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Breadfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) leaves are widely used in traditional medicine in Southeast Asia. Phytochemical screening of breadfruit leaves showed that the plant is rich in chemical contents that have potential as a source of natural medicine. The biological activity of breadfruit leaf phytochemicals showed potential in the treatment of various diseases. The benefits of phytochemicals (Development of natural medicines, Discovery of new chemical compounds, Development of cosmetic and food products, Improvement of quality of life through the use of natural products and Conservation of rare and endemic plants). this research uses the method Phytochemical screening of breadfruit leaves involves several stages: Extraction, Fractionation, Identification. The results stated that breadfruit leaves contain Steroid / Terpenoid compounds which indicate positive results in concentrated green, Saponin negative results that only precipitate not, Tannin positive results in blackish color, Flaphonoid positive results in red color and Alkoloid positive results in brown color.  

Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is a fruit plant that is easy to grow in almost all climates. The utilization of this plant as a traditional medicine is very varied and all parts of the pomegranate plant (Punica granatum L.) can be used as medicine, one of which is pomegranate leaves. This study aims to determine the content contained in pomegranate leaves. Pomegranate leaves were extracted by maceration with 96% ethanol solvent. The extraction results then go through a color reaction compound test process. Testing of color reaction compounds includes saponins, steroids/terpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, and tannins. This study aims to analyze the content of chemical compounds contained in pomegranate leaves extracted using 96% ethanol. This research method includes maceration extraction and chemical compound screening tests using chemical reagents. The results showed that pomegranate leaves extracted using 96% ethanol solvent and phytochemical screening showed positive results on alkaloid compounds, steroids/terpenoids, flavanoids, tannins but on saponin metabolites showed negative results.

Waru leaves (Hibiscus tiliaceus) are one of the herbal plants that grow well in Indonesia. Empirically, waru leaves have many benefits for treating flu, accelerating the maturation of boils, tonsillitis, and can be used as a hair fertilizer. This study aims to determine the content of waru leaves (Hibiscus tiliaceus). Waru leaves (Hibiscus tiliaceus) are extracted by maceration with methanol solvent. The extraction results then go through a color reaction compound test process and confirmation test. Testing of color reaction compounds includes steroids, saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, and tannins. This study aims to analyze the chemical compound content contained in waru leaves (Hibiscus tiliaceus) extracted using methanol solvent. This research method includes maceration extraction and chemical compound screening tests using chemical reagents. The results showed that waru leaves extracted using methanol solvent contain steroids, alkaloids, tannins, and saponins. It can be concluded that the chemical compounds contained in hibiscus leaves (Hibiscus tiliaceus) are relevant to human health.

Diabetes mellitus is one of the chronic diseases whose prevalence is increasing worldwide. This disease is characterized by high blood glucose levels due to impaired insulin production or function, the hormone that regulates blood sugar levels. This study aims to examine the effect of wild betel leaf extract (Piper aduncum) on the inhibition of glucose transport using the ileum of white rats (Rattus norvegicus) with the infusion method. This research is a pre-experimental study with a posttest-only control design using white rats and wild betel leaves. The study demonstrates that wild betel leaves (Piper aduncum L.) and red betel leaves (Piper crocatum) have significant potential in inhibiting glucose transport and reducing blood sugar levels. This is evident from the significant decrease in the rate of glucose transport after the administration of wild betel leaf extract, indicating an inhibitory effect on glucose transporters such as SGLT-1 and GLUT-2.

Chamomile flowers (Matricaria chamomilla) are known to have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antipruritic properties that may be beneficial in the treatment of dermatitis, especially in children. Atopic and contact dermatitis are common skin conditions that often cause itching, inflammation, and discomfort. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of chamomile flowers in reducing dermatitis symptoms in children through a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. A literature search was conducted in the PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane Library databases using relevant keywords. The analysis results indicate that topical application of chamomile extract significantly reduces inflammation and itching compared to a placebo and is nearly comparable to mild corticosteroids. However, further studies with larger sample sizes are needed to confirm its effectiveness and safety.

