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Background : Gastritis, an inflammation of the gastric mucosa, is a common health problem that often causes acute pain. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of deep breathing relaxation techniques as a non-pharmacological treatment intervention in reducing pain levels in ulcer patients. Using a case study method, deep breathing relaxation therapy was administered for 5-10 minutes using the technique of inhaling through the nose, holding for 3 seconds, and slowly exhaling through the mouth. Results of observations over 5 days showed a decrease in pain levels in patients. This study concluded that deep breathing relaxation therapy is effective in reducing pain in ulcer patients and recommended its implementation to improve patient knowledge and experience in pain management.

Emotional neglect is a form of non-physical maltreatment that occurs when a child fails to receive sufficient emotional support, attention, and affection necessary for proper psychological growth. This study aimed to explore the lived experiences of emotional neglect among a male juvenile inmate at the Correctional House for Adolescents (LPKA) Class II Payakumbuh and to understand how these experiences influenced emotional and behavioral development prior to engagement in criminal activities. A qualitative design with a descriptive phenomenological approach was employed, and data were collected through three in-depth interviews with a 17-year-old participant who had experienced emotional neglect since childhood. Analysis was conducted using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) stages. Findings revealed that emotional neglect caused deep emotional wounds, persistent loneliness, family disintegration, and emotional escape through deviant behaviors, including drug use and also criminal acts. The participant also expressed a profound emotional longing for his mother and attempted to reconstruct his self-identity by seeking supportive relationships outside the family environment. The study emphasizes the critical importance of emotional care in parenting and highlights the need for systemic interventions and support for children raised in dysfunctional families to prevent the development of maladaptive behaviors and to promote healthier emotional and social development.

Burn injuries are a significant health problem because they damage the skin’s protective barrier, increase the risk of infection, and may cause severe complications if not treated properly. The healing process is complex and involves several cellular events, in which fibroblasts play a key role by producing collagen and forming granulation tissue. Recently, there has been growing interest in natural, herbal-based therapies for wound care. Tamarind leaves (Tamarindus indica) were chosen in this study because they contain flavonoids, polyphenols, tannins, and saponins, all of which have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and tissue-regenerating properties. The aim was to evaluate the effectiveness of ethanol extract gel of tamarind leaves at concentrations of 2.5%, 5%, and 10% in promoting fibroblast proliferation and healing of burn wounds in male rats (Rattus norvegicus). An experimental randomized design was used with six groups: normal control, neative control, positive control, and three treatment groups. Clinical observation and histopathological analysis showed that the extract gel accelerated wound closure significantly compared to the negative control. Fibroblast proliferation was higher in all treatment groups, with the 10% extract giving the best result, similar to Bioplacenton. These findings highlight tamarind leaves’ potential as a safe and affordable alternative for burn wound therapy.

Hypertension is one of the most common non-communicable diseases, with a high incidence rate that has become a major global health concern. It is often referred to as a “silent killer” because many patients are unaware of their condition until serious complications arise. In Indonesia, the prevalence of hypertension is relatively high, yet many sufferers remain undiagnosed or do not receive proper medical treatment. Several risk factors contribute to hypertension, including age, heredity, high-salt diet, obesity, lack of physical activity, and unhealthy lifestyles such as smoking and alcohol consumption. Without proper management, hypertension may lead to severe complications such as stroke, heart failure, and chronic kidney disease. Management of hypertension generally involves pharmacological therapy, such as the administration of antihypertensive drugs, as well as non-pharmacological interventions through lifestyle modifications. Nurses play a crucial role in patient education, monitoring, and preventing complications through comprehensive nursing care. The purpose of this study is to describe the nursing care provided to Mr. R, who experienced a cardiovascular system disorder, namely hypertension, in the Dahlia Ward of RSUD dr. Soeselo, Tegal Regency. The research method used was descriptive with a case study approach, allowing for a systematic and clear presentation of the patient’s condition. The case findings showed that the patient’s main complaint was a headache radiating to the nape of the neck. Based on nursing assessment, two nursing diagnoses were identified: acute pain and lack of knowledge regarding the disease and its management. Interventions were determined using national standards such as SDKI, SLKI, and SIKI, which are expected to reduce symptoms and improve the patient’s understanding of hypertension.

