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This research discusses the role of the community in the formation of Regional Regulation (PERDA) Number 5 of 2021 in Takalar Regency from the perspective of siyasah dusturiyah. The aim of this research is to analyze: (1) the participation of fishermen in the formation of the PERDA, (2) the government's efforts in the protection and empowerment of fishermen, and (3) the dusturiyah perspective on the formation of the PERDA. The study uses a qualitative approach with field research methods, relying on interviews and observations as data collection techniques. Data processing is carried out through reduction and categorization, and its validity is tested through transferability, dependability, and credibility. The research findings show that fishermen have actively participated in activities organized by the local government. Protection and empowerment of fishermen are carried out in accordance with the mandate of PERDA No. 5 of 2021. The process of forming the PERDA is also in line with the principles of siyasah dusturiyah, such as alignment with the 1945 Constitution and national law, strengthening regional autonomy and decentralization, principles of welfare and social justice, as well as respect for human rights (HAM). Furthermore, it supports public participation, accountability, and the balance of economic development.

Letter of Credit or L/C is a payment instrument in international trade transactions. Payment through a Letter of Credit is the most ideal form of payment in providing  payment certainty, because in its mechanism, L/C requires  payment to the seller through a bank guarantee with the fulfillment of the conditions specified in the document. Fraudulent letters of credit are disputes between parties in the execution of L/C payments caused by errors or irregularities due to fraud. As a result, in international civil agreements,  such agreements are deemed invalid. Mediation is a method of dispute resolution through non-litigation channels. In mediation, the dispute resolution mechanism is carried out by using a third party called a mediator. This method is highly dependent on the trust of the disputing parties in the mediator. In carrying out their duties, mediators act based on the principles of neutrality, confidentiality, voluntariness, empowerment, and as a provider of recommendations in the course of mediation for dispute resolution. Generally, mediation as a method is rarely applied in cases of international civil dispute resolution, because the resolution of international civil payment disputes is carried out through arbitration. Arbitration is a method of dispute resolution based on an arbitration agreement. An arbitration agreement is an agreement agreed upon by both parties to submit and surrender all matters to an arbitrator.

The development of information technology has significantly transformed commercial activities, particularly through the emergence of electronic transactions or e-commerce. The convenience offered by digital trading systems provides various benefits for both consumers and business actors, such as time efficiency, ease of access, and broader market reach. However, behind these advantages, there are also several risks that may harm consumers, including discrepancies between product descriptions and actual goods, delivery delays, and potential online fraud. This study aims to analyze the legal protection for consumers in electronic transactions and the responsibilities of business actors within digital commerce systems. This research employs a normative legal research method using statutory and conceptual approaches. The findings indicate that consumer legal protection in electronic transactions has been regulated in various laws and regulations; however, in practice, several challenges remain in its implementation. Therefore, strengthening regulations, enhancing supervision of business actors, and increasing public legal awareness are necessary to create a safer electronic transaction system and ensure legal certainty for consumers.

This article analyzes the application of the hierarchy of norms in the decisions of the Constitutional Court concerning Law Number 17 of 2023 on Health using the perspective of Hans Kelsen’s Stufenbau theory. The enactment of the Health Law has generated significant legal debate and several constitutional review petitions submitted to the Constitutional Court, raising questions about the consistency between statutory norms and constitutional principles. This study aims to examine how the Constitutional Court applies the principle of hierarchical norms in reviewing the constitutionality of the Health Law and to assess the relevance of Stufenbau theory in explaining the interpretation of legal norms in constitutional adjudication. This research employs a normative juridical method using statute, conceptual, and case approaches. Primary legal materials consist of the 1945 Constitution, Law Number 17 of 2023 on Health, and relevant Constitutional Court decisions, supported by secondary legal materials from academic literature and legal studies. The findings show that the Constitutional Court consistently positions the 1945 Constitution as the highest norm within the Indonesian legal system and uses the hierarchy of norms as the basis for evaluating the validity of statutory provisions. The Court maintains the legal force of the Health Law when no normative conflict with the Constitution is identified, while in certain cases it provides constitutional interpretation to ensure the compatibility of statutory norms with constitutional principles. This study demonstrates that Stufenbau theory remains relevant as an analytical framework for understanding the hierarchical structure of legal norms and the operation of constitutional review within the Indonesian legal system.

