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Notarial deeds as authentic instruments hold a crucial role in Indonesia’s civil law evidence system, providing perfect proof under Article 1868 of the Civil Code. However, in practice, such deeds are often denied by one party in court, raising debates about the certainty of their evidentiary power. This study examines the legal consequences of denying a notarial deed for the parties in litigation and the assurance of legal certainty for those holding such deeds. Using R. Soeroso’s Theory of Legal Consequences and Jan Michael Otto’s Theory of Legal Certainty, this normative juridical research employs statutory, conceptual, analytical, and case approaches, with literature-based data collection and interpretative legal analysis. The findings reveal that denial of a notarial deed may create new legal relationships, alter good-faith relations into disputes, and result in sanctions imposed by court rulings. Meanwhile, legal certainty remains guaranteed, as authentic deed regulations are clear, binding, and enforceable, serving as a guideline in resolving disputes and upholding sanctions.  

Civic Education (PKn) has a strategic role as the main means in internalizing the values of Pancasila to students. Through PKn, the process of forming the character and personality of citizens can be carried out systematically, sustainably, and contextually, based on the values of divinity, humanity, unity, democracy, and justice. The internalization of these values is not only through mastery of concepts, but also through habituation of attitudes and behaviors in daily life. An interactive, reflective, and social project-based approach to learning allows learners to actively develop moral awareness, social responsibility, and a sense of nationalism. PKn functions as a character education instrument that not only forms civic knowledge, but also builds a strong national identity and a tolerant spirit. In the context of globalization and the challenges of the digital era, civil society is an important foundation in equipping the young generation to be able to be critical, adaptive, and still uphold national values. Therefore, PKn is not just a formal subject, but a strategic vehicle in forming a generation with Pancasila character who is ready to contribute positively to the life of society, nation, and state. This research emphasizes the urgency of PKn revitalization as a transformative and contextual value education.

Education serves as an institutional mechanism that can accelerate the development of a nation's character. Factors influencing the decline of the Indonesian nation are the result of mental and moral decline, which occurs in both the older and younger generations, including within the government and among the wider community. These factors have resulted in the Indonesian nation experiencing setbacks in various positions in the world. To overcome this problem, the Indonesian nation needs to develop and build a life by instilling positive values ​​​​to develop good character and be able to compete with other countries in the era of globalization. Character education offers a great opportunity to implement the process of fostering and developing human beings, with education based on noble morals, namely Islamic education that integrates faith, sharia, and morals in a learning system that is based on Islamic morals and influences self-improvement. One of the advantages of Al-Islam for humanity is the creation of a comprehensive and consistent method for developing mentality, producing generations, building society and culture, and upholding the principles of glory and civilization. Child educators must continue to seek more effective methods, seeking informative educational rules in preparing children mentally and morally, scientifically, spiritually, and socially, so that children can reach perfect maturity.

This research examines compliance with gold pawn guarantee execution procedures from a civil law perspective, using a case study of Medan District Court Decision Number 738/Pdt.G/2023/PN Mdn. The background to this research stems from the growing practice of gold pawning in society as a solution for quick cash needs, but it often raises legal issues related to the execution process of the pawned goods. The issues raised in this paper are the procedures for executing gold pawn guarantees according to applicable law and whether PT. Gadai Mas Sumut's actions in this case comply with legal provisions. This research method uses a normative juridical approach by examining Articles 1150-1160 of the Civil Code, the Consumer Protection Law, and PMK Number 122 of 2023. The analysis shows that, normatively, creditors have the right to execute pawned goods if the debtor defaults. However, execution must be carried out in accordance with legal procedures, the principle of good faith, and transparency, including through a public or voluntary auction. In the case of PT. In the case of the North Sumatra Gold Pawn, the execution was carried out without adequate notification and without evidence of an official auction, thus being deemed to have failed to meet the principle of legal compliance. Therefore, this article concludes that gold pawn execution practices must be based on the principles of legal certainty and debtor protection to prevent similar losses and disputes in the future.