This study examines the application of systems thinking in modern healthcare organizations, with a particular focus on Peter Senge’s Fifth Discipline. Using a systematic literature review of 20 selected articles, the study investigates the potential and challenges of applying systems thinking across key areas such as patient safety, service integration, resource management, and innovation. Findings indicate that systems thinking provides a holistic framework to better understand and address the inherent complexity of healthcare systems. By fostering interconnections among organizational components, it enhances the capacity to improve performance, ensure patient-centered care, and support sustainable change. Nevertheless, implementation is hindered by obstacles such as resistance to change, lack of shared understanding, and difficulties in measuring systemic outcomes. To address these barriers, the study highlights strategies including leadership development, staff training, and the establishment of appropriate evaluation tools. These measures strengthen organizational readiness and support a culture of continuous learning. The study concludes that systems thinking offers valuable insights for healthcare organizations to adapt to evolving challenges, but its success requires long-term commitment, supportive leadership, and systematic implementation. Future research should further explore the integration of systems thinking with emerging digital health technologies and assess its long-term impact on health outcomes and organizational resilience.

Cancer is still one of the leading causes of death in Indonesia and poses a major challenge in the world of health. Cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy generally face various psychological problems, one of which is anxiety arising from side effects of therapy, uncertainty of treatment, and deterioration of physical condition. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between family support and anxiety levels in patients undergoing chemotherapy. The research design uses a quantitative approach with a cross-sectional method. The research sample amounted to 40 chemotherapy patients at RSI Sultan Agung Semarang who were selected using a total sampling technique. The research instruments were in the form of family support questionnaires and the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HARS). Data analysis was carried out using the Marginal Homogeneity test. The results showed that most patients received family support in the moderate to high category (75%) and experienced mild to moderate levels of anxiety (70%). Based on statistical tests, a value of p = 0.001 was obtained, which showed a significant relationship between family support and anxiety levels in chemotherapy patients. The conclusion of this study confirms that good family support plays an important role in helping patients reduce anxiety during treatment. These findings indicate the importance of active family involvement in accompanying patients, both emotionally, informationally, and instrumentally. Therefore, educational programs involving families are highly recommended to improve the quality of care and support the psychological condition of cancer patients.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder whose prevalence continues to rise, making it a major challenge for health systems worldwide. This disease results from a combination of insulin resistance and impaired pancreatic β-cell function, leading to persistent hyperglycemia and increased risk of long-term complications affecting the kidneys, cardiovascular system, nervous system, and eyes. This report describes the case of a 52-year-old woman diagnosed with T2DM for approximately ten years. The patient presented with fatigue, nocturnal polyuria, nausea after meals, significant weight loss, and tingling in her extremities. Laboratory findings revealed an HbA1c level of 12%, reflecting very poor glycemic control. A family medicine approach was applied through detailed history taking, physical and laboratory examinations, home visits, and completion of a family folder to assess clinical, personal, social, and functional aspects. Interventions included counseling on balanced diet, encouragement of regular physical activity, education on diabetic foot care, and pharmacological treatment with metformin and insulin. The family received counseling about hereditary risk factors, the importance of emotional support, and the need for consistent monitoring of health status. The patient was still capable of light daily activities, supported by a highly functional family environment with an APGAR score of 10. A holistic family medicine–based approach was shown to improve treatment adherence, patient knowledge, and overall quality of life. Therefore, management of T2DM requires a comprehensive strategy that integrates promotive, preventive, curative, and rehabilitative components, emphasizing the active involvement of family and community at the primary care level to reduce complications, slow disease progression, and enhance patient well-being.   Keywords: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder whose prevalence continues to rise, making it a major challenge for health systems worldwide. This disease results from a combination of insulin resistance and impaired pancreatic β-cell function, leading to persistent hyperglycemia and increased risk of long-term complications affecting the kidneys, cardiovascular system, nervous system, and eyes. This report describes the case of a 52-year-old woman diagnosed with T2DM for approximately ten years. The patient presented with fatigue, nocturnal polyuria, nausea after meals, significant weight loss, and tingling in her extremities. Laboratory findings revealed an HbA1c level of 12%, reflecting very poor glycemic control. A family medicine approach was applied through detailed history taking, physical and laboratory examinations, home visits, and completion of a family folder to assess clinical, personal, social, and functional aspects. Interventions included counseling on balanced diet, encouragement of regular physical activity, education on diabetic foot care, and pharmacological treatment with metformin and insulin. The family received counseling about hereditary risk factors, the importance of emotional support, and the need for consistent monitoring of health status. The patient was still capable of light daily activities, supported by a highly functional family environment with an APGAR score of 10. A holistic family medicine–based approach was shown to improve treatment adherence, patient knowledge, and overall quality of life. Therefore, management of T2DM requires a comprehensive strategy that integrates promotive, preventive, curative, and rehabilitative components, emphasizing the active involvement of family and community at the primary care level to reduce complications, slow disease progression, and enhance patient well-being.

