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The phenomenon of code-switching and code-mixing among university students has become increasingly prevalent alongside the rapid growth of social media. This article aims to analyze the challenges and implications of mixed language practices in students’ digital interactions, while reflecting on their significance for the development of the Indonesian language in the global era. The study applies a literature-based analytical approach, using thematic synthesis to identify patterns, motivations, and functions of code-switching across various social media platforms. Findings show that students’ code-switching practices vary depending on the digital ecology of each platform. On Instagram, code-mixing often reflects prestige and modern identity construction. Twitter or X emphasizes communicative efficiency and community solidarity, while TikTok highlights creativity, humor, and stance-taking. The main driving factors include identity expression, practicality, prestige, and online community norms. At a global level, this phenomenon resonates with the trend of digital translanguaging, which broadens the linguistic repertoire of young generations. The study concludes that code-switching in digital spaces presents a dual implication: a potential erosion of Indonesian language norms on one hand, and an opportunity for multilingual enrichment on the other. Therefore, adaptive language policies and digital-linguistic literacy strategies are necessary to safeguard the Indonesian language while embracing creative multilingual practices among students.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk merancang dan membuat interface komunikasi data antara Electronic Control Unit (ECU) sepeda motor dengan sistem Android. Masalah yang dihadapi oleh bengkel rumahan seperti Ngoprek Garage Motoshop adalah keterbatasan alat untuk mendeteksi kerusakan ECU secara otomatis. Penelitian ini menggunakan mikrokontroler ESP32 sebagai penghubung antara ECU dan aplikasi Android, yang dirancang menggunakan MIT App Inventor. Sistem ini mampu membaca data kesalahan (Diagnostic Trouble Code/DTC) dari ECU dan menampilkannya secara langsung pada aplikasi Android. Metode penelitian yang digunakan mencakup perancangan perangkat keras dan perangkat lunak, serta pengujian sistem terhadap sepeda motor Honda. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa sistem ini mampu membaca dan menampilkan kode DTC dengan akurasi yang cukup tinggi, meskipun terdapat keterbatasan pada pembacaan parameter data secara real-time. Sistem ini diharapkan menjadi solusi alternatif bagi bengkel kecil dalam melakukan diagnosa awal terhadap kerusakan ECU.  

This study examines the utilization of haiku as a form of response to postwar trauma through Kaneko Tota’s and Saito Sanki’s war-themed haiku. Following Japan’s defeat in World War II in 1945, a cultural shift occurred marked by transformation within traditional arts, particularly haiku, which became a significant medium for expressing traumatic historical and social experiences. Although both poets used haiku as a medium to express dissatisfaction and critique the socio-political conditions of the postwar period, they represented different generations and approaches in responding to postwar trauma. Saito, having directly experienced the trauma of war, developed a deconstructive strategy towards traditional haiku conventions. Meanwhile, Kaneko, belonging to the postwar generation, adopted a more radical approach in formal and semantic experimentation. These dual strategies not only embodied individual artistic responses to trauma but also contributed to a broader cultural project aimed at reconstructing Japan’s collective identity in the postwar era. Yuri Lotman’s cultural semiotics framework is employed to analyze the semiotic transformation dynamics in the poets' works. Lotman’s theory, with its key concepts of semiosphere, cultural text, and translation mechanisms, offers a comprehensive analytical tool for understanding the dynamics of sign systems and cultural meanings in World War II-themed haiku. From the analysis of five war-themed haiku, it is concluded that both poets constructed a collective trauma discourse. Rather than employing explicit descriptive narratives, the trauma discourse utilizes strong semiotic condensation strategies. Saito and Kaneko juxtaposed established cultural symbols and codes, such as Hiroshima as a metaphor of absolute destruction, the marathon as a symbol of life, breasts as a symbol of motherhood, and blooming flowers representing renewal into new surreal configurations that created novel meanings at the semiotic boundaries where tensions clashed.

