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Background: Accurate coding of external cause in injury diagnoses is crucial to ensure the validity of medical records, support health policy decisions, and maintain the quality of morbidity reporting.  Objective: To determine the factors that influence the inaccuracy of external cause codes in injury diagnosis at Thalia Irham General Hospital, Panciro, Gowa Regency. Method: This study employed a descriptive qualitative approach using observation and in-depth interviews with outpatient coders handling injury cases. Result: The study found that only 36% of the medical record documents were coded accurately, 26% were inaccurately coded, and 36% lacked any external cause code. The main causes of inaccuracy included incomplete anamnesis, limited time, absence of specific standard operating procedures (SOPs), and the belief that external cause codes do not impact BPJS claims. Conclusion: The low level accuracy of external cause coding is caused by the lack of understanding of officers regarding the ICD-10 Chapter XX classification, the absence of a specific SOP for coding injuries, and the perception that external cause codes do not affect the claims system.

Qanun of Banda Aceh City Number 4 of 2022 emphasizes that the Tirta Daroy Regional Public Company of Drinking Water aims to provide fair and sustainable drinking water services. The legal relationship between the customer and the company is regulated through the Decree of the Board of Directors PEG Number. III/10/PDAM/2020. However, there are still many customers who are in default in the form of late payments that cause losses to the company and are contrary to Article 1243 of the Civil Code regarding the obligation of debtors to compensate for losses due to negligence. This study aims to analyze the default settings in the customer connection agreement at  the Tirta Taroy Regional Public Drinking Water Company  , identify the factors causing defaults, and explain the form of applying civil sanctions to customers who commit defaults. This study uses an empirical juridical method with qualitative descriptive analysis based on legal and field data. The results of the study show that the most dominant forms of default in customers of the Tirta Daroy Regional Drinking Water Public Company are late and arrears of payments, not paying at all and misuse of water connections. The main causative factors include economic conditions, administrative negligence, and intentional elements. Legally, this default causes financial losses and disrupts the sustainability of public services. Sanctions are applied in stages through notices, warnings, summonses, to fines, compensation, or disconnection. The Tirta Daroy Regional Public Company is advised to follow up on customer complaints, improve the billing system, adjust the sanction clause proportionately, and increase legal awareness through socialization.

The selection process for prospective cadets at a maritime college is routinely carried out every year. In the current system, the processing and calculation of prospective cadet scores uses Microsoft Excel tools, but this takes a long time and can lead to errors in the calculation of scores and the recapitulation of selection results. In addition, unintegrated data can lead to data duplication, resulting in inaccurate selection results that can be detrimental to prospective cadets. A fast, precise, and accurate integrated decision support system is needed to support the selection process for prospective cadets. The author conducted a study on the prospective cadet admission system at UNIMAR AMNI Semarang using the Multi-Objective Optimization On The Basis Of Ratio Analysis (MOORA) method to assist in the selection of qualified prospective cadets who meet the established criteria. With this decision support system using the Multi-Objective Optimization On The Basis Of Ratio Analysis (MOORA) method, it can be used to solve the selection problem for prospective cadets because it has a short calculation time, is simple, transparent, and has high flexibility. This system will be built using the Codeigniter Framework and a MySQL database.

The transformation of digital technology has changed people's transaction patterns, especially through e-commerce platforms  such as Shopee which has experienced a significant increase in Indonesia. This study aims to analyze the application of exoneration clauses in Shopee's terms and conditions and its conformity with consumer protection laws in Indonesia. The research method used is normative law with a statutory and conceptual approach, using primary legal sources in the form of the Consumer Protection Law, Civil Code, and the Electronic Information and Transaction Law, as well as secondary legal materials from journals and academic literature. The results of the study show that the standard clause that limits liability is not absolutely valid because it has the potential to eliminate the rights of consumers who are protected by law, so that it can be considered null and void according to Article 18 paragraph (3) of the Consumer Protection Law. Shopee's liability is proportional, depending on proof of negligence in identity verification, complaint handling, and system security. Therefore, it is necessary to reconstruct a fairer accountability mechanism through improving dispute resolution mechanisms, stricter government supervision, and strengthening consumer protection in electronic transactions. This research confirms the importance of balancing the business interests of the platform and the protection of consumer rights.