Nurses' caring behavior is a fundamental element in quality healthcare services. However, pressures such as high workload and burnout can hinder its implementation. This study aims to analyze the relationship between workload and burnout on the caring behavior of nurses in the Inpatient Ward of “X” Hospital. The research method used is quantitative with a cross-sectional design, involving 96 practicing nurses through a total sampling technique. Data were collected using the Subjective Workload Assessment Technique (SWAT) questionnaire, the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), and a caring behavior questionnaire based on Jean Watson's theory. The results showed that the workload (p<0.001) and burnout (p<0.001) variables have a significant negative relationship with caring behavior. Logistic regression analysis identified workload as the more dominant factor influencing caring behavior. Simultaneously, these two independent variables could explain 57.9% of the variance in nurses' caring behavior. This study concludes that an increase in workload and burnout levels significantly decreases nurses' caring behavior, making workload management a priority intervention to improve the quality of nursing care.

Background : Nausea and vomiting are common physiological complaints during the first trimester of pregnancy, caused mainly by increased levels of hCG, estrogen, and progesterone. Although considered normal, these symptoms can disrupt daily activities and decrease quality of life. If excessive, they may result in complications such as dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, weight loss, and hyperemesis gravidarum, which threaten maternal and fetal health. Management can involve pharmacological and non-pharmacological strategies. One safe, simple, and widely applied non-pharmacological approach is acupressure at the Pericardium 6 (PC6) point, believed to regulate the nausea center in the brain. Objective : This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of acupressure at the PC6 point in reducing nausea and vomiting among first-trimester pregnant women at PMB Ariyawati Susiandari, S.Tr.Keb., Central Lampung Regency. Method : This pre-experimental study used a one-group pretest–posttest design. Acupressure was performed at the PC6 point for 30 seconds, twice daily (morning and evening). Data were collected by observing changes in the intensity of nausea and vomiting before and after the intervention.The assessment was conducted by observing changes in the intensity of nausea and vomiting before and after the intervention. Result : Before acupressure, all respondents experienced moderate nausea and vomiting. After the intervention, most reported improvement, with symptoms reduced to the mild category. Statistical analysis with the Wilcoxon test showed a significance value of p=0.000, indicating a significant difference between pre- and post-intervention scores. Conclusion : Acupressure at the PC6 point effectively reduced nausea and vomiting in first-trimester pregnant women. This method can be recommended as a complementary non-pharmacological therapy that is safe, practical, and easily integrated into midwifery care.

Liver cirrhosis is a chronic disease characterized by progressive fibrosis, altered liver architecture, and the formation of regenerative nodules. Although it develops slowly, cirrhosis often leads to serious complications such as ascites, variceal bleeding, jaundice, and hepatic encephalopathy. According to the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019, cirrhosis is among the leading causes of death worldwide, with more than 1.4 million deaths annually. In Indonesia, the prevalence of cirrhosis is reported at 0.4% (Riskesdas, 2021) and shows an increasing trend over the years. This case study aims to describe the application of comprehensive nursing care in a patient diagnosed with liver cirrhosis using the nursing process approach. The research design was a case study conducted on Mr. R, who was admitted to Dahlia Ward at RSUD dr. Soeselo, Tegal. Data collection was carried out through interviews, observations, physical examinations, and medical record reviews. The results revealed that the main nursing problems identified were ineffective peripheral perfusion, ineffective breathing pattern, and knowledge deficit. Nursing interventions provided included positioning the patient in semi-fowler, monitoring vital signs, educating the patient about low-sodium diet and fluid restriction, and collaborating in the administration of diuretics and albumin. After three days of nursing care, the evaluation indicated clinical improvement, evidenced by reduced edema, decreased shortness of breath, and increased patient understanding of his disease and treatment plan. In conclusion, nursing care with a comprehensive process approach has a significant positive impact on the condition of patients with liver cirrhosis. Nurses play an essential role in assessment, planning, implementation, evaluation, and providing health education to prevent complications and improve patients’ quality of life.

