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A database is a fundamental element in an information system that is used to manage and store data. Two commonly used database types are NoSQL (Not Only SQL) and SQL (Structured Query Language). SQL uses a structured relational model with a fixed schema, while NoSQL is more flexible with various storage models such as document, key-value, column-width, and graph. This research aims to conduct a literature study on the comparison of these two types of databases, including their advantages, disadvantages, and applicability in various information system scenarios. The study results show that the choice between SQL and NoSQL is highly dependent on the specific needs of the application, in terms of performance, scalability, and data complexity.

In image detection processes where there is a variation in brightness between pixels, techniques are required to obtain optimal and adaptable threshold values for these variations. Therefore, a comparison between the binary thresholding technique and the adaptive method of Otsu is made, in videos with dynamic and static background, weighing the response time of the algorithm, memory used, requirement of the central processing unit and hits in the detections, in the languages of Python and M (Matlab). The techniques in Python present better results in terms of response time and memory space; while, when using Matlab, the lowest percentage of machine requirement is presented. Also, the Otsu method improves the percentage of hits in 12.89 % and 11.3 % for videos with dynamic and static background, with respect to the binary thresholding technique.

Learning that is still dominated by teacher-centered approaches tends to result in passive student participation and low learning outcomes. This study aims to compare the effectiveness of the Socio-Scientific Problem-Based Learning (SSPBL) model and the Stimulus Environment Problem Solving (SEPS) model in improving student learning outcomes in the Ecology course. The research employed a quasi-experimental design involving two groups of fourth-semester Biology Education students at Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta in the even semester of the 2023/2024 academic year. Each group consisted of 20 students; one was taught using the SSPBL model, and the other using the SEPS model. Data were analyzed using the independent sample t-test and effect size analysis.The results showed that the SSPBL group achieved significantly higher cognitive learning outcomes than the SEPS group in both Cycle I (sig. = 0.041) and Cycle II (sig. = 0.049). The effect size results further confirmed the high effectiveness of the SSPBL model, with values of 2.846 (Cycle I) and 3.413 (Cycle II), categorized as "high." These findings indicate that the SSPBL model is more effective in improving learning outcomes, particularly in developing higher-order thinking skills through the integration of scientific concepts and socio-scientific issues. This study recommends the implementation of the SSPBL model in science education to foster deeper conceptual understanding and critical thinking among students.

Lower back pain is a common complaint experienced by pregnant women, especially in the second and third trimesters as the gestational age increases. This condition can interfere with daily activities and reduce the quality of life of pregnant women. Pregnancy exercise is one of the non-pharmacological interventions that is believed to help reduce lower back pain. This study aims to analyze the effect of pregnancy exercise on reducing the level of lower back pain in pregnant women in the second and third trimesters. The research method that can be used is a quasi-experimental design with a pre-post test design with one comparison treatment. The research sample was 28 pregnant women in the second and third trimesters who experienced lower back pain and met the inclusion criteria. Measurement of the level of lower back pain will be carried out before and after the intervention period using a valid and reliable pain scale. The data collected will be analyzed using an appropriate statistical test to compare changes in pain levels between before and after the intervention. The results of the study showed that the average lower back pain before the intervention was 3.32 and Std.Deviation 0.772. The average lower back pain after the intervention was 2.25 and Std.Deviation 1.005. Based on the results of bivariate analysis using the Paired-Samples T Test, a significant p value of 0.000 (p <0.05) was obtained, so there is a difference in lower back pain in pregnant women. Thus, it can be said that there is a significant difference in lower back pain before and after pregnancy exercise. It is hoped that the results of this study can provide scientific evidence regarding the effect of pregnancy exercise in reducing lower back pain in pregnant women in the second and third trimesters, so that it can be a recommendation in midwifery care to improve the comfort and quality of life of pregnant women.Keywords: Postpartum exercise, uterine involution, normal delivery

Dyslexia is not a disorder that occurs due to a person's physical disability but rather refers to the brain that functions as a processor, dyslexia is a nerve disorder that is useful in language processing that makes sufferers have difficulty in identifying words. The purpose of this study is to identify and also describe the appropriate handling and strategies applied by educators in helping dyslexic students who have difficulty reading at the beginning with symptoms that usually occur, namely sufferers will be slow and hesitant in speaking, and difficulty in choosing the right words to express the meaning they want to convey, so the spelling method is used as a strategy to overcome it, which is a way of learning to read that starts from spelling letter by letter. The strategy of using this spelling method is indeed the most suitable to use, proven by the experience of several people who have handled dyslexic and also previous studies that present a comparison between before and after applying this method, and the results obtained show that there is a significant increase in student learning outcomes after applying this spelling method.