This study examines the application of law to cases of forced defense in the crime of murder committed by children based on Kepanjen District Court Decision Number 1/Pid.Sus-Anak/2020/PN Kpn. The aim is to analyze the criminalization process for child perpetrators of criminal acts and consider the legal basis used by judges in issuing decisions. This study uses a normative juridical method with a statutory and case-based approach, utilizing the Criminal Code, Law No. 11 of 2012 concerning the Juvenile Criminal Justice System, and court decisions as the main materials. The results of the study indicate that the criminalization process for children in this case is regulated by the Juvenile Criminal Justice System Law, however, the judge's considerations did not fully consider the provisions of Article 49 paragraph (2) of the Criminal Code concerning excessive forced defense. The defendant's actions should be viewed as a form of forced defense so that they can be released from all legal charges. This finding emphasizes the importance of judges' consistency in interpreting the reasons for expungement of criminal penalties so that decisions are more just, especially for children in conflict with the law.  

A contract is an agreement between two or more parties that creates legal rights and obligations to perform or refrain from performing certain actions. In business practice, a contract serves as a legal instrument that ensures certainty, fairness, and protection for all parties involved. To regulate these legal relationships, a comprehensive understanding of contract law is required as the juridical foundation for drafting and executing agreements. A valid contract must not only fulfill formal and material requirements as stipulated in the Civil Code but also be based on several fundamental legal principles, including the principle of freedom of contract, consensualism, pacta sunt servanda, good faith, and personality. Moreover, the contract formation process consists of several stages: the pre-drafting stage, the drafting stage which involves the structure and anatomy of the contract, and the post-drafting stage which focuses on the implementation and evaluation of the agreement. In its execution, disputes may arise; therefore, appropriate dispute resolution mechanisms such as negotiation, mediation, arbitration, or litigation are essential. A comprehensive understanding of these principles and stages in business contract formation is crucial to ensure that every agreement created is valid, fair, and effective for all parties.

The development of artificial intelligence technology has given birth to deepfake technology which has the potential to be misused to damage a person's digital identity. This research aims to analyze the mode of misuse of deepfake technology in Indonesia, examine its legal implications based on applicable laws and regulations, and examine the urgency of special regulation of deepfake in the Indonesian legal system. Applicable, as well as examining the urgency of special arrangements against deepfake in the Indonesian legal system. The research method used is normative juridical legal research with statutory and conceptual approaches, and data collection is carried out through literature study of primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials tertiary. The results show that deepfake abuse can take the form of spreading fake videos, face forgery and digital identity-based fraud that harms victims socially, legally and psychologically. Although several articles in the ITE Law, Personal Data Protection Law, and Criminal Code can be used to charge perpetrators, these regulations have not specifically and explicitly regulated the characteristics and technical aspects of deepfake-based crimes. This creates obstacles in law enforcement and victim protection. Therefore, it is necessary to establish special regulations or amend existing laws so that the legal system in Indonesia is able to answer the challenges of deepfake technology appropriately, fairly, and effectively.