Appendicitis is a common health problem in Indonesia. Appendicitis requires surgery because it's an acute inflammation. Appendicitis can be treated with surgery to remove the appendix, namely appendectomy, by performing surgery on the abdominal tract. Appendectomy is a clean-contaminated surgery that can cause surgical wound infection in around 5-15% of cases. Prophylactic antibiotics are included in infection prevention. It is important to evaluate the use of prophylactic antibiotics in appendicitis surgery patients to reduce drug side effects and prevent surgical site infections. Infections can be caused by microorganisms such as pathogenic bacteria, and antibiotics are the most commonly used drugs to treat such infections. SSI can cause morbidity, mortality, increased length of stay, and increased patient care costs. The researchers chose Arun Lhokseumawe Hospital as the research site because no research had ever been conducted at Arun Lhokseumawe Hospital on the use of prophylactic antibiotics in appendicitis surgery patients. Preliminary survey results based on Arun Lhokseumawe Hospital medical records from 2020 to 2022 showed that 202 patients underwent surgery. The purpose of this study was to determine the profile of prophylactic antibiotic use in appendicitis surgery patients using the Gyssens method at Arun Lhokseumawe Hospital from 2020 to 2022. This study was observational in nature, using total sampling as the sampling technique. The Results of the study showed that the most frequently used type of prophylactic antibiotic was Cefotaxime (53.5%) and the appropriateness of antibiotic use was category 0 (97%) because it was appropriate and category IVA (3%) because there were other antibiotics that were more effective. It can be concluded that Cefotaxime is the most frequently used antibiotic, and the appropriateness of prophylactic antibiotics at Arun Hospital in Lhokseumawe City is already appropriate.

Mammary tumor is a condition where an abnormal mass or lump forms in the breast, caused by excessive and continuous cell reproduction. This condition often develops unnoticed and can be dangerous if not promptly treated. In 2018, the incidence rate of breast cancer in Indonesia was 136.2 per 100,000 people, making it one of the most common cancers in Southeast Asia, ranking 8th in the region. If untreated, mammary tumors have the potential to spread to other parts of the body, and in many cases, can be fatal for the patient. One of the common medical treatments for mammary tumors is surgery. This surgery aims to remove the tumor and prevent further spread. In this context, the role of nurses is critical, as according to Orem's theory, nurses have the responsibility to help improve the health status of patients, especially in situations where patients are unable to perform self-care. In such cases, nursing assistance is necessary to ensure that the patient can undergo proper post-operative care. This study aims to provide an overview of nursing care for patients with post-operative right mammary tumor in the Mawar 2 room at RSUD dr. Soeselo, Tegal Regency. The nursing care provided includes several important steps: patient assessment, nursing diagnosis, planning, implementation of care, and evaluation of the care outcomes. This research uses a descriptive case study design, offering an in-depth view of the nursing approach applied to patients after mammary tumor surgery. With this approach, the study aims to provide clearer insights into the role of nurses in supporting patient recovery and improving the quality of care in hospitals.

Background: Nurses are the most dominant health workers in hospitals including inpatient installations. This dominance tends to have an impact on the main focus of the community including patients. When the nurse's performance is good, being able to cover all services in the hospital will be of good value in the eyes of the community and patients, making it a crucial point for nurses to work in accordance with the competencies, main tasks and functions and practice standards set by health care facilities. This study examines the relationship between nurse performance and patient satisfaction treated at the inpatient installation of Bhayangkara Hospital Jayapura. Method: This study is a type of non-experimental quantitative research with correlation studies. Data collection was carried out using questionnaires. The number of respondents was 98 people with the same number of nurses and patients, namely 49 people. The sampling technique used was incidental. Data were analyzed using spearmank rho. Result: Based on the results of the study, it was found that the age of 26-45 years, female, with a Diploma III education, and a length of work of more than 3 years. While the majority of patient respondents were aged 18-25 years, female, with the most education being high school, having a self-employed job, and a length of care of 1-3 days. The performance of nurses found to be categorized as good while the majority of patient satisfaction was very satisfied. The results of the spearman rho analysis obtained a correlation strength level of 0.924 with a p-value of 0.000. Conclusion: Nurse performance is related to patient satisfaction treated at the inpatient installation of Bhayangkara Hospital Jayapura. It is expected that the measurement of nurse performance with patient satisfaction will be carried out periodically, a maximum of once a year to evaluate nursing services.

