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This study examines the controversy surrounding the granting of investigative authority over electoral crimes to the Election Supervisory Body (Bawaslu) within the framework of the Integrated Law Enforcement Center (Sentra Gakkumdu). The research problem focuses on whether investigative authority should be directly assigned to Bawaslu and the main factors contributing to the suboptimal enforcement of electoral law in Indonesia. The study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the institutional design of Sentra Gakkumdu and to formulate an ideal model for electoral law enforcement in Indonesia. This research employs a normative legal method with statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches. The analysis is strengthened through bibliometric mapping using the VOSviewer application to examine the development of studies on electoral law enforcement and institutional design, as well as by comparing Indonesia’s electoral law enforcement system with those of Norway, New Zealand, and Sweden. The findings indicate that the primary issue does not lie in the absence of investigative authority within Bawaslu, but rather in the limited investigation timeframe, weak interinstitutional coordination, and inflexible regulations.

Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is a condition of insufficient iron that lowers hemoglobin levels and disrupts erythrocyte formation. This condition commonly occurs in children and can weaken the immune system, thereby increasing the risk of recurrent respiratory tract infections such as bronchiolitis, pneumonia, and Acute Respiratory Tract Infections (ARTI). Children with IDA are also at risk of worsening clinical conditions. This study employed a literature review method with a descriptive-analytical approach. A total of 10 journals (2020–2026) from Google Scholar, PubMed, ResearchGate, Elsevier, and the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) were analyzed using the Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, Study Design (PICOS) framework and synthesized narratively. The results of the review indicate that iron deficiency anemia is significantly associated with an increased risk of recurrent respiratory tract infections in children. Children with IDA have a 2–5 times higher risk of developing bronchiolitis and pneumonia, and up to 10 times greater susceptibility to recurrent ARTI. This condition is also associated with increased disease severity, characterized by low hemoglobin levels, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and serum iron, as well as elevated total iron-binding capacity (TIBC). Iron supplementation has been proven effective in reducing the incidence of recurrent infections. In conclusion, iron deficiency anemia is associated with an increased risk and severity of recurrent respiratory tract infections in children. Early detection and iron supplementation are essential to reduce morbidity and prevent infection recurrence.

 This community service activity aimed to improve students’ Islamic banking literacy through an experiential learning approach based on a fiqh muamalah workshop at Latansa Darussalam Islamic Boarding School, Palembang. The activity involved 100 participants consisting of students and teachers as an effort to strengthen understanding of Islamic economic and banking principles. The methods used in the activity included lectures, discussions, question-and-answer sessions, and simulations of sharia transaction practices, enabling participants not only to gain theoretical understanding but also practical experience in implementing sharia concepts. The evaluation was conducted using pre-test and post-test instruments in the form of multiple-choice questions and Likert scales to measure participants’ level of understanding before and after the activity. The evaluation results showed an increase in the participants’ average score from 55 to 82, with a gain score of 0.6, which falls into the moderate to high category. These findings indicate that an experience-based learning approach is effective in improving conceptual and practical understanding related to Islamic economics and is recommended for broader implementation in Islamic educational institutions.

Poor soil quality and inefficient nutrient utilization remain major constraints in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) cultivation, often resulting in reduced plant growth, lower productivity, and suboptimal fruit quality. This study aims to evaluate the growth performance of rose tomatoes through the integration of open-field cultivation and hydroponic planting systems. The research methods included land preparation using the Pythagorean technique to ensure proper spacing and planting layout, the application of organic fertilizers to improve soil fertility, and the transition to a hydroponic drip irrigation system using rockwool as the growing medium during weeks 1 to 7 of plant development. Plant growth parameters, including plant height, leaf development, stem vigor, and overall plant health, were observed throughout the cultivation period. The results indicated that the combination of appropriate soil management practices and precise nutrient delivery in the hydroponic system significantly enhanced nutrient uptake and supported healthy plant growth. Furthermore, the drip irrigation system helped optimize water use efficiency while reducing nutrient losses. This integrated cultivation approach demonstrated its potential as an effective solution for maintaining crop quality and productivity, particularly in areas with limited land resources. Overall, the findings suggest that integrated management practices can provide a practical, efficient, and sustainable strategy for farmers seeking to improve horticultural production in modern agricultural systems.

