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This study aims to describe the production process, business strategy, and product offerings of the COSIK chocolate factory located in Maumere, Sikka Regency, East Nusa Tenggara. The COSIK chocolate factory utilizes local raw materials, such as cocoa beans, obtained directly from local farmers, and implements a processing process without the use of chemical preservatives. This approach not only increases the added value of local products but also supports community economic empowerment through partnerships with cocoa farmers in the region. Furthermore, the use of simple yet modern technology enables a hygienic production process that meets quality standards. The results show that the COSIK chocolate factory contributes to improving the quality of local cocoa, developing innovative products based on natural ingredients, and strengthening the region's identity as a producer of quality chocolate. Thus, COSIK serves not only as a production unit but also as a sustainable business model that integrates environmental, social, and economic aspects in a food processing industry based on local resources.

Shaping central banking for sustainability has become increasingly relevant as climate change and the pursuit of sustainable development challenge the conventional scope of monetary policy. Green monetary policy reflects efforts to align central banking with environmental and economic objectives, yet the scholarly literature on this issue remains fragmented. This study employs a bibliometric approach using R Studio (Bibliometrix) to analyze publications indexed in Scopus from 2015 to 2025. The dataset comprises more than 1,200 documents with an annual growth rate of nearly 12%, signaling the rapid expansion of research in this field. Bibliometric techniques, including citation mapping, co-authorship analysis, and keyword co-occurrence, are applied to identify influential authors, sources, and thematic clusters. The results indicate a steady increase in international collaboration and a consolidation of research themes, reflecting the growing importance of sustainability in central banking discourse. This study is expected to contribute by providing a structured overview of the intellectual landscape of green monetary policy, clarifying its links with sustainable development and climate change, and offering guidance for future research and policy innovation in sustainable central banking.

This conceptual research analyzes the relationship between social entrepreneurship and social innovation as an integrated framework for creating and sustaining sustainable impact. Social entrepreneurship is positioned as a strategic mechanism that combines the disciplines of entrepreneurship, value creation, and community empowerment to address complex social and environmental challenges. Meanwhile, social innovation provides new solutions, approaches, and models that drive systemic change and expand community participation in social development. Through a literature-based analysis, this research demonstrates that the synergy between these two concepts enables organizations to design sustainable business models that balance social mission with economic sustainability. The research findings confirm that sustainable social impact is achieved through three interrelated key pillars: system-oriented innovation, hybrid and adaptive business models, and collaborative ecosystems that strengthen institutional capacity and legitimacy. This research provides theoretical contributions by developing a conceptual framework that integrates social value creation, innovation processes, and sustainability mechanisms. Future research is recommended to empirically test this conceptual model through case studies or mixed approaches to assess its applicability in various socio-economic contexts.

This study aims to examine the impact of green economy initiatives on Indonesia’s GDP growth, with a particular focus on public perceptions of sustainable economic practices. The research employs a descriptive quantitative approach, collecting primary data through an online survey administered to twenty respondents. The survey measured perceptions related to sustainable innovation, environmentally friendly resource management, and energy efficiency as key components of green economy implementation. The findings indicate that respondents hold a generally positive view of green economy practices, as reflected in a high average score of 4.24, suggesting strong agreement regarding their implementation and potential benefits. In addition, perceptions of economic development linked to green initiatives were also rated highly. These results imply that the public perceives a meaningful relationship between the adoption of green economy principles and long-term economic prosperity in Indonesia. Further analysis suggests that green practices can contribute to increased income levels, improved social welfare, and enhanced productivity, while simultaneously supporting environmental sustainability. From a practical perspective, the study highlights the importance of greater community participation, stronger policy commitment from the government, and increased green innovation by corporate entities. Theoretically, the results support existing economic and sustainability theories that emphasize the role of green economy strategies in fostering resilient, inclusive, and equitable economic growth. Overall, this study reinforces the relevance of green economy initiatives as a viable pathway toward sustainable national development.

