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Mukti Ali Syaifuddin Putra Prasetya; Rima Maya Siva Kafi; Luthfia Nurul Azizah; Fanka Aulia; Alean Kistiani Hegy Suryana

Ekspresi : Publikasi Kegiatan Pengabdian Indonesia 2026 Asosiasi Seni Desain dan Komunikasi Visual Indonesia

This service examines the use of the social media platform of the tiktok application which acts as an effort to approach digital promotion for micro, small and medium enterprises in Krobokan village, Juwangi. Although MSMEs allocate an important role in sales products to the community, they do not fully understand digital media.This service applies a qualitative method by conducting interviews and socialization to the community which amounts to around 30 people consisting of 10 MSME business actors. The results of the interview identified MSME actors in Krobokan village who are not fully aware of the importance of understanding the development of social media as a marketing media tool, therefore we provide education about sales through online media because they only market products traditionally in the village environment. TikTok as a strategic means in supporting sales in today's digital era because the TikTok application is one of the highest platforms that are widely used today such as the TikTok Shop and Live TikTok features in strengthening the introduction of sales to customers through social media. This service concludes that from traditional marketing by word of mouth to marketing in the digital era that focuses on creative digital marketing, efforts have great potential in developing the community's economy in the current digital era.

Siniya Nurya Winata

Jurnal Manajemen Kreatif dan Inovasi 2026 International Forum of Researchers and Lecturers

The development of information technology encourages organizations to adopt a more efficient, flexible, and secure data management system, especially in the field of financial management that requires high accuracy and reliability. One of the technologies that is widely used is cloud computing, which offers easy access to data and an integrated security system. This article aims to analyze the utilization of cloud technology in improving the security and accessibility of financial management data. The method used in this study is a literature study by examining various scientific sources, books, and online news relevant to the topic of cloud computing and financial data management. The results of the study show that cloud technology is able to improve data security through the implementation of encryption, multi-layered access control, user authentication, and a reliable data backup system. In addition, cloud technology also improves the accessibility of financial data because it allows users to access information in real-time, flexibly, and without location or device restrictions. Thus, the application of cloud technology can be a strategic solution for organizations in improving operational efficiency, data security, and the quality of decision-making in financial management.

Hana Larasati; Yuniar dwi ariska; Azka Nafisatul Wahda; Amalia julianti; Sri Wahyuningsih +1 more

Jurnal Pengabdian dan Solidaritas Masyarakat 2026 Lembaga Pengembangan Kinerja Dosen

The rapid development of digital technology has brought significant changes to the business landscape, transforming how products are marketed, services are delivered, and business relationships are built. In this context, students, as future members of the workforce and potential entrepreneurs, are required to possess strong digital literacy skills in order to effectively face challenges and seize emerging business opportunities. This study aims to analyze the importance of digital literacy in supporting students’ readiness to respond to future business trends. The research employed a descriptive approach using a literature review and observations of the entrepreneurship learning process in vocational schools. The findings indicate that digital literacy plays a crucial role in enhancing students’ creativity, adaptability, and ability to utilize digital platforms for online marketing, branding, and business communication. Furthermore, digital literacy helps students understand market dynamics, analyze consumer behavior, and adopt innovative business models that align with technological developments. Students with adequate digital literacy are better prepared to face rapid changes in the business environment and demonstrate higher confidence in applying technology to entrepreneurial activities. In conclusion, the integration of digital literacy into entrepreneurship education is essential to produce competitive, innovative, and adaptable graduates who are capable of thriving in the digital era and contributing to sustainable economic development.

Shela Amelia Akhap; Lilik Sumarni; Nani Nurani Muksin

Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi, Administrasi Publik dan Kebijakan Negara 2026 Asosiasi Peneliti Dan Pengajar Ilmu Sosial Indonesia

This study is motivated by the crucial role of government public relations in managing effective communication in the digital era, particularly through cooperation with online media to ensure public information is delivered widely, accurately, and credibly. The research aims to analyze the implementation of media relations strategies carried out by the Public Relations Office of the South Tangerang City Social Service, focusing on three main aspects: managing media relations, developing information dissemination strategies, and building cooperative networks with online media. This study employs a qualitative approach using descriptive methods, with data collected through in-depth interviews and documentation. The theoretical framework is based on Yosal Iriantara’s (2019) media relations strategy, which emphasizes relationship management, communication strategies, and network development. The findings indicate that media relations are implemented through formal and informal communication, openness to media needs, the preparation of informative and community-oriented content, and continuous formal and informal collaboration with online media. Overall, the implementation of media relations strategies contributes to building a positive institutional image and enhancing public trust, although challenges remain, including limited advertorial budgets and human resource constraints.