Learning German at level A1 is designed for beginners, with the aim of introducing the basics of vocabulary and sentence structure used in everyday life. The material taught includes work and daily activities. Grammar, as a fundamental aspect of learning, is very important to help learners understand sentence structure, verb usage, as well as case systems in German. German Grammar Learning Books that use linguistic approaches such as Error Analysis and Contrastive Analysis aim to make it easier for learners to understand the differences between German and Indonesian grammar. The study analyzed the book with reference  to the Profile Deutsch standard  issued by the Goethe-Institut, which assesses the suitability of the material with the German language learning objectives at A1 level. The focus of the analysis is on the material  of Der Adjective and Modal Verben, with results that show the shortcomings and advantages in the presentation of the material. Some example sentences use more complex structures, such as comparisons that don't correspond to beginner levels. The use of complete conjugation for Modalverben is also considered too heavy, and negation sentences with Modalverben are often confusing for A1 learners. In addition, the vocabulary used in this book is not very well known at the A1 level, so it needs to be adjusted to more basic vocabulary.    

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of giving rewards and punishments on the learning activity of fifth grade students in elementary schools. This study used a quantitative approach with a pre-experimental design research type. The design used in this study was intact group comparison, this research design involved two classes with a total of 56 students. Among them are class V A as an experimental class, namely a class that was given the treatment of giving rewards and punishments during the learning process and class V B as a control class, namely a class that was not given the treatment of giving rewards and punishments during the learning process. The data collection technique in this study was using an observation sheet for student learning activity. While the data analysis technique used was a prerequisite test and a hypothesis test. The prerequisite test used in this study was a normality test and a homogeneity test with a significance level of α = 0.05. The results of the hypothesis proof using the T Test obtained a result of 0.000 with a significance level of α = 0.05, so it can be concluded that 0.000 > 0.05 so that H0 is rejected and H1 is accepted, which means that there is an influence of the use of rewards and punishments on the learning activity of fifth grade students at SD Negeri 28 Gresik.    

The SQ-FFQ is a commonly used food consumption assessment method because it is quick, relatively inexpensive, simple, and can be self-administered by respondents. Each SQ-FFQ instrument developed should be validated for the target population to avoid overestimation of food consumption measurements. This study aims to determine the validity of the SQ-FFQ instrument as a tool for assessing food consumption. The 3 Days Food Record is used as the gold standard for comparison in the validity of the SQ-FFQ. Sampling was conducted using accidental sampling, with 30 student respondents. The Nutrisurvey application was used to determine the intake of energy, macronutrients, and micronutrients. Meanwhile, for the diversity score, it was based on the IDDS (Individual Dietary Diversity Score) with a score scale of 0-9. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software with Pearson Correlation tests to examine the relationship between the two methods. The correlation coefficient values for all nutrients showed a significance level of <0.005, with the highest correlation coefficient found for energy intake (r=0.708, p<0.001) and the lowest for iron intake (r=0.412, p=0.024). The correlation test for consumption diversity showed a p-value of <0.001 with a correlation coefficient of 0.706, indicating a strong relationship between the SQ-FFQ method and the 3 Days EFR. The results of this study indicate that the SQ-FFQ method is a valid tool for measuring food intake and diversity among university students in Surabaya.