This study aims to analyze the influence of social support and soft skills on the work readiness of the 2022 cohort students in Tasikmalaya City. Work readiness is an essential aspect that students must possess to face increasingly competitive labor market demands. This research employed a quantitative approach using a survey method. Data were collected through an online questionnaire distributed to 110 respondents selected from a population of 150 students using the Slovin formula with a 5% margin of error and a simple random sampling technique. Data analysis was conducted using multiple linear regression with the assistance of IBM SPSS Statistics 25. Prior to hypothesis testing, validity and reliability tests were performed to ensure the quality of the research instruments. In addition, classical assumption tests, including normality, multicollinearity, heteroscedasticity, autocorrelation, and linearity tests, were conducted to verify the suitability of the regression model. The findings indicate that both social support and soft skills have a positive and significant effect on students’ work readiness. Support from family, peers, and the academic environment enhances students’ confidence in preparing for employment. Furthermore, communication skills, teamwork, problem-solving abilities, and responsibility as components of soft skills strengthen students’ readiness to enter the professional workforce. These findings highlight the importance of developing soft skills and strengthening social support to improve students’ work readiness.

Entrepreneurship Study Programme students at Universitas Negeri Makassar's Faculty of Economics and Business had their digital literacy and relationship-building skills examined to see how they affected their entrepreneurial decision-making. Additionally, it determines if entrepreneurial drive is a factor in the relationship between these variables. Data for the study is collected quantitatively via questionnaires. The 427 students who completed the programme between 2019 and 2024 are the ones included in the study. With a 5% margin of error, 207 students were selected by proportional random sampling using the Slovin algorithm. A Google Form questionnaire was used to gather the data. After that, SmartPLS version 4 was used to analyse the data using the PLS-SEM approach. According to the findings, digital literacy significantly impacts entrepreneurial decision-making for the better. Entrepreneurial decision-making is positively and significantly impacted by the capacity to develop connections. There was a positive and statistically significant association between digital literacy and the capacity to form relationships, which in turn influenced entrepreneurial drive. There was a positive and statistically significant relationship between entrepreneurial motivation and entrepreneurial decision-making. Students' entrepreneurial decision-making is influenced by their entrepreneurial drive, which in turn is influenced by their digital literacy and relationship-building abilities.

The consistent decline in cucumber production in Indonesia indicates limitations in conventional cultivation systems, particularly due to land scarcity and inefficient resource management. This condition has encouraged the development of hydroponic systems as a more controlled and productive cultivation alternative. This study aims to critically analyze the key factors determining the success of hydroponic cucumber cultivation and to identify the most influential management aspects in improving yield. The method employed is a literature review, examining various recent studies related to hydroponic systems, nutrient management, growing media, and environmental factors. The results show that the advantages of hydroponics lie not only in land and water efficiency but also in the ability to precisely control growth variables. However, optimal productivity highly depends on the proper integration of nutrient management, particularly the regulation of pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and nutrient balance, as well as the control of environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, and light intensity. Inaccuracy in a single component can significantly reduce plant performance, even when other factors are optimal. Therefore, an integrated approach combining nutrient and environmental management simultaneously is essential to enhance hydroponic cucumber productivity. This study confirms that hydroponics has strong potential as a strategic solution to support sustainable agriculture amid land limitations in Indonesia.

Chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is recognized as one of the horticultural commodities with significant economic value and an important contribution to food security in Indonesia. However, conventional cultivation practices still face various challenges, including limited land availability, climate uncertainty, and disturbances from plant pests and diseases. These conditions highlight the need for the implementation of innovative technologies to improve production efficiency while maintaining yield stability. One approach that has been increasingly developed is the hydroponic system, a cultivation technique that does not rely on soil as a growing medium but instead utilizes nutrient solutions as the primary source of essential elements. This article aims to examine various aspects of hydroponic chili cultivation, including the roles and benefits of the plant, different types of hydroponic systems, abiotic and biotic stress factors, and cultivation management strategies. Based on the review conducted, hydroponic systems, when supported by optimal nutrient management and environmental conditions, are capable of enhancing both the yield and quality of chili plants. Therefore, the development of hydroponic-based chili cultivation is considered to have promising prospects as a solution to support sustainable agriculture in the future.