The absolute nature of moral rights creates practical legal issues. Under the concept of a sales agreement, the ownership of the sold object is transferred from the seller to the buyer. Conversely, the concept of moral rights, as stipulated in Law Number 28 of 2014, dictates that moral rights cannot be transferred for any reason whatsoever as long as the creator is alive. The conceptual and juridical ambiguity arises from the contradictory nature of a copyright and/or copyrighted work sales agreement versus the absolute status of moral rights. The research methodology employed in this study is the normative juridical method. This method focuses on analyzing legal norms related to moral rights and sales agreements, specifically referencing Law Number 28 of 2014 (Copyright Law) and the Civil Code (Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata). Normatively, the creator's moral rights are perpetual and non-transferable to other parties, in accordance with the mandate of Law Number 28 of 2014, Articles 5 and 57. Nevertheless, within the context of private law, Article 5 of Law Number 28 of 2014 grants the creator the freedom to either maintain or waive these rights. If the agreement is reached consensually, the principle of pacta sunt servanda is applicable between the contracting parties. A clause involving the assignment of moral rights can render the agreement voidable (vernietigbaar) if it involves a violation of the subjective requirements (consent and legal capacity). This is particularly true if the consent was obtained through an abuse of circumstances (penyalahgunaan keadaan). A violation of this requirement indicates that the consent provided by the creator was not free and consensual.

Advancements in information technology have created significant opportunities for more efficient spatial data management, including the mapping of government buildings. To support this effort, this study develops a web-based geographic information system for mapping government buildings in Bandung City using Leaflet.js. The system aims to facilitate interactive map visualization and provide more accurate and structured access to spatial data. The Agile method is applied in the system development process, consisting of six main stages: needs identification, design, development, testing, implementation, and evaluation. The system is designed using the Laravel or CodeIgniter framework as the backend and Leaflet.js for dynamic spatial data presentation. The research results indicate that the system can display geographic information accurately and interactively while supporting search, filtering, and responsive map display features across various devices. Additionally, the Agile approach has proven to enhance development efficiency and user experience. With this system, the government can manage building data more effectively, transparently, and efficiently to support planning and decision-making based on spatial data.

This study aims to explore structuration within the gatekeeping process of the Patroli news program in an episode reporting a case sexual violence aired on Indosiar. The research adopts a qualitative approach using the case study method. Data were collected through in-depth interviews and content analysis of the episode covering a case sexual assault committed by a resident doctor at Dr. Hasan Sadikin hospital, Bandung. The key informant in this study was the executive producer of the Patroli news program. This research employs two theoretical frameworks: Anthony Giddens’ structuration theory and Joseph A Devitto’s gatekeeping theory. The findings reveal that the Patroli news team enforces strict editorial control to avoid regulatory sanctions or public complaints. The program complies with the national journalistic standards, specifically the P3SPS broadcasting guidelines and the journalistic code of ethics. The Study concludes that Giddens’ three dimension of social structure signification, domination and legimitation are evident in the gatekeeping process, these structure, alongside the concept of gatekeeping as the filtering of news content, play significant role in shaping how sensitive criminal cares are selected and presentend to the public.  

Community Health Centers (Puskesmas) serve as the frontline for basic healthcare services for the community. However, the services at Waimangura Community Health Center are not yet fully optimal due to several obstacles, particularly in patient data recording, which is essential for registering every individual who visits for health check-ups, registration, and medical record management. Therefore, an information technology-based system is needed to enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of services. This research aims to implement a healthcare service system at Waimangura Community Health Center using the CodeIgniter 3 framework by applying the MVC (Model, View, Controller) method. The MVC method was chosen because it can separate application logic, display, and data management, making the system more structured, easier to develop, and maintaining consistency. The research stages include needs analysis, system design, implementation, and testing. The implementation results show that the built system is capable of assisting officers in patient registration, medical record data management, and information services. Patients also benefit from more transparent and efficient services. Based on the trial results, the system operates according to user needs and can improve the quality of healthcare services at the Waimangura Community Health Center. Thus, the implementation of CodeIgniter 3 with the MVC method has proven effective in building a structured, easily maintainable healthcare service system that can be further developed to support digital-based healthcare services.