PT Pelindo Multi Terminal is a company engaged in loading and unloading services for liquid bulk, dry bulk and containers. Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Risk Control (HIRARC) is a method for identifying potential hazards that exist in each type of work. The aim of this research is to determine hazard identification, risk assessment and risk control using the Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Risk Control (HIRARC) method at PT Pelindo Multi Terminal. Research was carried out on all aspects of each liquid bulk to dry bulk operation which have the potential to cause accidents and occupational health. Data collection techniques are field observation, interviews and documentation. Descriptive data analysis using the HIRARC model with comparison of the effectiveness of IBPR. The results of the research show that IPBR risk control in the low risk category shows an increase in the presentation of signs of success in risk control, in this case there is an increase in the low risk category by 55%, while HIRARC risk control in the low risk category shows an increase in the presentation of signs of success in risk control. , in this case there is an increase in the low risk category by 90%, in this case it can be seen that HIRARC is more effective in controlling work risks. PPE equipment is adjusted to the type of work being carried out because there are still inconsistencies in wearing PPE. Keywords: Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment, Risk Control, HIRARC.

In the modern construction industry, accuracy and efficiency in volume calculations are crucial aspects of project success. This study compares two methods for calculating the volume of pile caps and reinforcement: the manual method and the Building Information Modeling (BIM)-based method. The manual method has long been used but has limitations in terms of time efficiency and a higher risk of errors. In contrast, the BIM method offers more accurate and efficient calculations through software-based digital modeling. This study employs a descriptive-comparative quantitative approach by analyzing volume calculation data using both methods. The results indicate that the BIM method has a higher level of accuracy, with a concrete volume of 1,822.87 m³ and reinforcement of 148,862.80 kg, compared to the manual method, which produced a concrete volume of 1,842.17 m³ and reinforcement of 150,279.05 kg. The comparison of pile cap volume calculations shows that the BIM method achieves 98.95% effectiveness in concrete volume calculations and 99.06% effectiveness in reinforcement calculations compared to the manual method. Additionally, the BIM method has proven to be more efficient in reducing calculation time and minimizing input errors. Thus, BIM is more recommended for large-scale projects that require high accuracy and efficiency in construction volume calculations. However, the manual method remains relevant as a validation tool and for small projects with technological limitations. This study highlights the importance of adopting digital technology in the construction industry to enhance productivity and project planning effectiveness.    

Through a systematic review and meta-analysis, this research investigates the relationship between spirituality and psychological resilience in the Afghan population. Of the 1,247 identified studies, 47 (N=12,468) met the inclusion criteria. The results of the random-effects model analysis confirm a strong positive correlation between spirituality and psychological resilience (r = 0.64, 95% CI [0.58, 0.70], p < .001). Furthermore, there is significant heterogeneity among studies (I² = 76.3%, Q = 182.45, p < .001). Additionally, moderator analysis reveals that the effect of spirituality on resilience is significantly stronger in Afghan groups experiencing war trauma (β = 0.72) compared to non-traumatized groups (β = 0.51). Meta-regression results indicate that daily spiritual practice accounts for 43.2% of the total variance in psychological resilience among the Afghan community. In comparison to the findings of Salsman et al. (2015) and Schwalm et al. (2022), which reported a moderate correlation between the two variables (r = 0.45-0.52), this study has reinforced the presence of a stronger effect of spirituality on resilience in the context of prolonged conflict, presenting a novel contribution. Lastly, the mediation analysis indicates that the sense of meaning in life mediates the spirituality-resilience relationship in Afghanistan by 67.8% (95% CI [61.2, 74.5]). This research expands upon the findings of Meichenbaum (2008) by identifying specific mechanisms that explain the protective role of spirituality in the context of collective trauma in Afghanistan. Thus, these findings can universally serve as an empirical foundation for developing spirituality-based interventions for trauma recovery in communities affected by prolonged conflict.

Hypertension, which is common in the elderly, is a condition when blood pressure increases abnormally when measured in the systolic and diastolic phases. Blood pressure that exceeds 140/90 mmHg (systolic/diastolic) may indicate the presence of a health condition in the individual. comparison of the effectiveness of progressive muscle relaxation therapy and slow deep breathing on blood pressure of hypertensive clients at Perdha Pucang Gading Semarang is the main objective of this study. This study used a quantitative quasy-experiment method with a two group pretest and posttest group design, with 48 respondents selected through nonprobability sampling techniques. To ensure the normality assumption was met, the data was tested using the Shapiro-wilk test. Furthermore, statistical analysis was carried out with two types, namely paired t-test and independent t-test, to compare differences between data groups. The results showed that the elderly aged 60-75 years in the Panti experienced mild hypertension. Statistical analysis concluded that progressive muscle relaxation therapy and slow deep breathing were effective in reducing systolic and diastolic blood pressure significantly (p<0.05). However, no substantial variation was found in the effectiveness between the two therapies in reducing systolic blood pressure (p 0.066>0.05).