Aini Nabilah Marzuq; Damajanti Sri Lestari; Liling Listyawati; Dian Ferriswara

International Journal of Economics, Commerce, and Management 2026 Asosiasi Riset Ekonomi dan Akuntansi Indonesia

The rapid growth of digital marketplaces has fundamentally transformed consumer decision-making processes by intensifying price transparency, product comparability, and information exposure. In highly competitive marketplace environments, consumers are frequently confronted with numerous product alternatives and dynamic pricing structures, which shape how they evaluate options and ultimately decide to purchase. This study examines the effects of product variety and price perception on consumers’ purchase decisions in the context of ROSCA tumbler products sold on the Shopee marketplace. Using a quantitative explanatory approach, this research employs a survey-based design to analyze the relationships among variables and to estimate their relative effects through multiple linear regression analysis. Data were collected from 100 respondents who had previously purchased ROSCA tumblers on Shopee, selected using purposive sampling based on predefined criteria. The research instrument consisted of 15 Likert-scale items measuring product variety, price perception, and purchase decision. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, instrument validity and reliability testing, regression assumption diagnostics, and hypothesis testing using both partial (t-test) and simultaneous (F-test) procedures. The findings reveal that product variety has a positive and significant effect on purchase decisions, indicating that consumers are more likely to finalize purchases when they perceive product options as sufficiently diverse, relevant, and comparable. Price perception also exerts a positive and significant influence and demonstrates a stronger relative effect compared to product variety. This result underscores the central role of perceived price fairness, competitiveness, and value-for-money in shaping purchase decisions within transparent and highly competitive marketplace settings. Simultaneously, product variety and price perception explain a substantial proportion of variance in purchase decisions, highlighting their combined importance as key marketing stimuli. These findings contribute to the literature on digital consumer behavior by providing empirical evidence from a specific marketplace–product context and offer practical implications for sellers and brand managers in optimizing assortment design and pricing strategies to enhance conversion rates in online marketplaces

Feli Samudra; Muhamad Sopyan

Jurnal Penelitian Komunikasi dan Sosialisasi 2026 Asosiasi Peneliti dan Pengajar Ilmu Sosial Indonesia

This study aims to analyze the influence of the @starbucksindonesia account's use of Instagram as a communication medium on brand image following the pro-Israel boycott. The boycott arose from Starbucks' alleged involvement in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, which triggered a decline in its reputation and negative sentiment among Indonesians. In this situation, Instagram, as a visual-based social media platform, was utilized as a primary means of shaping public opinion and responding to the crisis. The study employed a quantitative approach using an online questionnaire survey. Respondents were 100 followers of the @starbucksindonesia Instagram account, aged 18–35, and former Starbucks customers. Data analysis was conducted using validity and reliability tests, simple linear regression, t-tests, and coefficients of determination using SPSS version 27. The results showed that all research instruments were valid and reliable. The main finding demonstrated that Instagram use had a statistically significant effect on Starbucks' brand image. The coefficient of determination value indicated a strong relationship, indicating that the majority of changes in respondents' perceptions were influenced by communication via Instagram. This research supports the Uses and Effects theory, which states that social media not only serves as an information provider but also has the ability to shape consumer perceptions and attitudes. Therefore, Instagram plays a strategic role in digital communications for crisis management and brand image restoration.