This study examines the utilization of haiku as a form of response to postwar trauma through Kaneko Tota’s and Saito Sanki’s war-themed haiku. Following Japan’s defeat in World War II in 1945, a cultural shift occurred marked by transformation within traditional arts, particularly haiku, which became a significant medium for expressing traumatic historical and social experiences. Although both poets used haiku as a medium to express dissatisfaction and critique the socio-political conditions of the postwar period, they represented different generations and approaches in responding to postwar trauma. Saito, having directly experienced the trauma of war, developed a deconstructive strategy towards traditional haiku conventions. Meanwhile, Kaneko, belonging to the postwar generation, adopted a more radical approach in formal and semantic experimentation. These dual strategies not only embodied individual artistic responses to trauma but also contributed to a broader cultural project aimed at reconstructing Japan’s collective identity in the postwar era. Yuri Lotman’s cultural semiotics framework is employed to analyze the semiotic transformation dynamics in the poets' works. Lotman’s theory, with its key concepts of semiosphere, cultural text, and translation mechanisms, offers a comprehensive analytical tool for understanding the dynamics of sign systems and cultural meanings in World War II-themed haiku. From the analysis of five war-themed haiku, it is concluded that both poets constructed a collective trauma discourse. Rather than employing explicit descriptive narratives, the trauma discourse utilizes strong semiotic condensation strategies. Saito and Kaneko juxtaposed established cultural symbols and codes, such as Hiroshima as a metaphor of absolute destruction, the marathon as a symbol of life, breasts as a symbol of motherhood, and blooming flowers representing renewal into new surreal configurations that created novel meanings at the semiotic boundaries where tensions clashed.

Government representatives are members of legislative institutions elected by the people to represent their interests and aspirations in the policy-making and decision-making processes of government. People's representatives have a moral and ethical responsibility in carrying out their duties as representatives of the public's interests. The early history of the formation of people's representatives dates back to the Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence (PPKI), which also appointed the first president and vice president in Indonesia. People's representatives are a key pillar in the democratic system, serving as a channel for the people's aspirations. In carrying out their duties, they are required to uphold ethical values, integrity, and morality. However, various cases of ethical violations involving members of the House of Representatives (DPR) have triggered an increasingly critical public response, especially in the digital era that enables information transparency. This study aims to analyze how ethical violations by people's representatives affect public perception and how social media strengthens the public's critical power. This research method is qualitative-descriptive with a case study approach. The results show that public response to ethical violations has increased sharply through digital platforms, which has a direct impact on public trust and the legitimacy of legislative institutions. Social media has become a primary medium for expressing disappointment and moral pressure on people's representatives. In addition, social media has also changed the way organizations and individuals interact. The speed of information dissemination magnifies the social impact of every action by members of the House of Representatives. Ethics reform and a stricter oversight system are needed to maintain the integrity of representatives. This research concludes that the ethics of representatives are crucial for maintaining public trust. It is crucial for representatives to uphold a code of ethics to ensure integrity, which will lead to a positive public response and trust in the government.

The Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) is a preliminary agreement in contracts established under the Common Law system, and this research is based on the increasing phenomenon of using MoUs as an initial form of agreement in various fields, including the organization of beauty pageants; however, in practice, there remains ambiguity regarding the extent to which an MoU has binding legal force, particularly when one party commits a breach of contract or when disputes arise, thus this study formulates two main issues, namely the legal status of the parties involved in the MoU of the Miss Beauty East Java 2022 pageant agreement and the legal consequences of the non-performance of such MoU, employing a normative juridical method through statute, conceptual, and case approaches to analyze the practice of MoUs in Miss Beauty East Java 2022, and the findings indicate that although MoUs are not explicitly regulated in the Indonesian Civil Code, they may be considered preliminary agreements subject to the principle of freedom of contract under Article 1338 of the Civil Code, with the legal status of the parties being binding as long as the MoU fulfills the essential elements of a valid contract (agreement, legal capacity, specific object, and lawful cause), while the legal consequences of non performance may give rise to legal liability resolved through non-litigation efforts such as mediation or arbitration, or ultimately through litigation if amicable settlement fails, leading to the conclusion that the MoU in the Miss Beauty East Java 2022 pageant possesses binding legal force as a preliminary agreement rather than merely a moral commitment, provided that it is clearly drafted and meets the validity requirements of a contract under Indonesian law.