Kids who don't know much about teeth and mouth health have problems, so it's important to help them learn more through the right sources and methods. The point of this study was to find out how playing Monopoly affected the kids' understanding of teeth and mouth health at SDN Bangetayu Wetan 02. A quasi-experiment non-equivalent control group strategy was used for this quantitative study. The intervention was given to the intervention group through a game of Monopoly, and to the control group through PowerPoint. The Wilcoxon test (paired) and the Mann-Whitney test (unpaired) were used to look at the data. The study's participants were kids between the ages of 8 and 9, with 19 kids from each group chosen through Purposive Sampling. A knowledge quiz about teeth and mouth health was used as the tool. The results of the comparison of the two groups' traits showed that most of the respondents were girls and most of them were 9 years old. The intervention group had a p-value of 0.001 (<0.05) for paired bivariate analysis using the Wilcoxon test. This means that there was a significant difference between what they knew about teeth and mouth health before and after the intervention. On the other hand, there was no significant change in the control group, where the p-value was 0.665 (>0.05). The training and control groups both got a p-value of 0.000, which is less than 0.05, on the Mann-Whitney test. There are differences between the two groups in how much they know about teeth and mouth health. It has been shown that learning about teeth and mouth health through monopoly games is more effective than learning through PowerPoint.

Contracts and agreements are two different things. This is because a contract is basically one type of agreement. However, not all agreements reach the level of a legally binding and enforceable contract. As the problems that will be discussed in this paper are the terms of the agreement in the Indonesian civil law legal system and the terms of the contract in the English common law legal system. In Indonesia, the validity of a contract consists of four conditions, namely the agreement of those who bind themselves, the ability to make an agreement, a certain matter, and a halal or permissible cause. Meanwhile, in English there are five conditions, namely agreement (offer and acceptance, intention to create legal relations, and genuineness of consent), capacity, consideration, legal purpose, and form of contract. Based on this, the author analyzes the comparison of the validity of an agreement or contract between Indonesia and the English and its implementation. Then for the research method used is the normative legal approach method which places the law as a norm system building. The results of the research obtained are that there are significant differences in the requirements regarding the validity of an agreement or contract between Indonesian law and English law, although each of these requirements also has similarities and differences in its provisions.

This study discusses the comparison of efficiency between Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) and Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) techniques in electric motor control. The background of this research is based on the importance of energy efficiency in industrial applications using electric motors. The aim of this study is to identify the advantages and disadvantages of each method in the context of energy savings and motor performance. The method used is a quasi-experimental design, where both techniques are tested on the same three-phase induction motor to compare power consumption and operational efficiency. The findings indicate that the use of VFD is significantly more efficient in reducing power consumption compared to PWM and provides better torque stability in the motor. The implications of this research suggest that the application of VFD can enhance energy efficiency and reduce operational costs, which is crucial for industries. This study is expected to serve as a reference for further development in electric motor control technology.

Snack bar is a food product made from a combination of ingredients that are bound together by a binding agent. One type of snack bar is a protein bar. A potential primary ingredient for making high-protein snack bars is tofu dregs. "The protein content in tofu dregs is relatively high about 26.6% and has not been optimally utilized and often becomes waste and pollutes the environment. The production of snack bars can incorporate various ingredients, one of which is red beans. Red beans are a source of plant-based protein, containing about 11% protein. This research aims to develop a snack bar with the best formulation of red bean paste and tofu dregs flour in terms of sensory and chemical characteristics. The research was conducted using a Randomized Block Design with one factor, that is the formulation with five ratio comparisons of tofu dregs flour to red bean paste: r1 (90:10), r2 (80:20), r3 (70:30), r4 (60:40), and r5 (50:50), each with five repetitions. The results revealed that the snack bar with a tofu dregs flour to red bean paste ratio of 60:40 was the best treatment, with physicochemical characteristics of 19.34% moisture content, 1.98% ash content, and 6.81% protein content as well as sensory characteristics including aroma 3.8 (liked), taste 4.17 (more liked), texture 3.9 (liked), and color 3.73 (liked).