This study aims to determine the production process and the level of consumer acceptance of Bandung nagasari cake utilizing stevia as a natural sweetener and butterfly pea flower extract (Clitoria ternatea) as a natural coloring agent. The research employed a quantitative approach with an experimental method through organoleptic testing involving 20 panelists. Data collection techniques consisted of literature review, questionnaires, and organoleptic evaluation covering taste, texture, aroma, and appearance. The obtained data were analyzed using descriptive quantitative analysis with percentage calculations. The findings indicated that the Bandung nagasari formulation containing stevia and butterfly pea flower extract was more preferred than the formulation using granulated sugar. Approximately 90% of panelists preferred the taste attribute due to its healthier perception, while 80% of panelists favored the texture, aroma, and appearance attributes because of the softer texture and the attractive natural coloration produced by the butterfly pea flower extract. Furthermore, the product demonstrated a shelf life of 12 hours at room temperature and up to 3 days under refrigerated storage conditions. The study concludes that the incorporation of stevia and butterfly pea flower extract may serve as an innovative development of traditional Bandung nagasari cake without eliminating its traditional characteristics and shows favorable consumer acceptance.

This study aimed to improve students’ learning motivation and Indonesian language learning outcomes in Class IVA of SD Negeri Kradenan through the use of Quizizz as a learning medium. The research employed both qualitative and quantitative approaches using a Classroom Action Research (CAR) design developed by Suharsimi Arikunto. The participants consisted of Class IVA students and the Indonesian language teacher at SD Negeri Kradenan. The study was conducted in two cycles, each consisting of planning, action implementation, observation, and reflection stages. Data were collected through interviews, observations, documentation, and achievement tests. The research instruments included interview guidelines, observation sheets, and learning outcome tests. The results indicated a significant improvement in students’ learning motivation across several indicators, including enthusiasm for learning, willingness to listen to the teacher’s explanations, confidence in answering questions, and willingness to complete practice exercises. The average achievement of all learning motivation indicators reached 88% by the end of the second cycle. Furthermore, students’ learning outcomes also improved substantially. Learning mastery increased from 37.5% in the pre-cycle stage to 58.3% in Cycle I and reached 83.3% in Cycle II. These findings demonstrate that the use of Quizizz in Indonesian language learning effectively enhances students’ learning motivation, which subsequently contributes to improved learning outcomes.

In the planning of removable partial dentures (RPD), design is a crucial factor that must be tailored to each patient’s clinical condition, while one of the main challenges in RPD design is anatomical variation in the oral cavity such as torus palatinus, which may affect retention, stability, and patient comfort. This report aims to discuss the design considerations of acrylic resin RPD in patients with torus palatinus, particularly in determining optimal design modifications. A 42-year-old female patient presented with complaints of difficulty chewing due to the loss of several teeth in both the maxilla and mandible. Intraoral examination revealed missing teeth 15, 11, and 25, with healthy mucosal and periodontal conditions, and a nodular torus palatinus measuring approximately 2.5 × 2 cm was identified along the midline of the palate. RPD design planning in this case requires an individualized approach, particularly in the selection of the major connector and base adaptation to avoid pressure on the torus area, and design modifications were implemented to improve load distribution and patient comfort. The use of a U-shaped major connector with relief over the torus area effectively avoids direct contact, thereby enhancing comfort, preventing mucosal irritation, and supporting masticatory function.

This study examines the performance of student administrative services in the Society 5.0 era at the Bureau of Academic Affairs, Student Affairs, and Planning of Gorontalo State University, focusing on scholarship services. It addresses the need for accessible, responsive, transparent, inclusive, and student-centered administrative services in higher education. A descriptive qualitative approach was employed through in-depth interviews, participatory observation, and document analysis. Informants included bureau leaders, scholarship and financial aid administrators, operational officers, and students receiving various scholarship schemes. Thematic analysis was conducted through data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing, while validity was ensured through source triangulation, method triangulation, and member checking. The findings show that accessibility has improved through service counters, websites, social media, WhatsApp, online forms, SIMPEL BAKP, and coordination with faculties and study programs. However, information remains fragmented, digital standard operating procedures are not uniform, and disability-inclusive access is limited. Responsiveness is supported by direct and digital communication, but it lacks a dedicated complaint system, automatic notifications, selection-status dashboards, and real-time disbursement tracking. Service quality is perceived as fairly good because students experience professional, friendly, and fair treatment. Nevertheless, service documentation, procedural standardization, staff training, and humanistic technology integration need strengthening. The study concludes that scholarship administration should be transformed into a centralized, inclusive, responsive, transparent, and student-centered digital-humanistic service model.