The internship program is designed to introduce students to the practical application of the theories and knowledge they have acquired during their studies in a real work environment. This activity was conducted at SMP Swasta Galih Agung, an educational institution under the Darularafah Raya Islamic Boarding School Foundation, which aims to develop pious, skilled, and technologically literate students with strong physical and intellectual abilities. At the beginning of the odd semester of the 2023–2024 academic year, the number of female students enrolled was 470, but by the end of the semester, it had decreased to 455, representing a 0.96% decline. The purpose of this study is to perform a ranking analysis for selecting the best teacher based on expertise and teaching performance. The research employs the SMARTER (Simple Multi-Attribute Rating Technique Exploiting Ranks) method, combined with ROC (Rank Order Centroid) weighting and sensitivity analysis to measure the accuracy of ranking results. The findings show that the teacher with code T10 achieved the highest score of 0.521, followed by T7, T1, T2, T5, T11, T12, T8, T4, T9, T6, and T3, with the lowest score being 0.310. The lowest sensitivity value of 0 indicates the most optimal weighting result. The decision support system designed using questionnaires and Excel simplifies data input and assists the principal in making objective and efficient decisions.

This study aims to analyze and compare legal protection for parties in a sale and purchase agreement based on the Civil Code (KUHPer) and Islamic law, using the fiqh muamalah approach. A sale and purchase agreement is a very common legal transaction in everyday life, so it is important to ensure legal certainty and justice for all parties involved. The research method used is normative-comparative with literature study techniques, which allows researchers to examine the differences and similarities in legal protection in both legal systems. The results show that in civil law, there is an emphasis on the principle of freedom of contract which gives space for the parties to determine the contents of the agreement according to their wishes, as long as it does not violate applicable laws and regulations. The formal form of the agreement is also an important aspect of legal protection, with regulations regarding default and fulfillment of performance that give the injured party the right to obtain compensation or fulfillment actions in accordance with the agreement. Meanwhile, Islamic law emphasizes the aspect of the lawfulness of the object of the sale and purchase, which must meet certain conditions for the transaction to be considered valid. Furthermore, in Islamic law, the consent or voluntary agreement of both parties is a primary requirement for a valid sale and purchase agreement to conform to the principles of substantial justice. While these two approaches differ philosophically and normatively, they share the same goal of protecting the rights and obligations of the parties involved in the sale and purchase agreement, thereby creating a fair transaction that does not disadvantage either party. The differences in approach between civil law and Islamic law are also evident in the dispute resolution mechanisms.

This research aims to analyze the impact of implementing the International Safety Management (ISM) Code internal audit on the operational smoothness of the vessel MV. Martha Golden, managed by PT. Multi Jaya Samudera Belawan. The implementation of the ISM Code is a mandatory requirement regulated by Law No. 17 of 2008 concerning Shipping, designed to ensure safe ship operation and the prevention of marine pollution. The research methodology employed is field research (field research) through observation and the collection of direct operational data, complemented by a literature review (library research) to examine related regulations and theory. The findings demonstrate that the consistent execution of the ISM Code internal audit has a significant positive influence on improving the vessel's safety and operational integrity. This audit, carried out by the Designated Person Ashore (DPA), encompasses scheduling, conducting thorough inspections onboard, and reporting findings. Consistent auditing minimizes the risk of accidents at sea, enhances the compliance of all crew members with the applicable Safety Management Sistem (SMS), and ensures that the vessel operates safely and efficiently according to international standards. The study concludes that discipline in performing internal audits and the crew's adherence to SMS procedures are the primary keys to maintaining operational integrity. It is recommended that the company increase the frequency and quality of internal audits and crew training to ensure the vessel's safety and operational efficiency are consistently maintained.