This aims to examine and analyze the implementation of the cash transfer assistance policy in efforts to alleviate poverty in Moodu Urban Village, Kota Timur Subdistrict, Gorontalo City. This research employed a qualitative method. The findings indicate that the effectiveness of the policy implementation has not yet been optimal due to several influencing factors: (1) policy standards and target groups have not been fully accurate; (2) available resources, both in terms of the number of implementing personnel and supporting infrastructure, remain very limited; (3) inter-organizational communication and activity reinforcement are less effective; (4) the characteristics of implementing agents reveal that some officers do not yet fully understand the procedures and mechanisms for distributing cash transfer assistance; (5) the economic, social, and political environment of the Moodu community, which is predominantly engaged in the informal sector, presents additional challenges in ensuring program effectiveness; and (6) the attitudes of implementers, in the absence of continuous guidance and periodic supervision, increase the potential for administrative errors and inaccurate distribution.

This study examines the effectiveness of the Jakarta Evolution (JakEVO) program in the implementation of online-based licensing services in South Jakarta, specifically for public transportation route licensing. The program was initiated as part of a public service reform effort aimed at improving accessibility, efficiency, and transparency in the licensing administration process. This study uses a qualitative descriptive approach with data collection techniques including in-depth interviews, field observations, and document studies, involving both the implementing officials at the South Jakarta UP PMPTSP and the public as service users. The findings indicate that JakEVO has positively contributed to the ease and flexibility of the licensing process, particularly in reducing the need for face-to-face interactions. However, its implementation has not yet been fully optimized due to several challenges, including limited program socialization, low digital literacy among the public, technical disruptions in the application system, and human resource capacity that is not fully adaptive to digital transformation. Additionally, the program's evaluation mechanism remains descriptive and lacks comprehensive quantitative performance indicators.

Trademarks not only serve as product identities but also represent the reputation and trust built by a company over the long term. In increasingly fierce global competition, legal protection for brands, especially well-known brands, is crucial. This study examines the legal implications of alleged trademark infringement by the Louis Vuitton Dak restaurant in Korea, which resembles the luxury brand Louis Vuitton. The purpose of the study is to analyze the application of Law Number 20 of 2016 concerning Trademarks and Geographical Indications and to assess the effectiveness of law enforcement against such violations. The method used is normative juridical with a statutory and conceptual approach. The analysis focuses on similarities in principle, the element of bad faith in trademark registration, and violations of exclusive rights to well-known brands. The results of the study indicate that although regulations have provided protection, law enforcement in practice still faces various obstacles and has not fully created a deterrent effect.

The Right to Build Certificate (Hak Guna Bangunan/HGB), as evidence of land rights intended to provide legal certainty for right holders, may in practice be revoked through decisions of the State Administrative Court. Such revocation creates legal uncertainty regarding the legal status of the land and the position of the right holder, particularly where the certificate holder is not a party to the proceedings. This research aims to analyze the legal status of land following the revocation of an HGB certificate and to examine the legal remedies available to right holders in order to obtain legal certainty. The research employs a normative juridical approach through a literature review of statutory regulations and court decisions. The findings indicate that following the revocation of HGB Certificate Number B 222 in the name of PT Pertamina (Persero), the land reverts to state land, with Pertamina holding priority rights pursuant to Article 37 paragraph (4) of Government Regulation Number 18 of 2021. However, legal remedies through the priority rights mechanism do not provide absolute legal certainty, as the use of the term “may” reflects governmental discretion rather than a legal obligation. Consequently, legal certainty for PT Pertamina remains conditional and dependent upon administrative discretion, rather than constituting final legal certainty.

This study aims to analyze the policy formulation process for the Pasar Besar revitalization program in Pasuruan City, focusing on the stages involved in policy formulation. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach with interviews with informants and documentation. The results of the study reveal that the Pasar Besar revitalization policy formulation process does not fully conform to the four ideal stages. Of the four stages that should be followed: problem formulation, agenda process, alternative formulation, and policy determination, only two stages were carried out by policy makers in policy formulation, namely problem definition and policy determination. The results of the study reveal that at the problem definition stage, the Department of Industry and Trade defines the main problem as damage and unsuitability of market facilities and infrastructure, which has reached 70 percent, thus not complying with the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) for traditional markets. At the policy-making stage, the program is established and implemented through the 2022 Regional Work Plan (RKPD) of the Department of Industry and Trade, with funding provided through financial assistance to the provincial government. Several issues related to the market revitalization program policy formulation process include: the need to expand policy alternatives into several alternative options, such as considering partial or total market revitalization, and the need for alternative marking, such as gradual revitalization or making small but consistent improvements.