Food allergies are medical conditions caused by particular immunological reactions brought on by exposure to certain foods. All age groups can experience food allergies, albeit the prevalence varies between children and adults, with children experiencing this condition more frequently than adults. Find food ingredients or substances that can trigger allergies, often known as allergens. This project attempts to determine whether or not the food includes allergies by applying the SVM data mining method to a public dataset of food goods and allergens that was acquired via Kaggle. High accuracy, effective memory use, and the ability to handle non-normally distributed data are some of the benefits of the SVM method. Data collection is the first step in the research process. Data pre-processing, which includes data transformation, handling missing values, and copy objects, comes next. Validation comes next. Split validation with 90% training data and 10% testing data, 10-fold cross validation, and split validation with an 80%–20% ratio were all compared in this study. The SVM method is applied after the dataset has passed validation, and the confusion matrix is used for the last evaluation step. SVM has an accuracy rate of 97.24% when using 10-fold cross validation, according to the accuracy value produced by the validation process comparison. Split validation yields an accuracy value of 97.50% when the ratio of training data to testing data is 90% to 10%. In contrast, an accuracy rate of 98.75% was achieved by using split validation with a ratio of 80% and 20%.

Postpartum complications in the form of bleeding can be anticipated through breastfeeding as early as possible. Early breastfeeding affects the speed of uterine recovery as before. To be able to provide early breastfeeding, counseling about breastfeeding on demand is needed for pregnant women so that their knowledge increases and can be applied after giving birth. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of counseling about breastfeeding on demand on uterine involution in post-placental IUD acceptors at Bantul 2 Health Center. This study used a quasi-experimental study with a static group comparison research design. The study population was 51 post-placental IUD acceptors at Bantul 2 Health Center. Purposive sampling is a sampling technique used with data analysis of ANOVA and ANCVA tests. The average TFU of the intervention group was higher than the control group, which was 8.39 compared to 7.92. The results of the ANOVA test obtained a p-value of 0.002 <0.05, so it was concluded that there was an effect of counseling about breastfeeding on demand on uterine involution in post-placental IUD acceptors. For post-placental IUD acceptors, breastfeed on demand to regulate the spacing of births while improving the health of mothers and babies.

Wound care has also developed rapidly after the dissemination of the concept of TIME (Tissue, Infection, Moisture, and Wound Edge) in modern dressing (MD). The aim of this study was to compare modern dressings (MDs) and classic dressings (CDs) in terms of patient comfort, cost effectiveness and wound healing.  A prospective study design with total of 25 participants. The sampling technique used was consecutive sampling. Patient comfort was assessed through the frequency of wound care and pain scale using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Cost-effectiveness was assessed using direct and indirect costs. Wound healing was assessed using the Bates-Jensen Wound Assessment Tool (BWAT) score. The data was analyzed using the independent t and Mann-Whitney tests.  The application of MD has the same cost-effectiveness as CD with a more satisfactory outcome for the wounds in terms of comfort and healing.

This paper explains the comparison of manual port service system to the Online Harbor Master system. The method used in this study is field research. The author conducted direct observations and interviews with the company and library research where the author obtained material or paper materials from books in the library or other reading sources related to the topic taken. The Online Harbor Master System is an open and neutral electronic portal to facilitate the exchange of data and information on port services quickly, safely, neutrally and easily which combines with related government agencies, port business entities and logistics industry players to improve better port competitiveness globally. The purpose of this study is to determine the comparison of manual port service to the Online Harbor Master System. The comparison between the manual system and the Online Harbor Master System is that manual work takes a lot of time and money. All activities must be done directly or face to face to the Harbor Master. Factors that influence are the amount of time and costs incurred, for example, applications are still manual, the queue for applications still comes to the Harbor Master or face to face, still uses a lot of paper, and all applications are not in one system. In the service process using the Online Harbor Master System, the effect felt is more efficient and makes it easier for agents to enter data on ships that want to enter the port.