Attendance systems are crucial for school management, including at MAS Al Riyadhul Janah. In today's advanced digital era, a web-based attendance system offers a modern solution to improve the efficiency of recording employee attendance.  Currently, MA Al Riyadhul Janah uses a conventional paper-based system for recording student attendance, which is inefficient. This new system is expected to simplify and expedite the attendance process. This research employs the Waterfall system development model.  System design utilizes the Unified Modeling Language (UML), while application implementation uses PHP for the web interface and MySQL for the database. The final product is a web-based attendance application for students. This application is expected to improve the accuracy of attendance data and simplify the monthly attendance summary process.   Keywords: Attendance, Web, QR Code, MySQL

Bullying is a global problem that affects adolescents' mental health as well as the quality of education. This study aims to evaluate the anti-bullying policy at SMA Negeri 1 Plus Matauli Pandan and identify its impact on the psychological well-being of students. The research method uses a qualitative approach with a phenomenological design. A total of nine informants were selected through purposive sampling, consisting of key, main, supportive, and triangulated informants. Data was obtained through in-depth interviews and document review, then analyzed using the CIPP (Context, Input, Process, Product) evaluation model. The findings of the study show that anti-bullying policies are rooted in the vision, mission, and Student Honor Code of Conduct that rejects all forms of bullying. In terms of input, the involvement of BK teachers, homeroom teachers, students, and parents plays an important role, although the limited number of counselors is still an obstacle. The implementation process is carried out through socialization, routine supervision, and counseling with an emphasis on prevention and rehabilitation aspects. Product evaluations showed a significant decrease in cases of physical bullying, although verbal behavior was still found. This policy has a positive impact by increasing students' sense of security, confidence, and learning comfort, while encouraging changes in the attitude of perpetrators. Based on these results, the study recommends strengthening anti-bullying literacy, consistency in the implementation of sanctions, and developing broader psychosocial services. These efforts are needed to ensure the sustainability of the policy while supporting adolescent mental health.

The development of the internet in Indonesia has opened up numerous opportunities, including in the field of online commerce. One widely used feature in online transactions is the "Paylater" system, as implemented by Shopee through its Shopee Paylater service. This feature allows users to purchase goods now and pay for them later, with relatively low interest rates. This study aims to examine the regulations and implementation of Shopee Paylater, as well as the legal protection available to consumers in cases of default or issues with the service. The study refers to the Indonesian Civil Code, Law No. 8 of 1999 on Consumer Protection, and the Financial Services Authority Regulation (POJK) No. 77/POJK.01/2016 on Information Technology-Based Lending Services. The research findings indicate that Shopee Paylater users are bound by a standard agreement with PT. Commerce Finance during the purchasing process. Shopee is responsible for protecting consumers in accordance with applicable regulations, but breaches related to network security can pose risks to consumers. In addition, while the service facilitates easier access to goods and services for users, it is crucial that consumers fully understand the terms and conditions of the service, including the consequences of late payments. The study also emphasizes the need for clearer and more comprehensive consumer protection regulations, especially in light of the rapid growth of digital financial services. This research highlights the importance of adequate legal protection for users of Paylater services to ensure their rights are safeguarded in the evolving digital economy.

This study analyzes the legal review of legal protection for motorcycle owners in cases of embezzlement. To anticipate the development of society in relation to changes in crime, efforts can be made to plan the creation of criminal law that accommodates all the dynamics of society. This is a policy issue, namely regarding the selection of means in regulating social life. The crime of theft is regulated in the Criminal Code book II chapter XXII Articles 362 to Article 367. Indonesia is a country that is included in the category of developing countries and of course cannot be separated from the problems that have been raised above. Crimes that occur in developing countries are still relatively high. Therefore, it is not surprising that the problem of crime or criminality in Indonesia is a result of the life of its people. Crime can be interpreted criminologically and juridically. One example of a crime is the crime of embezzlement which is regulated in Articles 372 to 377 of the Criminal Code.  The normative juridical research method with a descriptive approach, this study reveals that legal protection for motorcycle owners in embezzlement cases is based on Article 372 of the Criminal Code and Law Number 8 of 1981 concerning Criminal Procedure Law. The concept of imposing criminal penalties on embezzlement crimes in Indonesia. Article 372 of the Criminal Code and Law Number 8 of 1981 concerning Criminal Procedure Law. Thus, the judge sentenced the defendant to 3 (three) years in prison.