The increase in the consumption of bottled drinking water has become one of the main contributors to the generation of single-use plastic waste in various regions, including Bone Bolango Regency. This study aims to examine the role of refillable drinking water consumption in reducing household plastic waste and analyze it through the perspective of philosophy of science, including aspects of onology, epistemology, and axiology. The research uses a qualitative descriptive method with a literature review approach, empirical data analysis from government reports, and field observation. The results of the study show that the consumption of refillable drinking water contributes significantly to reducing the volume of plastic waste while increasing people's ecological awareness. From an ontological perspective, this phenomenon represents a change in consumption patterns that are more environmentally friendly. Epistemologically, the research confirms the importance of scientific knowledge in understanding the relationship between consumption behavior and ecological impacts. Meanwhile, from an axiological perspective, the research emphasizes the value of the benefits of science in shaping sustainable consumption behavior and encouraging the birth of more ethical and sustainability-oriented environmental policies. Thus, this study contributes to the development of plastic waste management strategies while strengthening the role of the community in realizing a healthier and more sustainable ecosystem.

The concept of green business performance has been an interesting topic for research among well-known scholars. Green business has become crucial for advancing sustainability and fostering innovation. Green business performance has become the global requirement due to the recent economic disaster, and green measures have been considered the leading solution for it. This study aims to explore how sustainability intersects with strategic business practices, offering actionable insights for aligning environmental sustainability with economic growth. To find worldwide research trends, bibliometric analysis was performed using R studio and VOSviewer software on 3007 scientific publications from Scopus from 2021 to 2024. Bibliometric analysis uses key words to enable the study of specific details, within the main topics of research, within a domain, and relationships at the micro-level. These methods facilitated an in-depth exploration of the evolution and impact of green business for sustainability. This study bridges existing gaps by providing actionable insights into how green business drive sustainable development, offering value to researchers, policymakers, and business leaders seeking to integrate environmental sustainability with economic growth.

Amidst the current changing global conditions, it is important for a country to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to face challenges in sustainable development, social inequality, and strengthen economic and environmental resilience. This study aims to analyze the influence of environmental performance and political stability on the SDG scores of ASEAN countries for the 2020-2024 period, moderated by economic growth. Researchers used a quantitative method, processed using multiple linear regression with SPSS. The regression process was conducted twice, before and after using moderating variables. The findings suggest that economic growth can alter the influence of environmental performance and political stability on SDG scores. Political stability has a positive impact on the SDGs after economic growth has moderated. While environmental performance has a negative impact after being moderated by economic growth. Economic growth promotes political stability and sustainable growth. Conversely, with high growth, improvements in environmental performance are indicated to shift priorities from sustainability to exploitation.

Optimizing human resource (HR) performance through a business process reengineering (BPR) approach is a crucial strategy in a competitive and dynamic industrial environment. This study qualitatively examines through a literature review how BPRs radically redesign business processes to improve productivity, quality, time efficiency, and reduce operational costs, with a focus on HR aspects such as recruitment, training, performance appraisal, and career development. The BPR theory by Michael Hammer and James Champy emphasizes the principles of results-based workflow reorganization, the integration of information technology such as ERP and AI, and the empowerment of HR to eliminate task redundancy. In the Indonesian industrial context, the integration of BPR with digital transformation supports Industry 4.0, where HR acts as a catalyst for innovation through adaptive skills and cross-functional collaboration. The study results show that BPR implementation strategies including as-is process analysis, to-be design, change management, and continuous evaluation increase employee motivation, retention, and sustainable competitive advantage. Case studies such as PT Telkom Indonesia and PT Cahaya Mega Group demonstrate efficiency increases of up to 100%. This approach not only streamlines operations but also builds an organization resilient to market and technological disruption.