Nor Hidayah; Yudhojon Novembero; Ida Bagus Suryanatha

Faedah : Jurnal Hasil Kegiatan Pengabdian Masyarakat Indonesia 2026 FKIP, Universitas Palangka Raya

The empowerment program for Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Takaras Village, Manuhing Subdistrict, Gunung Mas Regency, was carried out to address the problem of low business visibility due to limited promotional media and minimal use of digital technology. Most MSMEs still relied on traditional word-of-mouth promotion, which restricted market reach and reduced competitiveness. To overcome this, the KKN Reguler I Team Group 55 of the University of Palangka Raya implemented activities consisting of informational banner installation and business location registration on Google Maps. The methods included field surveys, banner design planning using simple digital tools, direct assistance in location registration, and banner installation at business sites. The program involved 26 MSMEs, of which 18 received banner support. The installation of banners provided a clearer visual identity for each business, while the use of Google Maps significantly improved consumer accessibility to business locations and services. The results showed that the combination of offline (banners) and online (Google Maps) promotion was effective in increasing product visibility, attracting more customers, and strengthening consumer trust. This initiative also encouraged MSMEs to adopt digital technology in their marketing strategies. Overall, the program made a tangible contribution to the digital transformation of local MSMEs and laid the foundation for sustainable community economic competitiveness

Abdul Ghofur; Deddy Wahyudi; Muhammad Hadiatur Rahman; Itaanis Tianah; Shinta Oktafiana +1 more

Jurnal Inovasi Sosial dan Pengabdian 2026 Lembaga Pengembangan Kinerja Dosen

The Muhammadiyah Orphanage in Pamekasan faces major challenges in developing life skills and digital education for its children due to limited facilities, teaching staff, and conventional learning methods. To address these issues, an edutainment-based approach and digital pedagogy intervention were implemented to enhance learning quality, motivation, and preparedness for future social and technological challenges. The activities included workshops and training on Digital Pedagogy and Edutainment learning materials, as well as simulations and role-plays using a Game-Based Learning approach, followed by evaluations and participant plan presentations. The program significantly improved the wards’ digital literacy, particularly in personal security (online safety), digital ethics (cyber ethics), gadget usage, and information management, with the average score rising from 2.84 to 4.10 on a 5-point scale, surpassing the target of 75% of participants in the “good” category. Beyond cognitive aspects, the program also boosted motivation, engagement, communication, problem-solving, and independence. Caregiver training was also provided to ensure program sustainability. It is recommended that the orphanage integrate the Game-Based Learning Digital Safety module into its non-formal curriculum, enhance caregiver capacity through advanced training, and improve IT infrastructure.

Hapyla Dharen; Muhamad Aswaeni Muldea; Alya Hanifah; Lutvi Nurul Ilmi; Triana Olivia Rahman +1 more

jurnal Riset Rumpun Agama dan Filsafat 2026 Pusat Riset dan Inovasi Nasional

The academic crisis among Physics students often arises due to the pressure of the credit semester sistem (SKS), grade demands, and heavy study loads. This condition drives students to focus solely on achieving academic results, while the essence of learning as worship is often overlooked. This study aims to explore how the values of Islamic education, particularly the orientation towards rewards, can help students cope with academic pressure. The methods used include literature review and a quantitative survey with an online questionnaire completed by 56 Physics and Physics Education students at Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia. The analysis results show a significant correlation between the SKS pressure and changes in learning behavior (r = 0.807), while the orientation towards rewards acts as a spiritual balance. The findings suggest that Islamic education plays a crucial role in building academic resilience through values of sincerity (ikhlas), patience (sabar), trust in God (tawakal), and balance (tawazun). Thus, academic achievements can become a means of worship while contributing positively to society. This study highlights the importance of spiritual values in achieving balanced academic success.

Ega Selviani; Maria Susanti Nena; Agustinus Irfanto; Theresia Yunita; Egenia Mauritsia +2 more

Jurnal Manajemen Kreatif dan Inovasi 2026 International Forum of Researchers and Lecturers

This study aims to analyze the influence of service quality, product quality, and price on customer loyalty at the online shop Patricia Aksesoris. This research is motivated by the increasingly fierce competition in the e-commerce business, which requires businesses to not only attract new customers but also retain existing ones by increasing loyalty. Customer loyalty is a crucial factor because it directly impacts business sustainability and competitive advantage. This study used a quantitative approach with a survey method, distributing questionnaires to customers who had previously purchased from Patricia Aksesoris. The sampling technique used purposive sampling. The collected data were analyzed using multiple linear regression to determine the effect of each independent variable on customer loyalty. The results indicate that service quality, product quality, and price, both partially and simultaneously, have a positive and significant effect on customer loyalty. These findings indicate that responsive and friendly service, products that meet customer expectations, and competitive pricing commensurate with product quality can increase customer loyalty. This research is expected to provide practical contributions to online shop owners in formulating marketing strategies oriented towards customer satisfaction and loyalty.