This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the Micro Business Actor Assistance program at the Bandung City KUMKM Office. Micro business actor assistance is a program of the Bandung city government through the Bandung City KUMKM Office where the micro business actor assistance program is a program to improve micro business actors so that they can be competitive and improve the quality of micro business actors. However, in its implementation, the Micro Business Actor Assistance at the Bandung City KUMKM Office has not been optimal and there are several obstacles such as the characteristics of the indifferent community and technical support still needs to be overcome to optimize the results of the program. Overall, Micro Business Actor Assistance is considered effective in achieving the goals of empowering micro business actors and improving quality and competitiveness at the Bandung City KUMKM Office. From the results of the study, it is known that 4 Themes, 9 Categories, and 108 Codes were found, the method used in this study is a qualitative method with a case study. In this study, data collection techniques were carried out by interviews, observation, documentation, and literature studies. The informants in this study include: Plta Kasie, head of the micro business sector, and assistants to micro business actors in the Kiaracondong, Batununggal and Lengkong sub-districts. The data analysis used in this study is the Miles & Huberman interactive model data analysis which consists of several components, namely data collection, data reduction, data presentation and conclusions or verification. Data analysis was carried out using the Atlas.ti software tool.

This community service program was implemented to overcome the limited technical capacity of teachers and students at SMK Negeri Jambu in mastering the installation and programming of battery-based electric vehicles, which is a crucial skill in preparing competent human resources for the rapidly evolving green vehicle industry. The program specifically aimed to enhance participants’ knowledge and skills in several key areas, including the installation of electric motor control systems, management of battery energy, and maintenance of essential electric vehicle components. To achieve these goals, the activities were carried out using a blended method that integrated lectures, demonstrations, and direct hands-on practice, supported by continuous mentoring and systematic evaluation. In addition, QR Code–based learning resources were incorporated to provide participants with quick and efficient access to digital instructional materials, allowing for more flexible and independent learning. The evaluation results revealed significant progress in both the theoretical understanding and practical abilities of the participants. They were able to demonstrate improvements not only in operating and maintaining electric vehicle systems but also in identifying problems and performing troubleshooting independently. These findings suggest that the program effectively contributed to building sustainable competencies for teachers and students, equipping them with relevant skills aligned with the needs of the green automotive industry, while also promoting technological adaptation and innovation in vocational education.

The design of the 3:30 Kopi website poster was carried out as an effort to present an effective and modern promotional medium to support information needs and introduce the café’s digital platform to the wider community. In line with the development of the digital era, local SMEs such as 3:30 Kopi are required to remain competitive by utilizing visual media that is both communicative and appealing. This poster functions not only as an information tool but also as a branding strategy to strengthen the café’s identity in the eyes of consumers, particularly in the Ciledug area and its surroundings. The visual concept of the poster was designed with careful consideration of both aesthetics and function. The use of brown and cream tones symbolizes the warm and natural character of coffee, while also creating a friendly and elegant impression. Typography was chosen with a simple yet bold style to ensure information is easy to understand. The main elements, featuring a mockup of the website displayed on both laptop and mobile devices, emphasize the flexibility and responsiveness of the platform, which can be accessed anytime and anywhere. In addition, the inclusion of a QR code provides a modern solution that facilitates quick and practical interaction between the audience and the website. Cultural-inspired ornaments derived from 3:30 Kopi’s signature menu further reinforce its visual identity while adding aesthetic value. Through this poster design, 3:30 Kopi is expected to increase brand awareness, attract new visitors, and strengthen its image as a café that not only offers coffee but also provides a productive social space suited to the needs of modern society.

Housing, as a basic human necessity, demands not only physical comfort but also assurance of safety and legal protection for its residents. In recent years, the rise in security violations within residential areas has raised serious concerns, especially regarding the authority of housing management and the frequent neglect of residents’ rights. Various security policies such as 24-hour gate security, CCTV installation, and visitor access restrictions are often enforced without a clear legal basis and without the participation of residents, thereby creating the potential for legal violations, including those related to criminal law and human rights. This study aims to analyze the forms of criminal liability that may be imposed on housing management in cases of negligence or abuse of authority in the implementation of security policies. It also examines the forms of legal protection available to residents and identifies potential criminal law violations arising from such policies. The research adopts a normative and empirical juridical approach, with a case study conducted at DL Sitorus I Housing Complex in Simalungun Regency. The results of the study show that the security policies at DL Sitorus I lack a valid internal legal foundation, were not developed through participatory means, and are not supported by standardized operating procedures (SOPs). This situation creates room for overreach by security personnel, such as arbitrary detention of visitors and unauthorized interrogations, which may violate Article 333 of the Indonesian Penal Code. Management may be held indirectly criminally liable under the principles of culpa in vigilando (negligence in supervision) and culpa in eligendo (negligence in the selection of personnel). The study recommends the formulation of internal regulations based on resident participation and the provision of legal training for security officers to ensure a fair, transparent, and legally compliant residential security system that upholds the principles of criminal law and human rights protection.

