesiology places the church as an integral part of God's creation that has a spiritual responsibility to protect, protect, and care for the environment. This study uses a qualitative approach with a descriptive method, where data is collected through interviews, observations, and documentation from church ministers and congregation members. The results of the study show that the church has contributed to building concern for the environment through preaching, education, and social activities related to nature conservation. However, this role is not fully optimal because there is still limited awareness among the congregation and there is no structured and sustainable environmental program. These findings affirm the need for churches to integrate eco-ecclesiological principles more systematically into the ministry and daily life of the church. Thus, the church functions not only as a spiritual center, but also as an agent of social transformation that encourages the creation of ecological awareness and concrete actions in preserving the environment.

This study discusses the learning process of Christian Religious Education (CRE) for early childhood based on a hermeneutical approach as a pedagogical strategy for fostering children’s faith from an early age. Early childhood is a critical stage in faith development; therefore, learning methods must be not only informative but also transformative and meaningful. This study employs a qualitative method through a literature review, analyzing hermeneutical theories, early childhood development studies, and CRE teaching practices in the Indonesian educational context. The findings indicate that the application of child-centered hermeneutics enables teachers to connect biblical messages with children’s concrete experiences through storytelling, visual media, role-playing, and multisensory activities appropriate to children’s world. Contextual, simple, and creative interpretation of biblical texts helps children internalize faith values more deeply and practically. This study emphasizes the importance of strengthening teachers’ competencies through practical hermeneutics training and implementing developmentally appropriate learning approaches. Thus, hermeneutics functions not only as a tool for interpreting biblical texts but also as a pedagogical process that holistically shapes children’s faith development.  

This study aims to describe the application of management functions in pastoral care for PLHIV. The research method used is a descriptive qualitative method with data collection techniques through observation and interviews. The study was conducted at the HKBP AIDS Ministry (HAM) Balige. Research Findings indicate that the implementation of pastoral care management functions such as planning, organizing, implementing, monitoring and evaluation has been carried out well. The planning stage generally concerns the foundation's readiness to provide assistance in the form of data collection on the identity of the assisted, infrastructure, and scheduling. The organizing stage includes the division of personnel tasks, the formation of peer groups as service partners. The implementation stage is the aspect of implementing pastoral care with the aim of realizing assistance for PLHIV through early detection facilities, providing medication to PLHIV, and educating the community in the form of socialization or seminars. The monitoring stage is carried out by monitoring the progress of the assisted through ARV compliance forms. Meanwhile, evaluation of pastoral care for PLHIV is carried out in weekly meetings to ensure all activities are carried out properly. The implications of these findings support the principle of the importance of managerial aspects in pastoral care so that the assistance is more effective, structured and sustainable so that efforts to improve the quality of life and the healing process of PLHIV can be enhanced.

The city of Singkawang has experienced rapid population growth, leading to an increase in the number of students. On 17 September 2024, the Singkawang City Transportation Agency implemented a free revitalized Student Transport service to reduce the number of traffic accidents involving students. The aim of this study is to identify service and respondent characteristics, evaluate operational management, and assess performance and user satisfaction using the IPA and CSI methods, as well as Vehicle Operating Costs (VOC). The research employs a descriptive quantitative method by analyzing descriptive statistical data. Data were obtained from field observations, interviews, and surveys of 400 student respondents (146 users and 254 non-users). The results show that the student transport operates with two vehicles serving the North and East Singkawang routes. The load factor for outbound trips is 22%–32% and for return trips is 11%–12%, with travel times of 68–85 minutes, average operating speeds of 20–22 km/hour, and circulation times of 68–85 minutes. Based on the IPA analysis, the indicators in quadrant D require socialization regarding the functions and use of the interior of the student transport. The CSI result shows a score of 99.79% (very satisfied). The annual VOC amounts to IDR 292,905,814 (East Singkawang) and IDR 282,020,390 (North Singkawang). In conclusion, this service is satisfactory but still requires socialization to enhance its attractiveness and effectiveness.