The development of information technology has encouraged the transformation of government administration toward digital-based governance, including correspondence management systems. Digital correspondence governance plays an important role in improving administrative effectiveness, bureaucratic efficiency, and the quality of public services. However, the implementation of digital correspondence systems in local government institutions still faces several challenges, including limited system integration, inadequate human resource capacity, and unstandardized electronic archive management. This study aims to analyze and construct a digital correspondence governance model in realizing administrative effectiveness at Dinas Komunikasi, Informatika, Statistik dan Persandian Kabupaten Gowa. This study employed a qualitative approach with a descriptive research type. Data collection techniques were conducted through observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. Research informants were selected using purposive sampling techniques, while data analysis employed the interactive model of Miles, Huberman, and Saldaña through data condensation, data display, and conclusion drawing. The results indicate that the implementation of digital correspondence governance has improved the speed of document disposition, administrative efficiency, accessibility of documents, and organizational work coordination. However, the implementation has not been fully optimal due to constraints in system integration, human resource capacity, and digital archive management. This study produced a digital correspondence governance model emphasizing the strengthening of information technology, enhancement of employee competence, integration of administrative systems, and development of a digital work culture. It is recommended that government institutions strengthen the integration of digital correspondence systems, improve employee competencies, and establish sustainable electronic archive management standards.

This study aims to analyse the legal status of physical possession evidenced by a Letter C under land law, as well as the issue of legal certainty in the resolution of land disputes by the state. Many members of the public still rely on a Letter C as proof of possession of the land they own, even though this document serves only as administrative evidence and not as a strong instrument of proof of ownership. This study employs a juridical-normative legal research method using a legislative approach and a conceptual approach. The legal materials were gathered through a literature review and analysed qualitatively, with the findings presented in a descriptive format. The results indicate that Letter C possesses relatively weak evidential weight as it is merely an administrative record that does not follow the procedures within the land registration system as stipulated by the UUPA. Currently, Letter C serves only as a guide and therefore no longer possesses legal force equivalent to a certificate. The land system in Indonesia adopts a negative publication system with a positive tendency, meaning that a certificate constitutes strong evidence of rights, but may still be revoked if another party is able to prove their rights.

This study aims to analyze the paradox of stunting in Yemen, particularly the disconnect between humanitarian response priorities and children's actual nutritional needs amid the ongoing conflict. Stunting, a form of chronic malnutrition, is a significant public health issue in Yemen, exacerbated by the conflict's disruption of food, healthcare, and sanitation systems. Despite the clear evidence of rising stunting rates, international humanitarian interventions tend to focus on addressing acute crises, such as extreme hunger, while neglecting long-term nutritional needs. Using a qualitative literature review approach, the research synthesizes data from archival documents, reports, and secondary sources to explore the structural causes of stunting and the challenges faced by humanitarian actors in Yemen. The findings reveal that the protracted conflict, economic collapse, and humanitarian blockades have worsened food insecurity and malnutrition. Moreover, the humanitarian response often prioritizes short-term survival over long-term prevention of stunting, resulting in a lack of integrated, multisectoral interventions. The study emphasizes the need for a paradigm shift in humanitarian policies to incorporate long-term development strategies and integrate stunting prevention. This research contributes to the academic understanding of the humanitarian-development nexus and offers recommendations for more holistic interventions.

Magelang City faces the challenge of limited land availability, with a total area of only 18.58 km2 and a high population density. Consequently, telecommunications infrastructure development requires a precise strategy. This study aims to analyze the business model and investment feasibility of Pole and Greenfield type telecommunication towers in Magelang City. Using a descriptive quantitative approach, this research processes secondary data from PT Dayamitra Telekomunikasi Indonesia by applying feasibility analysis based on Life Cycle Costing (LCC), Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Break-Even Point (BEP), Payback Period (PP), and Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR). The results indicate significant differences in cost structures; Pole towers proved to be more efficient, requiring an initial capital outlay of only 28.8% of the total capital required for Greenfield towers. Greenfield towers generated an NPV of Rp13.07 billion with an IRR of 20%, while Pole towers generated an NPV of Rp2.46 billion with a higher IRR of 23%. Pole towers have proven to offer a faster return on investment and better operational cost efficiency, making them the most strategic option to support network densification and the implementation of 5G technology in urban areas with spatial constraints like Magelang City.