This article discusses the phenomenon of early marriage in Indonesia from the perspective of the Code of Canon Law, particularly Canon 1072, which emphasizes the pastoral duty of guiding young people away from premature marriages. Using a qualitative-descriptive method with a literature review approach, the study examines canonical texts, Church documents, and empirical data related to the issue. The findings reveal that Catholic marriage demands free and mature consent, emotional stability, and openness to the gift of life. Early marriage often fails to fulfill these essential elements, leading to negative social, psychological, health, and economic consequences. Furthermore, it highlights the challenges faced by the Church in pastoral accompaniment amid cultural and socioeconomic pressures that encourage early unions. Therefore, Canon 1072 remains a relevant and preventive pastoral guideline, aiming to protect the dignity and freedom of young people, promote responsible preparation for marriage, and strengthen the foundation of Catholic family life in modern Indonesian society.

This study investigates the occurrence and functions of nonstandard language variation in Instagram headlines posted by @folkative, a popular digital media account known for its creative use of informal language. Despite the growing attention to social media discourse, little research has focused on how nonstandard forms operate in short, attention-grabbing digital headlines. Guided by Labov’s (1972) variationist sociolinguistic framework, this study employs a descriptive qualitative method complemented by simple quantification. The data consist of headlines uploaded by @folkative throughout September 2025. The analysis reveals four main types of nonstandard variation: code-mixing, nonstandard spelling, colloquial expressions, and lexical innovation. Among these, code-mixing appears most frequently (33.93%). The use of nonstandard language is not arbitrary but rather reflects deliberate stylistic and social choices. These variations serve several communicative and pragmatic functions, including attracting readers’ attention, conveying humor, saving space within limited character counts, expressing solidarity with followers, and constructing a modern, cosmopolitan online identity. The findings demonstrate that nonstandard language in Instagram headlines contributes to meaning-making and audience engagement, showing how Indonesian users creatively manipulate linguistic resources to suit digital communication norms.

In German language courses at universities, students must learn four skills: reading, writing, listening, and speaking. To master these four skills, students must have a good command of vocabulary, as this is the foundation needed to master the German language. This software does not require programming code, so users can easily add graphics and sounds to the game. Without vocabulary, skills such as reading, writing, speaking, and listening cannot be performed. This study aims to create a Construct 2 application that can be used by college students to increase their A1 level German vocabulary. The data for this study is A1 level German vocabulary with the theme “Guten Appetit,” and another source of data is the book “Netzwerk neu A1 Kursbuch” published by Ernst Klett Sprachen GmbH in 2019. This research will be conducted in the foreign language laboratory at UNIMED. The application will be tested by subject matter experts and learning media experts. This research will be published in a nationally indexed journal.

This research aims to examine how betrayal is represented in the film The Last Supper (2025). The study employs a qualitative approach using John Fiske’s semiotic theory, which focuses on three levels of codes: reality, representation, and ideology. Data were collected through visual observation of the film’s scenes and analyzed to identify signs and underlying meanings within the actions of the characters. The findings reveal a total of nine betrayal scenes, segmented into 52 image shots that were analyzed in depth. These scenes primarily depict the betrayals committed by Judas Iscariot and Peter against Jesus Christ. The analysis shows that betrayal is not merely presented as a dramatic motif but is constructed as an ideological representation that reflects power relations, social pressure, and human moral dilemmas. The film serves as a cultural text that constructs meaning through visual symbols, gestures, expressions, and dialogue. As such, it can be interpreted as a form of social criticism against systems of power that influence individual behavior. Therefore, the film functions not only as entertainment but also as a discursive space that voices fundamental human issues.

This study aims to analyze the application of criminal procedural law in resolving narcotics crime cases at the Binjai District Court, focusing on compliance with the due process of law principle and the protection of the defendant’s rights. The research employs an empirical juridical approach through direct observation (field research) of case Number 200/Pid.Sus/2025/PN Bnj involving the defendant Novri Syahputra, who was charged as an intermediary in the sale and purchase of Class I narcotics (methamphetamine) weighing 40.81 grams net. Data were collected through direct observation of the trial proceedings and examination of relevant legal documents, including the Criminal Procedure Code (KUHAP) and Law No. 35 of 2009 on Narcotics. The findings indicate that the implementation of procedural law at the Binjai District Court was consistent with the provisions of KUHAP, covering all stages from the reading of the indictment, witness examination, evidence presentation, to the final judgment. The panel of judges demonstrated professionalism and independence while considering both aggravating and mitigating factors. However, rehabilitative and humanistic approaches have not been fully incorporated into the court’s consideration, as the sentencing remains predominantly deterrent-oriented. The study concludes that, while the formal procedural aspects of criminal procedural law have been effectively implemented, there remains a substantive need to strengthen restorative and rehabilitative justice values in future narcotics case policies.