This study aims to analyze the innovation of the use of e-SDM Applications in improving the quality of digital employee data management at the Surabaya City Human Resources Development Agency (BKPSDM). This study uses a qualitative approach with a case study method through data collection techniques such as in-depth interviews, direct observation, and supporting documentation. The research analysis refers to the success factor model of e-Government innovation according to Maulidhia J.P., which includes aspects of leadership, stakeholders, resources, technology and information, processes, goals and values, and laws and regulations. The results of the study indicate that the implementation of e-SDM Applications can improve work efficiency, data accuracy, transparency, and ease of access to employee information through an integrated digital system. This success is supported by leadership commitment, collaboration between stakeholders, and the availability of adequate resources. However, this study also found several challenges, including technical system and network constraints, the need to increase human resource capacity, and the need for continuous regulatory and SOP updates. Overall, e-SDM innovations have made a positive contribution to improving the quality of employee data management in government environments.

This study aims to analyze the influence of customer experience and perceived value on tourist satisfaction among users of the Sidoarjo City Tour Bus as a form of public tourism transportation service. The Sidoarjo City Tour Bus represents a regional government service innovation intended to support tourism development while improving urban tourism accessibility. This study employs a quantitative approach using a survey method involving tourists who used the Sidoarjo City Tour Bus. Data were collected through questionnaires distributed to 99 respondents and analyzed using multiple linear regression with the assistance of SPSS software. The results indicate that customer experience does not have a significant effect on tourist satisfaction, suggesting that the experiences perceived by users are still subjective and not consistently felt by all service users. In contrast, perceived value has a positive and significant effect on tourist satisfaction, making it the most dominant variable in influencing satisfaction among Sidoarjo City Tour Bus users. These findings indicate that tourist satisfaction is more strongly determined by perceptions of benefits, service quality, and the suitability between sacrifices made and benefits received rather than by emotional experience alone. Therefore, this study recommends that the management of the Sidoarjo City Tour Bus and the local government enhance service value through improvements in facilities, information systems and registration processes, as well as optimization of comfort and schedule certainty. These efforts are important to increase tourist satisfaction and to support sustainable tourism development in Sidoarjo Regency.

Digital transformation in judicial institutions is aimed at improving transparency, efficiency, and legal certainty for the public. One of the main instruments in the digitization of the judiciary in Indonesia is the Case Tracking Information System (Sistem Informasi Penelusuran Perkara/SIPP), which functions as a means of case administration as well as a medium for public information disclosure. Although SIPP is considered to be running well from an administrative perspective, its effectiveness from the point of view of service users, particularly in providing information on court schedules, still shows limitations in its practical use. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of SIPP in providing information and certainty regarding court schedules for service users at the Surabaya Class IA Special District Court. This study uses a qualitative approach with a descriptive research type. Data was obtained through in-depth interviews with service users and court officials, observation, and review of documents and system data. The analysis was conducted using the Socio-digital effectiveness framework, which focuses on three dimensions, namely user experience, citizen engagement, and public value, to examine the relationship between digital systems, user experience, and the social meaning of public judicial services. The analysis shows that the SIPP has been quite effective in providing access to court schedule information at the administrative level. This effectiveness is reflected in the openness of information access, which can be used by the public without special authentication. However, at the level of practical use, there are still limitations in terms of timeliness and consistency of information updates when there are delays or changes to the court schedule. This affects the user experience in planning attendance and shapes perceptions of the reliability of the digital information provided by the court.