In order to maintain the integrity and dignity of their position, Notaries are required to comply with the Code of Ethics, including the prohibition on job promotions as stated in Article 4 paragraph (3) of the Notary Code of Ethics. However, violations of this rule are still frequently encountered. This study uses a doctrinal method by reviewing primary legal materials, such as the Notary Law, Minister of Law and Human Rights Regulation Number 19 of 2019, and the Notary Code of Ethics, as well as secondary legal materials in the form of books, legal journals, and interviews with the Chairperson of the Regional Board, Former Regional Honorary Council, and Members of the Indonesian Notary Association. The purpose of the study is to determine and analyze the position of the Notary Code of Ethics as a public official regarding violations committed, as well as to examine the form of legal accountability for violations of the code of ethics related to job promotions. The results of the study indicate that although the Notary Code of Ethics is binding, many Notaries still violate it, especially through job promotion practices that are contrary to the principles of professionalism and reduce public trust. Existing forms of accountability are still limited to ethical, moral, and social aspects within the scope of professional organizations, thus not being effective enough to create a deterrent effect, especially for notaries who repeatedly seek promotions. This research also revealed that although the Notary Code of Ethics provides clear provisions regarding the prohibition of promotions.

Basically, heirs have the same legal position as the testator in agreement disputes, including sale and purchase agreements made before the testator dies. However, in practice, there is often a discrepancy between the legal provisions and their implementation, especially when there is a conflict between the heirs and third parties. This can be seen in the dispute between Baniyamin as the buyer and the heirs of Muhammad Husen, where the shophouse sale and purchase agreement ended with a default on the part of the seller, so that the responsibility to provide compensation was imposed on the heirs. This research aims to analyse the legal position of the heirs in a dispute over a sale and purchase agreement involving the heir's estate and the form of legal protection that should be given to the heirs. This research uses normative juridical research and case study approach. Data analysis uses a qualitative method. The results show that the position of the heirs is found in the saisine principle in Article 833 of the Civil Code, the rights and obligations of the testator automatically pass to the heirs. The legal protection of heirs is regulated in Articles 833, 1045, and 1100 of the Civil Code, which provide the right to inheritance with debt responsibility limited to the value of the inheritance and the right to refuse harmful inheritance.

Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML) is a markup language used to structure and format text documents through the use of tags that control the appearance of content on web pages. HTML defines various document elements such as headings, paragraphs, images, and lists, which form the basic structure of a webpage. JavaScript, on the other hand, serves as a programming language that adds interactivity and dynamics to web pages. While HTML provides the basic framework for website layout, JavaScript enhances functionality with features that cannot be achieved through HTML alone, such as dynamically manipulating elements and responding to user interactions. Together, these two languages form the core foundation for web development. This program aims to equip students of SMAN 58 with the skills to practice using HTML tags, understand the basics of JavaScript programming, and develop interactive web pages through online simulations. The training will be conducted in stages, beginning with the submission of a proposal to the school and followed by the scheduled training in June 2024. Students will use the One Compiler platform for real-time practice, allowing them to write and execute HTML and JavaScript code directly in the browser. The training will be conducted interactively, introducing the fundamental concepts of HTML and JavaScript, along with demonstrations showing how to create dynamic websites. In the final phase, students will take a quiz designed to assess their understanding of the material and their ability to apply the knowledge gained. Through this program, it is expected that students will master the basic skills of website creation and have the ability to independently develop their own interactive web projects. Additionally, this program aims to enhance students' digital awareness and technical skills in the era of information technology.