The Community Service Program (Kuliah Kerja Nyata / KKN) of Universitas Muhammadiyah Tangerang (UMT) in Sukadiri Village, Tangerang Regency, was implemented with the aim of empowering the community through strengthening tourism-based MSMEs and raising environmental awareness. This program employed a participatory qualitative descriptive approach, in which students acted as facilitators in assisting the community. The main focus included sustainable tourism literacy, MSME digitalization, waste segregation management, and community literacy improvement. Key activities carried out consisted of designing logos and digital branding for MSMEs, conducting ecoprinting training utilizing local flora, delivering legal counseling on bullying within the scope of the Electronic Information and Transactions Law (ITE), creating educational boards and segregated waste bins, establishing a reading corner, and supporting food security through corn planting. The results indicated increased community awareness of environmental management, improved skills of MSME actors in utilizing digital technology, and the growth of literacy culture among children and youth. In addition to providing tangible benefits for the community, this program also enriched students’ experiences in applying their academic knowledge directly in the field. Therefore, the KKN in Sukadiri Village not only contributed to sustainable village development but also served as a best practice model that could be replicated in other regions.

The ecological crisis affecting Central Kalimantan reveals systemic environmental degradation, ranging from deforestation and river pollution to peatland destruction caused by massive extractive activities. The impact of this crisis extends beyond ecological damage, disrupting the social, cultural, and spiritual order of the Dayak Indigenous communities. This article aims to reflect on Dayak communal spirituality as a path toward ecological conversion in the light of the encyclical Laudato Si’. Employing a qualitative approach through theological–contextual hermeneutics and library research, this study examines the dialogue between Dayak cosmology, communal life values, and the Catholic Church’s vision of integral ecology. The findings indicate that Dayak communal spirituality affirms a reciprocal relationship among humans, nature, the community, and the Creator, which resonates with the call for ecological conversion articulated in Laudato Si’. This article argues that integrating Dayak communal spirituality into the Church’s pastoral praxis holds transformative potential in fostering ecological awareness, strengthening the inculturation of faith, and encouraging the active participation of the faithful in caring for our common home in a sustainable manner.

Population density plays a critical role in shaping public health outcomes and environmental quality, particularly in rapidly urbanizing regions. This study aims to analyze the relationship between high population density and its impacts on sanitation conditions, air quality, access to clean water, and the incidence of various diseases in densely populated areas. The research adopts a qualitative descriptive approach by combining a comprehensive literature review with field observations conducted in several urban areas characterized by high population concentration. The findings reveal that increased population density is closely associated with environmental degradation, including inadequate sanitation systems, reduced air quality due to pollution, and limited availability of clean water. These environmental challenges contribute directly to a higher prevalence of health problems, such as respiratory infections, waterborne diseases, and other communicable illnesses. Overcrowded living conditions also intensify the spread of diseases, placing additional pressure on public health infrastructure. Furthermore, the study highlights that insufficient public facilities and poor environmental management exacerbate the negative effects of population density on both health and the environment. To address these challenges, effective strategies are required, including population growth control, improved urban planning, and enhanced investment in public health and environmental sanitation facilities. Strengthening community awareness and participation in maintaining environmental cleanliness is also essential. Overall, this study emphasizes the need for integrated policies that balance population management with sustainable environmental and public health development.  

Green innovation has become a crucial approach to addressing sustainability challenges within global economic and environmental contexts. This study maps the development of green innovation research through a bibliometric analysis using data from the Scopus database covering the period 2021–2024. Bibliometric techniques were applied with VOSviewer and R Studio to examine publication trends, citation patterns, author collaboration, and keyword networks. The results show a significant growth of publications in the last five years, with major themes focusing on sustainable development, environmental technology, and economic implications of green innovation, while leading contributions come from China. Influential journals in innovation and environmental management are identified as key publication outlets, and keyword analysis reveals the integration of green innovation into sustainability strategies and economic policy discussions. This study contributes to a clearer understanding of the intellectual structure and emerging directions of green innovation research, offering insights for scholars, business practitioners, and policymakers in advancing sustainable innovation practices.