Human resource quality serves as a crucial pillar for national development, as it significantly influences a country’s progress and competitiveness. Therefore, enhancing human resource capacity has become a strategic priority, particularly at the regional level where local governments play a vital role. The Government of Bojonegoro Regency has introduced several initiatives to support this objective, including the Ten Scholars per Village Scholarship Program, the Scientist Scholarship, and Final Project Assistance. Despite these efforts, several implementation challenges remain, such as cases of manipulated eligibility requirements among applicants, the absence of a digitized system for registration and document submission, and limited communication channels between program administrators and scholarship recipients. This research seeks to examine, explain, and evaluate the role of local government, especially the Education Office, in executing scholarship programs based on the theoretical framework of government roles as regulator, dynamizer, and facilitator. The study employs a descriptive qualitative method, utilizing observation, interviews, and documentation for data collection, followed by data analysis using the Miles and Huberman model. The findings reveal that although the local government has begun implementing scholarship programs, the execution is not fully effective. Supervision during participant selection focuses mainly on administrative completeness rather than document authenticity. Furthermore, direct outreach activities are limited to certain regions, coordination with village authorities remains minimal, and digital transformation has yet to be realized due to unsuccessful collaboration with the Communication and Information Agency despite several coordination meetings.

Premeditated murder is a severe crime characterized by prior planning (voorbedachte raad), making the proof of premeditation crucial in criminal justice. This element is linked to the mental state of the perpetrator, which cannot be directly proven but must be inferred from objective facts and events. Legal proof often focuses on the elements of Article 340 of the Criminal Code, overlooking criminological aspects such as motives, background, and the process of intent formation. This study analyzes how premeditation is proven in murder cases from a criminological perspective and evaluates the relevance of criminological approaches in judicial deliberations. Using a normative legal method with statutory, conceptual, and case approaches, supported by philosophical, sociological, and criminological studies, the research finds that proving premeditation requires more than legal indicators like time delay, tool preparation, and structured actions. It also involves understanding the perpetrator's psychological, social, and situational factors. A criminological perspective helps explain the formation of criminal intent, offering a more comprehensive view of premeditation. Integrating criminology into judicial decisions can enhance evidence quality, leading to more substantive and just outcomes.

The rapid development of financial technology (fintech) and crypto assets has created a paradox in the global financial system: while promoting inclusion and efficiency, it also opens new vulnerabilities for money laundering offenses. Notaries, as public officials and legal professionals involved in various financial and business transactions, are at the forefront of preventing this misuse. This article analyzes the specific risks of money laundering through fintech and crypto assets and formulates the due diligence framework required by notaries in carrying out their preventive functions. The research method uses a normative juridical approach with doctrinal analysis of regulations and international standards, enriched with case studies and best practice references. The findings indicate that notaries face three main challenges: (1) difficulty in identifying parties in virtual transactions, (2) the volatility and relative anonymity of crypto assets, and (3) the gap between the speed of technological innovation and regulatory adaptation. This article proposes an Enhanced Digital Due Diligence (ED3) model that integrates digital verification technology, blockchain forensic analysis, and a dynamic risk-based approach. This framework is expected to strengthen the role of notaries as gatekeepers in the rapidly evolving digital financial ecosystem while maintaining the profession's relevance in the era of digital transformation.

This study investigates the influence of Apparatus Competency and Information Systems on Community Political Participation in the Local Government Head Election during the COVID-19 pandemic era in Karawang Regency. The COVID-19 pandemic has posed significant challenges to democratic processes, particularly in maintaining voter participation while ensuring public health safety. Employing a mixed-methods approach combining quantitative and qualitative data with Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analysis, this research analyzed data from 263 respondents across various election administrative units. The results indicate that: (1) Apparatus Competency does not have a significant positive effect on Community Political Participation (T-value = 1.01 < 1.96); (2) Information Systems have a significant positive effect on Community Political Participation (T-value = 2.78 > 1.96; path coefficient = 0.67). The combined contribution of both variables explains 76% of the variance in political participation. From these findings, the study proposes the Skills Democracy Model, emphasizing that digital information skills and organizational experience are critical determinants of democratic participation quality during pandemic conditions. These findings have significant implications for election governance reform and e-democracy development in Indonesia.