Human action recognition involves recognizing and classifying actions performed by humans. It has many applications, including sports, healthcare, and surveillance. Challenges such as a limited number of classes of activities and variations within inter and intra-class groups lead to high misclassification rates in some of the intelligent systems developed. Existing studies focused mainly on using public datasets with little focus on real-life action datasets, with limited research on HAR for military obstacle-crossing activities.  This paper focuses on recognizing human actions in an obstacle-crossing competition video sequence where multiple participants are performing different obstacle-crossing activities. This study proposes a feature descriptor approach that combines a Histogram of Oriented Gradient and Region Descriptors (HOGReG) for human action recognition in a military obstacle crossing competition. The dataset was captured during military trainees’ obstacle-crossing exercises at a military training institution to achieve this objective. Images were segmented into background and foreground using a Grabcut-based segmentation algorithm, and thereafter, features were extracted and used for classification. The features were extracted using a Histogram of Oriented Gradient (HOG) and region descriptors from segmented images. The extracted features are presented to a neural network classifier for classification and evaluation. The experimental results recorded 63.8%, 82.6%, and 86.4% recognition accuracies using the region descriptors HOG and HOGReG, respectively. The region descriptor gave a training time of 5.6048 seconds, while HOG and HOGReG reported 32.233 and 31.975 seconds, respectively. The outcome shows how effectively the suggested model performed.

The smoking habit among teenagers has become a serious health issue, with prevalence continually increasing. Smoking at a young age is associated with various health risks, including cancer, heart disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. One of the main contributing factors is peer influence and social environment. To reduce smoking habits, innovative approaches are needed, one of which is using innovative candies as an alternative to cigarettes. This study aims to analyze the potential of innovative candies in reducing smoking habits among teenagers. The method used is qualitative research with a literature review, collecting relevant scientific journal articles. The results indicate that candies such as Xylitol chewing gum, milk candy, cinnamon extract, and Vernonia cinerea extract can effectively reduce the frequency of smoking by providing a similar sensation without the negative effects of nicotine. Additionally, these candy products also have added benefits, such as improving oral and respiratory health. In conclusion, innovative candies can be a creative and effective solution to reduce smoking habits among teenagers, but further research is needed to assess their sustainability and long-term effects.

This study examines the process of acculturation between Sundanese culture and Islam in the context of cultural transformation in the Sundanese region. The background of the research is rooted in the convergence of traditional values and Islamic influences that have been ongoing since the 14th century, resulting in a harmonious yet dynamic cultural synthesis. The aim of the study is to understand how Islamic values are adapted into Sundanese traditions and their impact on the social identity of the community. A qualitative approach employing participatory observation, in-depth interviews, and documentary study was used to extract rich empirical data. The research findings indicate that acculturation occurs through a negotiation of values across generations, leading to modifications in rituals, symbols, and social practices that preserve the essence of local culture while accommodating Islamic requirements. The implications of this study provide new insights into the adaptive dynamics of cultural interaction in the face of modernization and globalization, and have the potential to serve as a basis for developing cultural preservation policies that are responsive to contemporary changes.

Background: Diabetes mellitus type 2  is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia and endocrine dysfunction, including disturbances in luteinizing hormone, testosterone, and insulin levels. Moringa pterygosperma, known for its antidiabetic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties, has been explored for its therapeutic potential in mitigating diabetes-induced complications.Objective: The present study aimed to estimate the effects of Moringa pterygosperma extraction on endocrine and metabolic parameters against the diabetic rats induced by alloxan, by the mensurate the on LH, testosterone, glucose, and insulin levels.Methods: Forty adult male albino Wistar rats were used in the present study which was divided into four equal groups: Control, Negative Control, Treatment one which used 100 mg/kg extract, and Treatment two which used 200 mg/kg extract). Diabetes was induced with alloxan monohydrate (100 mg/kg). After 41 days, serum samples were analyzed for testosterone, LH, glucose, and insulin concentrations. Results: The NC group showed significant reductions in testosterone (0.0926 ± 0.0081 ng/mL) and insulin (0.560 ± 0.09274 µIU/mL) levels, with increased luteinizing hormone (0.592 ± 0.03 ng/mL) and glucose (464.6 ± 18.71 mg/dL) concentrations, indicating severe endocrine and metabolic disruptions. Treatment with Moringa pterygosperma extract significantly improved these parameters in a dose-dependent manner. The T2 group exhibited near-normal levels of testosterone (0.1769 ± 0.01 ng/mL), insulin (2.140 ± 0.1435 µIU/mL), LH (0.3163 ± 0.063 ng/mL), and glucose (105.8 ± 9.34 mg/dL).