Maternal mortality remains a challenge in Indonesia, and one contributing factor is chronic malnutrition (CED), which impacts pregnancy, childbirth, the postpartum period, and the newborn. The 2022 registration report shows that of the 3,249,203 pregnant women whose MUAC was measured, 283,833 had a MUAC of less than 23.5 cm (at risk of CED), meaning 8.7% of these pregnant women were at risk of CED. In the Brebes area, the 2022 report recorded 3,475 pregnant women with CED. At the Bantarkawung Community Health Center in 2023, there were 36 cases of preeclampsia, 22 cases of transverse lie, 107 cases of CED, and anemia. Objective: Provide comprehensive midwifery care in accordance with standards of care for pregnant women, women giving birth, newborns, postpartum women, and family planning. Research method: Qualitative descriptive method, the type of research approach used in this study is a comprehensive case study approach. Results: Comprehensive care was provided to Mrs. R who suffered from chronic energy deficiency, and was successfully overcome. Delivery was carried out by caesarean section, the baby was born normally, and the postpartum period went smoothly, and the mother chose a contraceptive method, namely a three-monthly birth control injection. Conclusion: Comprehensive obstetric care has been proven effective in overcoming chronic energy deficiency, ensuring a safe delivery, a normal baby born, a normal postpartum period, and compliance with contraceptive methods.

Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) is a multidisciplinary, evidence-based perioperative care approach designed to minimize the stress response to surgery, preserve organ function, and improve clinical outcomes. A substantial body of evidence has demonstrated that implementing ERAS protocols in elective procedures not only accelerates patient recovery but also reduces healthcare costs. Surgery, one of the most commonly performed medical interventions worldwide particularly major procedures such as abdominal and colorectal surgery carries a high risk of postoperative complications. These complications contribute to increased morbidity, mortality, and economic burden for both patients and healthcare systems. This situation presents a particular challenge in the era of universal health coverage, which demands efficiency in terms of time, cost, and resource utilization. ERAS implementation has been proven to enhance postoperative recovery, shorten hospital stays, and expedite the return of normal physiological function compared to conventional surgical care, especially in lower abdominal surgeries and colorectal resections. A literature review was conducted by searching relevant articles through Google Scholar using inclusion criteria such as publications from 2018 onwards, focused on ERAS in abdominal surgery, full-text availability, and academic journal sources. The data were analyzed using a matrix table comparing research methods, study populations, research locations, and reported outcomes. ERAS protocols have shown to be effective in abdominal surgical procedures for improving patient recovery and reducing postoperative complications.

Waste management has become an increasingly complex environmental issue, particularly in urban areas and densely populated settlements. The lack of public awareness in disposing of waste properly has caused numerous negative impacts, including soil and water pollution, flooding due to clogged drainage systems, reduced environmental aesthetics, and the spread of infectious diseases. These conditions indicate that the waste problem is not merely a technical issue of collection and disposal, but also strongly related to people’s behavior and environmental awareness. Therefore, a simple, practical, and effective approach is required to encourage behavioral change in daily life. One alternative solution is through visual education by using waste signboards that display educational and persuasive messages. These signboards are installed in strategic locations to serve as direct reminders for residents to care more about environmental cleanliness. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of waste education signboards in improving community understanding and discipline in waste disposal practices. The methods applied included counseling sessions, participatory discussions with residents, designing communicative and attractive signboards, and installing them in high-traffic areas such as main roads, schools, worship places, and public spaces. The results of the activity indicated an increase in public knowledge regarding the impacts of waste, active participation in maintaining cleanliness, and a significant reduction in littering behavior around the areas where the signboards were installed. Furthermore, residents gave positive feedback and expressed their willingness to expand the initiative by adding more signboards in other locations as part of sustainable action. In conclusion, educational signboards proved to be an effective, low-cost, and practical medium to raise community awareness. Beyond delivering environmental messages, the signboards also helped strengthen collective commitment among residents to create a clean, healthy, and sustainable living environment.