This study examines the effectiveness of the SIPELANDUKILAT program (Population Administration Service System for Border and Remote Areas) in improving population administration services in rural and remote areas of Tanjung Palas Timur District, Bulungan Regency, North Kalimantan Province. Using qualitative descriptive methods with an inductive approach, data were collected through interviews with 10 informants, direct observation, and documentation. The theoretical framework employs Siagian's (2011) effectiveness theory, assessed through four dimensions: human resources, funds, facilities and infrastructure; quantity and quality of services; time; and procedures. Findings indicate that the program has not yet reached full effectiveness, particularly due to the absence of specialized training for operators, inadequate facilities and infrastructure, and the transition from the distributed SIAK system to a centralized SIAK system that rendered offline recording equipment unusable. Supporting factors include qualified human resources, assistance from the Provincial Civil Registry Office, and high community participation. The study recommends that Bulungan Regency accelerate adaptation to the centralized SIAK system, improve facilities and infrastructure, and strengthen inter-agency cooperation to optimize population administration services in remote areas.

The crime of receiving stolen goods, as regulated in Article 480 of the Criminal Code (KUHP), is an offence that plays a crucial role in the continuation of the principal crime, particularly theft. Receivers provide a market for stolen goods, thereby indirectly encouraging perpetrators to continue their actions. This paper investigates how Article 480 of the KUHP in judicial practice, with a focus on proving the element of ‘knowing or reasonably suspecting’ that the goods purchased were obtained through criminal activity. This study uses a qualitative method with a case study approach through direct observation of a trial at the M. District Court. The observations show that the panel of judges successfully proved the defendant's guilt as a fence through a series of trial facts, such as the unreasonable purchase price, consistent testimony from the perpetrator of the theft, and the defendant's own admission that he had been suspicious. The judge's decision, which was lighter than the prosecutor's demands, also reflected considerations of substantive justice and humanity in addition to legal certainty. This study concludes that the effective enforcement of Article 480 of the Criminal Code in court plays an important role in breaking the chain of crime and providing a deterrent effect not only for the main perpetrators but also for those who participate in enjoying the proceeds of crime.  

This study analyzes the urgency of digital expert testimony in strengthening the validity of electronic evidence in civil procedure law amid rapid technological transformation. The increasing use of digital communications, electronic transactions, and online documentation has given rise to new evidence in civil disputes, while its intangible and easily manipulated nature raises doubts about its authenticity and reliability. This study will focus on Decision Number 439 B/Pdt.Sus-Arbt/2016. The study relies on primary legal sources, legislation, court decisions, and secondary legal literature analyzed qualitatively. The findings show that electronic evidence is legally admissible when it meets the requirements of accessibility, integrity, authenticity, and accountability, but its probative value is highly dependent on technical validation. In the case analyzed, the petitioner's challenge to print the chat evidence was rejected because the allegations of manipulation were unsubstantiated and no expert testimony was presented to support the claim. This shows that expert testimony plays a decisive role in explaining technical aspects beyond the knowledge of the court and in strengthening the court's conviction. This study concludes that digital experts serve as a bridge between technological complexity and legal assessment, ensuring that digital evidence is evaluated objectively. The implication for courts and related parties is must prioritize the involvement of experts to promote legal certainty, factual truth, and fair dispute resolution.

This study aims to analyze the strategic management of disaster services in handling flood-affected communities in Surabaya City. This study uses a qualitative descriptive approach with an analytical framework of strategic management theory according to Wheelen and Hunger (2008), which includes four main stages: environmental observation, strategy formulation, strategy implementation, and evaluation and control. Data were obtained through documentation studies, field observations, and secondary data searches from official reports from the Regional Disaster Management Agency (BPBD), the Central Statistics Agency (BPS), and relevant online sources. The results show that the BPBD of East Java Province has implemented a systematic strategic management cycle in disaster services. During the environmental observation stage, the BPBD was able to identify the main threat in the form of the dominance of hydrometeorological disasters, particularly floods. During the strategy formulation stage, the BPBD established a mission, objectives, and strategic policies focused on disaster risk reduction, increasing community preparedness, and strengthening cross-sectoral coordination. Strategy implementation is realized through mitigation, preparedness, and emergency response programs, as well as the utilization of early warning systems and command centers. Meanwhile, evaluation and control are carried out continuously through monitoring disaster events and adjusting policies based on actual conditions in the field. The flood-affected community management strategy demonstrates a responsive and collaborative approach, despite still facing structural challenges such as tidal flooding and limited drainage infrastructure. This study concludes that implementing strategic management based on the theory of Wheelen and Hunger (2008) can improve the effectiveness of disaster services, but requires strengthening long-term mitigation and community empowerment.