This study examines the synergy between morality and professionalism as foundational components in shaping ethical behavior among civil servants in Palangka Raya City. The research is motivated by persistent ethical issues within local government bureaucracy, despite ongoing reform initiatives that emphasize integrity and accountability in public service. Using a quantitative explanatory survey design, data were collected from civil servants across several regional government institutions and analyzed through multiple linear regression to determine the influence of morality and professionalism on ethical behavior. The findings indicate that both variables significantly contribute to the formation of ethical conduct, with morality demonstrating a slightly stronger influence compared to professionalism, thereby confirming theoretical concepts which argue that ethical public administration requires both personal integrity and professional competence. These results highlight the importance of strengthening institutional ethics programs through character building, competency-based professionalism, and transparent supervisory mechanisms to ensure consistency of ethical behavior across administrative practices. The study also acknowledges methodological limitations related to the exclusive use of quantitative measures, suggesting that future research may integrate qualitative approaches to capture deeper subjective meanings of morality and professionalism within public sector settings.

This study provides an in-depth analysis of the urgency of employing a contextual approach to the Qur’an and Sunnah as a hermeneutical framework for addressing the increasingly complex social problems in Indonesia. Based on the premise that divine revelation encompasses both textual and contextual dimensions, this research underscores the necessity of reinterpreting Islamic teachings by considering the sociocultural, economic, and intellectual transformations of modern society. Utilizing library research and extensive scholarly literature review, the study examines the contributions of the contextual approach in revitalizing maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah, advancing social exegesis, promoting productive zakat models, strengthening child protection policies, developing environmental jurisprudence, and enhancing social ijtihād during crisis situations such as the Covid-19 pandemic. The findings demonstrate that a contextual approach enables Islamic teachings to be articulated into more adaptive, inclusive, and progressive ethical principles without compromising their theological foundations. This approach also reinforces the integration of social sciences into Islamic studies, thereby producing legal formulations and public policies that promote public welfare, social justice, and ecological sustainability. Overall, the study concludes that the contextual approach is not merely a method of interpretation but a civilizational paradigm essential for shaping Islam’s relevance within Indonesia’s multicultural society. By fostering a dialogical encounter between scriptural texts and empirical realities, this approach preserves the vitality of Islamic teachings while ensuring their constructive and sustainable contribution to resolving national issues.  

The development of information technology has driven significant changes in contracting practices, including the emergence of electronic contracts as a form of agreement in digital transactions. This study aims to analyze the legal basis, validity requirements, constituent elements, and legal status of electronic contracts under the Law of ITE, Government Regulation No. 71 of 2019, Government Regulation No. 80 of 2019, and the general principles of agreement in the Civil Code. The research employs a normative juridical method with a qualitative analytical approach through a literature review of legislation and relevant legal doctrine. The study’s findings indicate that electronic contracts fundamentally possess the same validity as conventional written contracts, provided they satisfy the validity requirements of Article 1320 of the Civil Code and the technical provisions set forth in the implementing regulations of the UU ITE. These provisions include the use of reliable electronic systems, adherence to the principles of prudence and good faith, and the provision of clear electronic information. Electronic contracts must also contain the essentialia, naturalia, and accidentalia elements as regulated in Government Regulation No. 71 of 2019, and they are subject to additional rules applicable to electronic transactions under Government Regulation No. 80 of 2019. The implications of this study underscore the importance of raising electronic system security standards, providing legal education for participants in digital transactions, and strengthening regulations on digital proof and evidentiary rules so that electronic contracts can deliver optimal legal certainty.

The Israel–Palestine conflict continues to generate widespread human rights violations, yet international responses are often fragmented due to the political dominance of developed nations, raising critical questions about the effectiveness of human rights protection. This study aims to conduct an in-depth analysis of how such dominance, particularly the use of veto power in the UN Security Council and the provision of direct political and military support, it affects the asymmetry of civilian protection and delays the cessation of hostilities. Using a doctrinal method with normative–qualitative analysis of resolutions, official reports, and global justice frameworks, this research also evaluates the effectiveness of normative diplomacy carried out by Indonesia and the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) in promoting ceasefires, accountability, and victim recovery. The findings indicate that vetoes and material support create systemic barriers to compliance with humanitarian law, significantly weakening efforts to protect human rights. Nevertheless, Indonesia’s and the OIC’s consistent diplomacy contributes to mobilizing international support, although their policy leverage remains limited in the absence of concrete enforcement mechanisms. The main implication of this study underscores the urgent need for a stronger architecture of global compliance, including restrictions on arms support that prolong conflict, conditioning international aid on human rights compliance, ensuring humanitarian access, and reinforcing the implementation of rulings and provisional measures of international judicial bodies, in pursuit of effective accountability and human rights protection.