Land cover change is one of the most critical environmental issues affecting the stability of watershed (DAS) ecosystems. This study aims to explore the existential nature of land cover through an ontological approach as a conceptual foundation for sustainable environmental management. A descriptive qualitative method was applied using literature analysis, conceptual mapping, and environmental philosophy interpretation. The results reveal that land cover change not only reflects ecological dynamics but also represents a transformation in the ontological relationship between humans and nature. Within the framework of ecological ontology, land is understood as a living entity possessing intrinsic value and existential function within the web of life. This interpretation is supported by recent studies (2015–2025) demonstrating significant links between land cover change, hydrological responses, and the decline of ecosystem service quality across Indonesia and Southeast Asia (Basuki et al., 2022; Supangat et al., 2023; Locke, 2024). Ontological awareness thus serves as a philosophical foundation for watershed management policies that are ecologically ethical, holistic, and sustainable.

Physical education in schools is still dominated by the introduction of popular sports, thus limiting students' sports literacy and opportunities for early childhood sports development and development. This condition results in less than optimal development of students' overall potential. This community service activity aims to encourage increased sports literacy, the formation of active lifestyle habits, and the emergence of the embryo of woodball athlete development at the school level. The method used is a library-based community service with data collection techniques through book reviews, scientific journals, research reports, and various relevant literature related to student development, sports development, and the introduction of woodball. The data obtained were analyzed using content analysis techniques to identify patterns, concepts, and relationships between variables. The results of the community service indicate that the introduction of woodball as an alternative sport has significant potential to increase sports literacy, support character development, develop motor skills, and encourage more inclusive and sustainable sports development in the school environment.

The development of sustainable tourism facilities is one of the important efforts in increasing the attractiveness of destinations while preserving the environment. This study aims to analyze the implementation of ecological concepts in the development of glamping facilities in the Pearl Beach tourist area. The method used is a descriptive qualitative approach, with data collection through field observations, interviews with managers and tourists, and literature studies related to ecotourism principles and sustainable design. The results of the study show that the application of ecological concepts in glamping facilities in Mutiara Beach includes the use of environmentally friendly materials, integrated waste management, the application of energy efficiency, and designs that integrate the natural landscape without damaging the coastal ecosystem. The application of this concept not only improves the comfort and experience of tourists, but also contributes to increasing environmental awareness and strengthening the positive image of tourist destinations. In addition, this ecologically-conceptual glamping development model is expected to be a reference for the development of sustainable tourism facilities in other coastal areas, which prioritizes nature preservation and the welfare of local communities.

This community service activity aims to increase the understanding of students at State Senior High School 2 Mataram regarding information security by introducing the concepts of coding and cryptography in digital messages. The rapid use of messaging applications among teenagers makes students increasingly vulnerable to cyber threats, necessitating education on how data protection works in online communication. This program is implemented using a descriptive method consisting of planning, implementation, and evaluation stages. The material covered includes basic cryptography concepts, end-to-end encryption mechanisms, and the practical process of the Diffie–Hellman key exchange thru the interactive simulation "Alice and Bob." Learning is designed contextually and participatively so that students can connect theory with the digital applications they use every day. The evaluation results showed an improvement in students' understanding, reflected in their active participation, ability to answer questions, and adequate post-test scores. This activity not only strengthens digital security literacy but also raises students' awareness of the importance of protecting personal data in online communication. This program is expected to be the beginning of more sustainable digital security learning development in the school environment.