Labor pain during the first stage of active phase is visceral, arising from uterine contractions and cervical dilation, processed through sympathetic efferent nerve fibers. One therapy that can be used to reduce this pain is the administration of red ginger extract, which is known to have the highest oleoresin content compared to other types of ginger. This study aims to assess the factors influencing the knowledge of third-trimester pregnant women about the benefits of red ginger drink as a pain reliever during the first stage of active labor at the RSUD Daerah Perdagangan. The study used an analytic cross-sectional design involving 66 respondents who met specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. The results showed that education, age, received information, and culture influenced pregnant women’s knowledge about the benefits of red ginger. Based on statistical tests, it was found that education, age, information, and culture have a significant impact on the level of knowledge among pregnant women. This study is expected to contribute to increasing pregnant women’s knowledge of alternative pain relief methods using red ginger and to enrich awareness of the importance of health information during pregnancy.

This study explored the analgesic effectiveness of ethanol extract of red betel leaf (Piper crocatum) in white rats (Mus musculus L.) induced with acetic acid. A total of 15 rats were divided into five groups with different treatments, and the number of twitching movements as a pain response was measured for one hour. The extract was prepared using 96% ethanol solvent, and the analgesic effect was analyzed using the writhing test method. The results showed that the extract contained flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, and saponins, which might contribute to its analgesic properties. It was found that the higher the dose of extract administered, the greater the inhibition of pain that occurred, with a dose of 800 mg/kgBB showing optimal analgesic effectiveness, almost equivalent to paracetamol as a positive control. Statistical analysis showed significant differences between treatment groups, with doses of 200 mg/kgBB and 400 mg/kgBB showing lower effectiveness. This study recommends further exploration of the therapeutic benefits of red betel leaf extract and formulation development for wider medical applications.  

Pain is the body's response to tissue damage that is often addressed using analgesic compounds. Purslane plants (Portulaca oleracea L) are known to contain flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and alkaloids that have potential as analgesics. This study aims to test the analgesic effectiveness of purslane ethanol extract by writhing test method using white mice (Mus musculus) induced by 1% acetic acid. A total of 15 mice were divided into 5 treatment groups, namely negative control, positive control (paracetamol), and three groups with doses of purslane extract 200 mg/kgBB, 400 mg/kgBB, and 800 mg/kgBB. The number of writhes was observed every 15 minutes for 1 hour, and the percentage of protective power was calculated. The results showed that the dose of 800 mg/kgBB gave the highest analgesic effect with a percent protection power of 65.28%, followed by doses of 400 mg/kgBB (52.4%) and 200 mg/kgBB (30.6%). The highest analgesic effect was achieved at a dose of 800 mg/kgBB, almost equivalent to the positive control. This shows the significant potential of purslane ethanol extract as an analgesic agent.

Study This contains about the detection of circular object images. The circular object tested is the moon image object, the moon image was chosen because the moon image has various moon shapes, namely the full moon, half moon and crescent moon. To detect the shape of the circular object image, several stages are carried out by starting the image segmentation process. (1) The segmentation process using the bi-level thresholding method makes the image black and white, (2) after that the image is repaired with the morphological process of the opening and closing methods. (3) For training data, the shape extraction process is carried out, namely the circular nature of the object (circularity) to determine the roundness of an object. For the testing process, the same process is also carried out as the process of obtaining circular image detection.