Anna Putri Syafitri

Jurnal Inovasi Ekonomi Syariah dan Akuntansi 2026 Asosiasi Riset Ekonomi dan Akuntansi Indonesia

This study aims to analyze the digital marketing strategies implemented to enhance branding in the Muslim fashion business at the "Hilya Collection" Store in Lamongan. Using a deductive qualitative approach, data were obtained through online interviews and literature studies from various sources, such as books, articles, journals, and relevant social media. The "Hilya Collection" Store utilizes social media for product promotion, collaborating with agents and resellers through WhatsApp groups, Instagram Reels, Shopee accounts, Facebook, and TikTok. This digital marketing strategy helps the store build strong branding, increase customer trust, and expand its market reach globally. With consistent implementation of the right digital strategy, this business can compete in a wider market, reach more Muslim customers, and have a positive impact on the store's development. It is hoped that the implementation of this digital marketing strategy will continue to support the growth and success of the "Hilya Collection" Store in facing increasingly fierce market competition.

Harry Zulkifli

Modem : Jurnal Informatika dan Sains Teknologi 2026 Asosiasi Profesi Telekomunikasi Dan Informatika Indonesia

The development of social media has encouraged students to be more active in interacting, sharing information, and establishing relationships online. However, the high intensity of social media use also increases the risk of personal data leakage. This literature study aims to examine the relationship between privacy awareness and students' safe behavior in social media use. The research was conducted by examining various sources, including scientific journals, articles, research reports, books, and online references relevant to digital security issues. The results of the study show that privacy awareness has a significant role in shaping students' safe behavior. This awareness is reflected through the practice of using strong passwords, the implementation of two-factor authentication, and prudence in sharing personal information in the digital space. Although knowledge about digital threats is quite adequate, students' safe behavior is still influenced by the level of internalization of privacy awareness. Therefore, increasing privacy awareness requires not only information, but also educational strategies that emphasize the formation of consistent digital attitudes and habits. This study makes an important contribution to understanding the relationship between privacy awareness and safe behavior, as well as being the basis for the development of more effective digital literacy programs among students.

Lusi Aprilia; Aditya Liliyan

Jurnal Manajemen Kreatif dan Inovasi 2026 International Forum of Researchers and Lecturers

This study aims to analyze the effect of service quality and trust on members’ decisions to use the services of Koperasi Simpan Pinjam (KSP) Pamuji in the Soloraya region. Savings and loan cooperatives play an important role in providing financial access for the community; therefore, service quality and members’ trust are crucial factors in sustaining cooperative services. This research employs a quantitative approach with an explanatory research design. Data were collected through a structured online questionnaire distributed to 201 respondents selected using purposive sampling techniques. Data analysis was conducted using multiple linear regression with the assistance of SPSS version 27. The results indicate that service quality has a positive and significant effect on service usage decisions, as evidenced by a regression coefficient of 0.504 and a significance value below 0.05. Trust also shows a positive and significant effect on service usage decisions with a regression coefficient of 0.375. Simultaneously, service quality and trust explain 82.5% of the variation in service usage decisions. These findings confirm that positive service experiences and high levels of trust are key determinants in encouraging members to use cooperative savings and loan services. The results of this study are expected to provide practical insights for cooperative managers in formulating strategies to improve service quality and strengthen members’ trust in order to enhance sustainability and competitiveness.

Sri Anggraini; Tri Damaiyanti; Maya Rafika Utami; Eko Prasetyo; Nurbaiti Nurbaiti

Jurnal Bisnis, Ekonomi Syariah, dan Pajak 2026 Asosiasi Riset Ekonomi dan Akuntansi Indonesia