The digital transformation of Indonesia’s judiciary through the e-Court system represents a Supreme Court initiative to realize the principles of speed, simplicity, and affordability as mandated by Article 2(4) of Law No. 48 of 2009 on Judicial Power. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of these principles in the implementation of e-Court, particularly in civil cases at District Courts. The research employs a juridical-normative and juridical-empirical approach, collecting data through literature review, document analysis, and interviews with court officials, lawyers, and litigants. The findings indicate that e- Court significantly accelerates case administration, claim submission, and inter-party communication, reflecting a faster and more efficient adjudication process. Nevertheless, challenges remain, including technological infrastructure limitations, digital literacy disparities, and regional inconsistencies in implementation. Furthermore, although case fees have become more affordable, accessibility for people in remote areas continues to hinder procedural simplicity. The study concludes that e-Court has positively contributed to realizing the principles of speed, simplicity, and low cost, yet further policy reinforcement, equitable digital infrastructure, and human resource development are necessary to achieve an inclusive and just digital judiciary.

Islamic philosophy is one of the most dynamic intellectual traditions in the history of Islamic civilization, but its development is often reduced in modern historiographical narratives that place it as a continuation or derivative of Greek philosophy alone. Through his work History of Islamic Philosophy, Henry Corbin offers a different hermeneutic and phenomenological framework for reading the development of Islamic philosophy, namely by placing it as a continuous tradition, spiritual-metaphysical in nature, and not limited by political boundaries or conventional chronological sequences. This article aims to critically examine Corbin's view of the continuity of Islamic philosophy, assess his intellectual contribution to the study of Islamic philosophy, and examine the methodological limitations of his approach. Through a literature review and content analysis of Corbin's book and relevant academic literature, this article finds that Corbin has succeeded in opening new horizons in understanding the richness of the Islamic intellectual tradition, particularly through his emphasis on the role of creative imagination, inner dimensions, and the continuity of the wisdom tradition in Iran. On the other hand, his tendency to focus on esoteric aspects and spiritual experiences makes his narrative less comprehensive in reaching the rational, political, and social traditions in Islamic philosophy. This article concludes that despite its limitations, Corbin's work still makes a significant contribution to the development of contemporary Islamic philosophy studies, particularly in establishing a more holistic, dialogical, and open approach to the metaphysical dimensions of Islamic tradition.

Qanun of Banda Aceh City Number 4 of 2022 emphasizes that the Tirta Daroy Regional Public Company of Drinking Water aims to provide fair and sustainable drinking water services. The legal relationship between the customer and the company is regulated through the Decree of the Board of Directors PEG Number. III/10/PDAM/2020. However, there are still many customers who are in default in the form of late payments that cause losses to the company and are contrary to Article 1243 of the Civil Code regarding the obligation of debtors to compensate for losses due to negligence. This study aims to analyze the default settings in the customer connection agreement at  the Tirta Taroy Regional Public Drinking Water Company  , identify the factors causing defaults, and explain the form of applying civil sanctions to customers who commit defaults. This study uses an empirical juridical method with qualitative descriptive analysis based on legal and field data. The results of the study show that the most dominant forms of default in customers of the Tirta Daroy Regional Drinking Water Public Company are late and arrears of payments, not paying at all and misuse of water connections. The main causative factors include economic conditions, administrative negligence, and intentional elements. Legally, this default causes financial losses and disrupts the sustainability of public services. Sanctions are applied in stages through notices, warnings, summonses, to fines, compensation, or disconnection. The Tirta Daroy Regional Public Company is advised to follow up on customer complaints, improve the billing system, adjust the sanction clause proportionately, and increase legal awareness through socialization.