Background: Stroke is a health condition that significantly impacts quality of life and causes physical and mental disability, as well as death, in both productive and elderly individuals. The loss of bodily functions in stroke patients can hinder productivity and reduce the fulfillment of ADL (Activities of Daily Living). Dependence in ADL is the inability to perform all or some activities and the need for assistance from others. The high incidence of stroke in patients and its role as a leading cause of disability makes it difficult for stroke patients to perform daily activities, causing mental and emotional disturbances, reducing productivity and quality of life. The loss of independence and mobility in stroke patients necessitates family support, as they play a crucial role in the care and rehabilitation of their loved ones. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between family support and the fulfillment of daily living (ADL) in stroke patients. Methods: This study employed a correlational analytic method with a cross-sectional approach. A purposive sampling technique was used for the sample, employing 89 respondents. Data analysis used the Spearman rank sum. Results: The Spearman rank sum analysis yielded a ρ value of 0.000, less than 0.05, and an r value of 0.827 (very strong). Therefore, it can be concluded that there is a very strong relationship between family support and the fulfillment of daily needs (ADL) in stroke patients at Sunan Kalijaga Regional General Hospital, Demak.

Introduction: Repurchase intention is one of the important indicators in the world of health services, especially in hospitals. XYZ General Hospital must evaluate the services provided to patients by understanding patient perceptions, particularly through patient experience, as 50% of respondents expressed unwillingness to recommend or reuse the hospital’s services. This highlights a potential gap between service delivery and patient expectations. Method The purpose of this study was to analyze the influence of patient experience, brand image, and trust on repurchase intention at XYZ Hospital, with attitude as an intervening variable. This study employed a quantitative explanatory research design, involving 182 patients from outpatient and inpatient units who had visited more than once. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and analyzed using the Structural Equation Model (SEM) with the Partial Least Square (PLS) method, supported by the SmartPLS software. Results: The results revealed that patient experience, brand image, and trust significantly affect patient attitudes, which in turn directly influence repurchase intention. Attitude serves as a mediating variable between patient experiences, brand image, trust, and repurchase intention. Simultaneous testing confirmed that all independent variables have a joint effect on repurchase intention. Among the variables tested, attitude showed the strongest direct influence on repurchase intention, while patient experience had the highest indirect effect through attitude. Conclusion: These findings underscore the critical role of patient experience in shaping positive perceptions of service quality, which contribute to strengthening brand image, increasing trust, and fostering patient attitudes that support future service utilization. Therefore, healthcare providers must prioritize improving communication, staff responsiveness, and patient-centered care to enhance overall experience, build loyalty, and ensure long-term sustainability of healthcare services.

Post-operative care is a critical phase in the recovery process, beginning immediately after the completion of surgery until the patient is stabilized and transferred to the inpatient ward. Among various surgical procedures, lumpectomy is a common intervention performed to manage mammary tumors, aiming to preserve breast tissue while removing the tumor (Arif et al., 2021). This paper presents a case study of Mrs. D, a patient with an endocrine disorder who underwent a right breast lumpectomy at Mawar 2 Ward, Dr. Soeselo Regional General Hospital, Tegal Regency. The study employed a descriptive method to explore the patient’s condition and nursing interventions. Upon assessment, the main complaint reported by the patient was pain localized in the post-operative area. Based on the findings, two primary nursing diagnoses were established: acute pain related to surgical trauma and knowledge deficit related to post-operative care and self-management. Nursing interventions were designed and implemented according to the Indonesian Nursing Diagnosis Standard (SDKI), the Indonesian Nursing Outcomes Standard (SLKI), and the Indonesian Nursing Interventions Standard (SIKI). Interventions included pain management strategies, such as pharmacological support and non-pharmacological relaxation techniques, as well as health education to improve patient knowledge and self-care ability. The case highlights the importance of comprehensive nursing care that addresses both physical discomfort and the patient’s understanding of recovery, thereby promoting optimal health outcomes after breast surgery.

The skincare industry is growing very rapidly along with increasing public awareness of the importance of proper skin care. However, in marketing their products, many business actors make exaggerated claims regarding product benefits that are often not supported by facts or scientific evidence. The study aims to analyze the application of consumer legal protection in overclaiming actions carried out by business actors on skincare products from the perspective of Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection. The research method applied is the normative juridical method with a statutory approach and a conceptual approach. In this study, the practice of overclaiming carried out by business actors on skincare products is contrary to applicable legal provisions, namely Articles 8 and 10 of the Consumer Protection Law. These articles prohibit business actors from providing misleading information about a product and violate consumer rights as defined in Article 4 of the Consumer Protection Law. Although normatively the law has provided sufficient protection for consumers, its implementation in the field still faces many challenges. Supervision from the government and related institutions such as the BPOM is very necessary to ensure business actors' compliance with applicable regulations. Firm and consistent law enforcement is also needed to make business actors more responsible in providing information to consumers and to foster healthy and ethical skincare industry climate.