This study aims to analyze the role of internet technology in enhancing the competitiveness of ebusiness in Indonesia, particularly in the sector of small and medium enterprises (SMEs). Based on theoretical reviews, internet technology, e-business, technology adoption (TAM), and the concept of competitiveness serve as the main foundations for understanding the ongoing digital transformation. The research employed a descriptive qualitative method with a purposive sampling technique, involving five informants consisting of digital SME owners, online store managers, and users of service platforms. Data were collected through interviews and observations, then analyzed using the Miles and Huberman model through the stages of data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The findings reveal that the internet plays a crucial role as an essential infrastructure that enhances marketing effectiveness, expands market reach, and improves operational efficiency. Marketplaces, social media, and delivery-service platforms contribute significantly to sales growth and service quality. However, challenges such as low digital literacy, platform commission fees, changes in social media algorithms, and uneven infrastructure development still limit optimal utilization. From a policy perspective, the study recommends strengthening digital infrastructure and improving national digital literacy. This research emphasizes that the success of e-business depends on technology access, human resource competence, and support through public policy. It can be concluded that internet technology serves as a vital foundation for e-business competitiveness in the digital era.

Wilona Ramadhani K; Muhammad Irwan Padli Nasution

Saturnus: Jurnal Teknologi dan Sistem Informasi 2026 Asosiasi Riset Teknik Elektro dan Informatika Indonesia

This study aims to describe users' experiences and perceptions regarding the presence of malicious comments on social media, particularly on TikTok and Instagram. Data were collected through an online questionnaire using Google Forms containing eight open-ended questions, then analyzed using a descriptive qualitative approach through thematic analysis. The results showed that all respondents had and frequently encountered malicious comments, especially on viral content or creator accounts with large followings. The most common forms of malicious comments included body shaming, insults, defamation, and belittling and demeaning comments. Respondents expressed various emotional reactions such as discomfort, sadness, anger, and pity, although a small number felt normal due to their familiarity with the phenomenon. Factors that drive someone to make malicious comments include following the crowd (FOMO), envy, personal dislike, and the ease of expressing negative opinions on social media. Malicious comments also impact user comfort, with most feeling disturbed and uncomfortable. Respondents' responses to malicious comments included ignoring, responding positively to reprimands, blocking accounts, or reporting the comments. Respondents also proposed several efforts to reduce malicious comments, such as limiting or closing the comment section and increasing education regarding social media ethics. Overall, this study confirms that malicious comments are a common phenomenon on social media and need to be addressed through better personal awareness and digital literacy.

Gusman Lesmana; Nur Ajizah Panjaitan; Rika Ayuni; Mega Natasya; Nurhaliza Nurhaliza +2 more

RISOMA : Jurnal Riset Sosial Humaniora dan Pendidikan 2026 Asosiasi Ilmuwan Pendidikan, Sosial, dan Humaniora Indonesia

This study aims to identify challenges faced by novice counselors in guidance and counseling practice in the digital era and strategies that can be applied to overcome them. The research method uses a descriptive qualitative approach with data collection techniques through in-depth interviews with 12 novice counselors who have practiced for 1-3 years in secondary schools and universities. The results show that novice counselors face main challenges including: (1) limited technological competence in online counseling services, (2) difficulty building rapport in virtual sessions, (3) security and confidentiality issues of client data, (4) adaptation to changes in counselee behavior influenced by digital technology, and (5) lack of supervision and mentoring in digital counseling context. Effective strategies include improving digital literacy through continuous training, using secure counseling platforms, developing virtual communication skills, collaborating with senior counselors, and utilizing technology as intervention support tools. This research provides practical implications for the development of novice counselor competencies and recommendations for educational institutions in preparing prospective counselors for the digital era.

Putu Budi Utama; Ratna Artha Windari; Si Ngurah Ardhya

Jurnal Riset Rumpun Ilmu Sosial, Politik dan Humaniora 2026 Pusat Riset dan Inovasi Nasional