Mixed marriages are a social phenomenon that is increasingly prevalent with globalization and mobility between countries. The problems arising from mixed marriages not only concern social aspects but also impact the citizenship status and inheritance rights of the parties. This study aims to analyze the legal consequences of mixed marriages on citizenship and inheritance rights from the perspectives of civil law and Islamic law. The method used is normative-comparative research with a legislative and conceptual approach. The results reveal fundamental differences between civil law and Islamic law in regulating citizenship and inheritance rights in mixed marriages. Civil law emphasizes administrative and national aspects, while Islamic law focuses on religious and lineage aspects. These differences lead to variations in the recognition of citizenship and inheritance of property, potentially creating legal uncertainty for the parties. Therefore, harmonization between civil law and Islamic law is essential to create legal certainty and justice, particularly in the context of inter-national and inter-religious marriages in Indonesia

This study examines the intellectual contributions of Ibn Sina (980–1037 AD) to the development of Islamic philosophy and modern science. As a prominent polymath, Ibn Sina successfully combined Aristotelian and Neoplatonic ideas with Islamic theology, thereby forming a systematic philosophical framework that influenced both the Islamic world and medieval Europe. The main objectives of this study are to analyze Ibn Sina's role in the history of Islamic philosophy, his contributions to the advancement of science, and the relevance of his thoughts in the contemporary era. This study uses a qualitative method with a literature review approach, focusing on primary and secondary sources related to Ibn Sina's works and their historical impact. The results of this study show that Ibn Sina's works, particularly Al-Qanun fi al-Tibb and Al-Syifa, have not only been the main references in the fields of medicine and philosophy for centuries, but also laid the foundation for the development of modern science. The implication of this research is that Ibn Sina's intellectual legacy remains relevant in today's academic discourse, emphasizing the importance of integrating philosophy, science, and religion in building human civilization.

Cases of non-performance of contract. on the part of the aggrieved party bring the case to the criminal realm. The charge reported is the fraud article, even though the criminal offense has not been fulfilled. So that it has the potential to cause wrong criminalization, the main problem is the inaccurate use of the fraud article against defaults which are basically civil. The research method uses normative juridical with decision analysis and criminal and civil law studies related to non-performance of contract. and fraud. The results show that non-performance of contract. can only turn into a criminal offense of fraud if there are elements of intent, bad faith, use of deception, or falsification of agreements with the intention of benefiting oneself against the law. Therefore, law enforcement officials should be careful in distinguishing non-performance of contract. and fraud cases to avoid abuse of the law that harms the parties concerned. The hopes and solutions proposed are proportional law enforcement by paying attention to the element of malicious intent in determining criminal offenses, as well as legal education to the public so that they understand the difference between the civil and criminal domains in contractual disputes.

This research seeks to examine the approach to managing civil servant training to enhance public service efficiency at the Regional Civil Service Agency (BKD) of Pasuruan City. This research is rooted in the bureaucratic difficulties encountered by local governments, especially the disparity between organizational demands and the presence of qualified staff. This situation results in delays in service, reduced productivity, and ineffective management of human resources. The study utilizes a qualitative descriptive method, gathering data via comprehensive interviews, firsthand observations, and analysis of policy documents. The results indicate that the state civil servants formation management approach at BKD Pasuruan emphasizes three main elements: workforce planning based on competencies, employee redistribution according to performance, and strengthening evaluation systems oriented towards results. These tactics have enhanced bureaucratic effectiveness and expedited public service operations. The research additionally reveals that effective execution relies on adaptive leadership, a cooperative work environment, and a dedication to service innovation. In summary, an effectively designed, flexible, and results-oriented state civil servants formation management approach can act as a template for enhancing local administrative capabilities to deliver efficient, professional, and enduring public services.

A contract is an agreement between two or more parties that creates legal rights and obligations to perform or refrain from performing certain actions. In business practice, a contract serves as a legal instrument that ensures certainty, fairness, and protection for all parties involved. To regulate these legal relationships, a comprehensive understanding of contract law is required as the juridical foundation for drafting and executing agreements. A valid contract must not only fulfill formal and material requirements as stipulated in the Civil Code but also be based on several fundamental legal principles, including the principle of freedom of contract, consensualism, pacta sunt servanda, good faith, and personality. Moreover, the contract formation process consists of several stages: the pre-drafting stage, the drafting stage which involves the structure and anatomy of the contract, and the post-drafting stage which focuses on the implementation and evaluation of the agreement. In its execution, disputes may arise; therefore, appropriate dispute resolution mechanisms such as negotiation, mediation, arbitration, or litigation are essential. A comprehensive understanding of these principles and stages in business contract formation is crucial to ensure that every agreement created is valid, fair, and effective for all parties.