Churches and Christian institutions frequently face the challenge of congregations whose understanding of ministry remains confined to the spiritual dimension alone, while the holistic ministry mandate calls for active engagement across social, educational, and economic spheres. This study examines two primary objectives: first, how Christian Religious Education (CRE) shapes congregational understanding of holistic church ministry; and second, how CRE equips congregants with the concrete capacity to serve comprehensively. A qualitative approach with a case study design was employed at Yayasan Sola Gratia Medan. Data were gathered through in-depth interviews with seven informants comprising foundation leaders, program coordinators, active church members, volunteers, and beneficiaries. Analysis followed a thematic framework encompassing data reduction, display, and conclusion drawing. Findings reveal that: (1) consistent CRE implementation at Yayasan Sola Gratia has successfully shifted the congregational ministry paradigm from exclusively spiritual to holistically transformative; and (2) congregants who have internalized CRE values demonstrate more structured ministry capacity, stronger theological motivation, and significant cross-dimensional engagement. This research contributes a contextual CRE model relevant for church-based institutions operating in multidimensional urban environments.

This study examines the regulation of copyright royalties as joint property in Indonesia, the United States, and Europe, aiming to provide recommendations for better legal implementation. The research employs a normative juridical method with a comparative legal approach, utilizing library research and qualitative analysis of primary and secondary legal materials. The findings indicate that Indonesia, the United States, and Europe share common ground in recognizing royalties derived from copyright as joint property when such economic benefits are obtained during marriage. However, significant differences exist in their approaches. European countries, particularly Spain and the Republic of Moldova, clearly distinguish between exclusive rights and economic rights, where copyright remains the creator's personal property while royalties are classified as joint property. The United States demonstrates considerable flexibility through state-level regulations, adopting either community property systems or equitable distribution systems. Indonesia, through Decision No. 1622/PDT.G/2023/PA.JB, has begun recognizing royalties as joint property. Nevertheless, Indonesia still requires clearer and more comprehensive regulations to ensure legal certainty regarding the status of royalties as joint property and their distribution following divorce. This study contributes to developing legal frameworks that balance protecting creators' personal rights with the principle of fairness in family law.

Post-disaster settlement recovery requires more than the provision of permanent housing; it demands an integrated approach covering social, economic, institutional, environmental, and disaster risk reduction dimensions. This study analyzes the Settlement Planning Document (RPP) of the Sibalaya Selatan Satellite Permanent Resettlement Area (Huntap) in Sigi Regency, Central Sulawesi, which accommodates 118 households displaced by the 2018 Palu liquefaction disaster. The research examines the RPP as a participatory planning instrument for sustainable post-disaster recovery. A qualitative participatory approach using the Community Action Plan (CAP) method was conducted from July to November 2024 through focus group discussions, participatory workshops, formation of a Core Planning Team (TIP), field observations, document reviews, and public consultations. Data were analyzed using descriptive, infrastructure, spatial, and strengths-problems-opportunities-challenges frameworks. The findings reveal that community social capital, reflected in active organizations, social networks, and digital communication infrastructure, has been transformed into economic capital. In addition, four dimensions of community resilience economic, social, communication, and competence capacities were identified at varying levels of development. The TIP also played a strategic role in integrating the RPP into village and regional development planning. The resulting RPP contains 39 priority programs valued at approximately IDR 340.6 million for 2024-2028 across infrastructure, economic, social-environmental, and disaster risk reduction sectors. The study demonstrates that the CAP approach effectively supports sustainable settlement development and offers a replicable model for post-disaster resettlement areas in Indonesia.

Human happiness does not lie in physical pleasure, victory, wealth, honour, worldly power, a beautiful body, or the senses. People in religious communities seek something deeper, contemplating and acknowledging the highest value in union with God. Thomas Aquinas, in his Summa Contra Gentiles, arguments that human happiness lies in the contemplation of God, through which one attains peace and fulfilment in total self-surrender to God. However, in the lived experience of religious communities, a fear of matters related to sexuality is evident. Indeed, some misunderstand and misinterpret these matters, resulting in monks and nuns who become cold, dry, and rigid, acting in ways that violate sexual morality, thereby disrupting or even destroying—their ministry due to such improper conduct. Based on this, the author recognises the importance of education and the appreciation of sexual values for religious communities. Using a literature review method involving relevant books, journals, articles, and Church documents with a theological approach, it was found that the education of religious people requires aspects of happiness and sexuality education. The results of the study indicate that Thomas Aquinas’s concept of happiness can bridge religious life with sexuality education, which is one aspect that must be understood and lived out. Therefore, the happiness of love and the sexuality education of religious people need to be explored and lived out in the course of living and experiencing life as a religious person.