The informal trading of Mobile Legends: Bang Bang game accounts through social networking platforms has expanded rapidly alongside the acceleration of digital technology and the growing integration of online gaming into contemporary lifestyles, particularly among younger demographics. Game accounts characterized by high competitive rankings, exclusive virtual assets, and accumulated in-game achievements have increasingly been commodified and exchanged through social media channels such as Facebook, Instagram, and TikTok, predominantly utilizing electronic payment instruments, including digital wallets. Despite its widespread practice, this form of transaction frequently generates legal complications, most notably in relation to consumer protection. Buyers are often exposed to substantial risks, including fraudulent representations, discrepancies between promised and actual account specifications, unauthorized resale, and the revocation of account access after payment completion. This study seeks to critically examine the legal framework governing the trading of Mobile Legends accounts and to assess the extent to which consumer protection mechanisms are afforded under Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning Electronic Information and Transactions and Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection. Employing a normative juridical research design, this study applies statutory and conceptual approaches supported by the analysis of primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. The findings indicate that consumer protection within online game account transactions remains structurally insufficient, primarily due to the absence of explicit legal recognition of digital game accounts as legally protected objects. Consequently, the study underscores the necessity of adopting progressive legal interpretation and formulating specific regulatory instruments to enhance legal certainty and ensure more effective consumer protection within the evolving landscape of digital transactions.

Ar, Andi; Adhiwijaya, Adhiwijaya; Anisafitri, Anisafitri; Mukriani, Mukriani

Jurnal Ekonomi, Bisnis dan Manajemen (EBISMEN) 2026 FEB Universitas Maritim Semarang

The growth of the digital economy has accelerated the development of online shops as part of digital MSMEs; however, this growth has not been fully supported by systematic financial management practices. This study aims to analyze financial management strategies applied by online shops in Parepare City based on four main indicators: financial planning, recording, reporting, and control. This research employed a qualitative approach within a postpositivist paradigm. Data were collected through participatory observation, semi-structured interviews, and documentation from five online shops selected using purposive sampling. Data analysis followed an interactive model consisting of data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing, while data credibility was ensured through source and method triangulation. The findings reveal that financial management practices have been implemented by all research objects but remain at a basic level. Financial planning is primarily short-term and experience-based, financial recording is predominantly manual, financial reporting does not yet include formal profit and loss analysis, and financial control lacks measurable quantitative indicators. These results indicate that the main challenge in online shop financial management lies not in the absence of financial practices, but in the quality of implementation and the use of financial data for strategic decision-making. This study is expected to contribute empirically to the literature on digital MSME financial management and provide practical guidance for online shop owners to improve sustainable financial management practices.

Aguk Nugroho; Vivin Astharyna Harysart; Armaya Mangkunegara; Marwan Marwan; Achmad Wildan Dimyati +2 more

Nusantara: Jurnal Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat 2026 Pusat Riset dan Inovasi Nasional

The rapid development of information technology has increased the use of online lending services, including illegal platforms that impose excessive interest rates, misuse personal data, and employ intimidating debt collection practices. Limited legal and digital literacy has made communities more vulnerable to these risks. This Community Service Program aims to enhance the understanding of residents in Kradenan Village, Tuban Regency regarding the characteristics of illegal online loans, their social, economic, and psychological impacts, and the relevant legal protections under regulations such as the Electronic Information and Transactions Law, the Personal Data Protection Law, and OJK Regulation No. 77/2016. Through participatory legal education and interactive discussions, the program achieved full participation and improved participants’ knowledge by up to 75%. Residents became more capable of identifying illegal loan applications, recognizing data misuse risks, and understanding preventive measures and available legal remedies. This program effectively increased public awareness to use digital financial services more responsibly and avoid the dangers of illegal online lending.

Ivana Kalista Intan Pratama; Naurah Syahla, Farelia; Lestari, Amanda

Jurnal Inovasi Ekonomi Syariah dan Akuntansi 2026 Asosiasi Riset Ekonomi dan Akuntansi Indonesia

This study aims to analyze the implementation of the Salam contract in the online sales system of Kwala Official, an online store selling bedding through the marketplaces Shopee, Tokopedia, TikTok, and Blibli. The research method used a qualitative case study approach, with data collection techniques through interviews, observation, and documentation. The results indicate that online sales transactions at Kwala Official reflect the principles of the Salam contract, characterized by advance payment before receiving the goods, clear product information, and guaranteed delivery times. Furthermore, the implementation of the Salam contract is further strengthened by the marketplace system, which provides advance payment facilities, return policies, and refund mechanisms, thus providing protection for buyers. The study also identified supporting factors, such as clear product descriptions and good store management, as well as inhibiting factors such as shipping delays caused by the shipping company, differences in product appearance, and marketplace technical issues. Overall, transaction practices at Kwala Official comply with the terms and conditions of the Salam contract from a Sharia perspective.