This community service activity aims to increase the understanding of students at State Senior High School 2 Mataram regarding information security by introducing the concepts of coding and cryptography in digital messages. The rapid use of messaging applications among teenagers makes students increasingly vulnerable to cyber threats, necessitating education on how data protection works in online communication. This program is implemented using a descriptive method consisting of planning, implementation, and evaluation stages. The material covered includes basic cryptography concepts, end-to-end encryption mechanisms, and the practical process of the Diffie–Hellman key exchange thru the interactive simulation "Alice and Bob." Learning is designed contextually and participatively so that students can connect theory with the digital applications they use every day. The evaluation results showed an improvement in students' understanding, reflected in their active participation, ability to answer questions, and adequate post-test scores. This activity not only strengthens digital security literacy but also raises students' awareness of the importance of protecting personal data in online communication. This program is expected to be the beginning of more sustainable digital security learning development in the school environment.

This study examines how integrating local ecological wisdom and eco-literacy education fosters environmental awareness, behavioral transformation, and health outcomes among Indonesian primary school students. The research responds to the ecological paradox of rapid technological growth amid worsening environmental degradation, where youth eco-literacy remains below 45%, indicating a gap between environmental knowledge and sustainable action. The study aims to develop a culturally responsive model of sustainability education that connects environmental ethics, cultural identity, and public health. Using a qualitative case study design, the research was conducted at SD Islam Kreatif Mutiara Anak Sholeh, Sidoarjo, East Java, from July to August 2025, involving 60 students and six teachers. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, observations, and document analysis. Four major themes emerged: (1) cultural narratives as catalysts for environmental awareness, (2) eco-literacy as experiential and behavioral transformation, (3) collaborative learning as collective environmental agency, and (4) eco-health as psychosocial and physical well-being. Findings show that integrating Majapahit-era ecological values and local storytelling into eco-brick and composting projects enhanced students’ responsibility, cooperation, and emotional balance. The study synthesizes Eco-pedagogy, Constructivism, and Eco-health frameworks into a Culturally Responsive Eco-Health Pedagogy, demonstrating that sustainability learning rooted in culture and participation promotes both environmental and health outcomes. This model contributes to the global Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) 2030 agenda by linking culture, ecology, and well-being in primary education.

This study explores Islamic legal perspectives on climate justice by integrating environmental ethics with economic responsibility within the wider framework of Sharia. Using a qualitative library research approach, it examines classical sources such as the Qur’an, Hadith, and uṣūl al-fiqh, alongside contemporary works on Islamic environmental ethics, sustainable development, and climate governance. The findings show that Islamic principles—including khalifah (stewardship), mīzān (balance), ‘adl (justice), and maslahah (public interest)—provide a strong ethical foundation for addressing climate change and preventing environmental corruption (fasād). The Maqāṣid al-Sharī‘ah, particularly the preservation of life, property, lineage, and the environment, support environmentally conscious policies and sustainable economic practices. Islamic finance instruments such as green sukuk and ESG-aligned investments further promote ecological responsibility. Overall, Islamic legal and economic traditions offer a comprehensive framework that links environmental sustainability with socio-economic equity, positioning Islamic thought as an important contributor to global climate justice discourse.

This study analyzes the strategic role of digital transformation in accelerating the development of the green economy in Azerbaijan. As global economic systems shift toward sustainability-oriented models, Azerbaijan has begun integrating digital technologies—such as smart energy systems, geographic information platforms, and digital monitoring tools—into its environmental and economic policies. These initiatives are designed to reduce carbon intensity, enhance resource efficiency, and modernize industrial sectors in alignment with international climate standards. The study employs a qualitative library-based approach supported by content analysis to assess state programs, institutional reforms, and policy documents related to digital governance and renewable energy deployment. The findings indicate that digital solutions facilitate transparent decision-making, optimize energy consumption, and support ecological innovations, making them essential components of Azerbaijan’s national development agenda. However, the transition remains constrained by infrastructural disparities, limited technological competencies, and regulatory gaps. The study argues that sustainable development goals cannot be fully realized without comprehensive digital integration, institutional coordination, and capacity-building initiatives. Thus, digitalization is not merely a supportive tool but a foundational mechanism for the advancement of the green economy and long-term socio-economic transformation in Azerbaijan.