This article examines the development of students' digital competencies through the Merdeka Belajar – Kampus Merdeka (MBKM) Internship Program at the Regional Civil Service Agency (BKD) Office of Central Kalimantan Province. The MBKM policy aims to improve student competencies through flexible learning outside the campus, including internships that bridge the academic theory of the Islamic Education Management Study Program with workplace practices. The research method used a task-based participatory approach over a period of 4 months (July-November 2023), with intensive guidance from BKD staff and academic advisors, focusing on documenting routine activities, multimedia editing, and content production for social media. The results show that students successfully documented 12 morning assemblies, 8 morning exercises, and more than 15 BKD Head events, as well as educational content such as the “ASN Berakhlak” series published on Instagram @bkdprovkalteng, increasing the engagement rate through editing with Canva. The discussion emphasized the effectiveness of link and match in developing digital skills, creativity, and resilience, supported by relevant research references. The conclusion stated that this program was effective in preparing graduates for work, with recommendations for expanding digital ethics training and broader collaboration. This article contributes to the understanding of MBKM practices in local government agencies.

This article examines the management of incoming letters and files at the Regional Civil Service Agency (BKD) of Central Kalimantan Province, focusing on the strategic role of information services as instruments of transparency and bureaucratic reform. Using a descriptive qualitative approach, the research was conducted through in-depth interviews with five employees and participatory observation during an internship, revealing a systematic workflow: receipt, recording, disposition by the Agency Secretary, distribution to relevant fields, and filing. The results show the effectiveness of this mechanism in handling 20-30 documents daily, despite challenges such as dependence on physical archives, risk of data loss, and limitations in digitization that could potentially cause delays. Key recommendations include training in file digitization, developing integrated SOPs, action research simulations, and an internal database platform to increase efficiency by up to 50% and strengthen public access to information. The conclusion emphasizes that incoming mail management is not merely a routine task, but a strategic foundation for accountable ASN governance, with a recommendation for further research to integrate information technology to overcome structural obstacles.

The absolute nature of moral rights creates practical legal issues. Under the concept of a sales agreement, the ownership of the sold object is transferred from the seller to the buyer. Conversely, the concept of moral rights, as stipulated in Law Number 28 of 2014, dictates that moral rights cannot be transferred for any reason whatsoever as long as the creator is alive. The conceptual and juridical ambiguity arises from the contradictory nature of a copyright and/or copyrighted work sales agreement versus the absolute status of moral rights. The research methodology employed in this study is the normative juridical method. This method focuses on analyzing legal norms related to moral rights and sales agreements, specifically referencing Law Number 28 of 2014 (Copyright Law) and the Civil Code (Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata). Normatively, the creator's moral rights are perpetual and non-transferable to other parties, in accordance with the mandate of Law Number 28 of 2014, Articles 5 and 57. Nevertheless, within the context of private law, Article 5 of Law Number 28 of 2014 grants the creator the freedom to either maintain or waive these rights. If the agreement is reached consensually, the principle of pacta sunt servanda is applicable between the contracting parties. A clause involving the assignment of moral rights can render the agreement voidable (vernietigbaar) if it involves a violation of the subjective requirements (consent and legal capacity). This is particularly true if the consent was obtained through an abuse of circumstances (penyalahgunaan keadaan). A violation of this requirement indicates that the consent provided by the creator was not free and consensual.

The Indonesian government has long faced complex armed conflicts, particularly in Papua, involving security forces and Armed Criminal Groups (KKB). This conflict has had a major impact, not only in terms of casualties involving the military and civil society, but also in terms of broader social and political impacts. A more security-oriented approach by the government is often questioned, because on the one hand, it exacerbates human rights violations, creates a negative stigma against the Papuan people, and further limits the space for constructive political dialogue. This ongoing tension has worsened relations between the central government and Papuans, who have long felt marginalized. In addressing these issues, it is important for governments to develop a more holistic approach, by strengthening protection of civil society, increasing transparency and accountability, and opening up space for inclusive dialogue between all relevant parties. A sustainable settlement requires not only security management, but also serious attention to the well-being, rights of the Papuan people, and recognition of their cultural diversity and political aspirations. Going forward, approaches that prioritize dialogue and reconciliation can open up opportunities to achieve a more just and sustainable peace.