Forced marriage of children as debt repayment is an exploitative practice that violates human rights principles and child protection as stipulated in the 1945 Constitution, the Child Protection Law, and the Sexual Violence Criminal Law. This study uses a normative juridical method with a legislative and conceptual approach to examine legal views on the position of children in debt repayment, the relationship between unregistered marriages and forced marriage, and the forms of legal protection that can be provided to victims. The results of the analysis show that children cannot be used as objects of debt repayment because they are not included in the category of property according to the Civil Code, while the practice of unregistered marriage, which is often used as a shortcut, is not recognized by positive law. Forced marriage of children is classified as a form of economic and sexual exploitation that is subject to criminal sanctions. Therefore, it is necessary to limit the grounds for marriage dispensation, prohibit unregistered marriages for minors, and strengthen the implementation of regulations and public awareness campaigns to ensure the protection of children's rights and prevent similar practices in the future.

Denpasar is a major fisheries hub in Bali, with Benoa Harbor serving as a docking site for large fishing vessels. The decline in catch volume and annual production has increased the urgency of implementing environmentally friendly fishing and resource management practices. Fishers in Serangan continue to use handline fishing gear, prompting the need for research to assess its environmental friendliness. This study employed a survey method, collecting data through field observations, interviews, and questionnaires. The analysis was conducted based on nine criteria of the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries (CCRF) with a sample of 30 respondents. The results show that handline fishing has high selectivity, targets octopus (Octopus sp) as the main catch, and has minimal impact on habitats and biodiversity. The lowest score was recorded in the criterion of minimum discarded catch due to the presence of bycatch such as skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) and giant trevally (Caranx ignobilis), although these species still have market value. The total score obtained was 32.83, placing handline fishing in the highly environmentally friendly category.

The advancement of digital technology in financial systems, including the implementation of QRIS (Quick Response Code Indonesian Standard) in the retail sector, has driven the increased use of non-cash payment methods. How flexibility, time efficiency, and protectivity influence the number of QRIS transactions conducted in retail stores is the subject of this research. Validity, reliability, classical assumption analysis, and hypothesis analysis. Results show that time efficiency contributes significantly to increasing QRIS transactions, while flexibility and security are not significantly affected. Only 18.9% of the variation in QRIS usage behavior is caused by the three independent variables, according to the coefficient of determination (R2). These findings indicate that time efficiency is a key factor in driving the retail sector to adopt digital payment systems.

The research entitled Analysis of ATM Money Theft Crimes by ATM Cashiers in Batam City Using Routine Activity Theory (RAT) focuses on describing the elements of theft crimes, the threat of theft crimes, and cases of ATM money theft by ATM cashiers in Batam City. The research method used a normative legal research method with a case approach and a conceptual approach. The results of this study are as follows: The crime of theft is a crime against property as regulated in Chapter XXII of Book II of the Criminal Code, specifically Article 362, which contains subjective and objective elements. The types include ordinary theft, aggravated theft, and petty theft. The occurrence of theft is influenced by internal factors, such as the perpetrator's intention, and external factors, such as circumstances that support the crime. In the case of theft by ATM cash replenishment officers, the crime was committed through abuse of work access (special access crime). Based on Routine Activity Theory (RAT), crime occurs due to three main elements, namely a motivated perpetrator, a suitable target, and a lack of adequate supervision.