Due to the variety of types of flowers that exist and having and tracking each variety, making plant lovers and cultivators difficult to distinguish in determining the type of flower, it takes a very long time to find out the type of flower if you only rely on the five senses. With the application of the K-Nearest Neighbor algorithm and feature extraction of color and texture, it is very helpful in image processing to identify flowers more easily and shorten the time, with the greatest accuracy of 71% using the K-7 value, the flower was successfully carried out.

Tooth extraction often triggers anxiety in patients due to the use of invasive medical instruments. Anxiety management can be addressed pharmacologically or non-pharmacologically. Aromatherapy using red ginger essential oil (Gingiber Officinale var. Rubrum) is a non-pharmacological method that has the potential to reduce anxiety effectively. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of red ginger essential oil in reducing the anxiety levels of patients undergoing tooth extraction. This quasi-experimental study employed a pretest-posttest design on 96 tooth extraction patients at RSKDGM Makassar. Anxiety levels were measured using the Modified Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS) questionnaire before and after inhaling red ginger essential oil aromatherapy for 10 minutes. Data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon test with SPSS 26. The results showed a significant decrease in patients' anxiety levels after inhalation of red ginger essential oil aromatherapy. Before the intervention, the majority of patients had moderate anxiety (58.3%), while after the intervention, mild anxiety increased to 59.4% (p-value = 0.000). Red ginger essential oil (Gingiber Officinale var. Rubrum) is effective in reducing patients' anxiety during tooth extraction procedures.

The present study was aimed at gaining knowledge about the type of pathogen responsible for Vulvovaginal Candidiasis (VVC) infections and evaluating the antimicrobial activity of plant extracts against Candida spp. antibiotic resistance. 112 samples were taken from infected women with VVC of different ages from September to December 2024. All specimens were collected from Al Hussein Teaching Hospital/ Al- Thiqar- governorate. The results showed that 67 (59.82%) of all cases had positive results for Candida spp., while 45 (40.18%) had negative results. Candida spp. Isolated from VVC were C. albicans, the most prevalent 33 (49.26%), C. glabrata, 12 (17.91%), C. krusi and C. kefyr, 9 (13.43%), and C. guilliermondii, 4 (6.90%). The antifungal sensitivity of the pathogenic Candida spp. was tested against five types of antifungals, and the results showed the highest resistance to ketoconazole was 66 (98.51%) of Candida spp. Because of the presence of these physiologically active chemicals, Zizyphus spina-christi L. exhibits antimicrobial capabilities. In this study, the main aim is to study the antifungal activity of Ziziphus spina-christi leaf extract on some resistant candida and conduct analysis to confirm that the Ziziphus spina-christi leaves have phytochemical contents. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to find the bioactive components present in extracts of Z. spina-christi leaves. Finally, we decided the inhibitory activity of Ziziphus spina-christi leaves extract. The extract of Ziziphus spina-christi had alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, phenols, tannic acid, and terpenoids, according to a preliminary phytochemical screen. In addition, GC-MS analysis of the extract confirmed the presence of many beneficial chemicals. The extract showed promising antimicrobial activity for Candida spp. (C. albicans, C. glabrata,C. krusi , C. kefyr, and C. guilliermondii)  . These results show that the Ziziphus spina-christi leaves extract is a valuable resource for bioactive chemicals with potential uses in a variety of biological contexts.

Liver damage induced by hepatotoxic compounds such as N-acetyl-p-aminophenol (N-APAP) remains a significant global health concern. Hepatotoxicity caused by N-APAP, particularly in cases of overdose or prolonged use, can lead to a reduction in glutathione levels in the liver, resulting in oxidative stress and cellular damage. This condition contributes to an increased incidence of liver diseases, including toxic hepatitis and acute liver failure, which can lead to serious complications and even death. Although various pharmacological therapies, such as N-acetylcysteine (NAC), are available to address N-APAP-induced liver damage, limitations such as side effects, high costs, and variable efficacy have driven the search for safer and more affordable therapeutic alternatives. Therefore, research on natural hepatoprotective agents, such as extracts from the rhizomes of fingerroot (Boesenbergia rotunda), has become increasingly relevant in addressing this issue. The aim of this study was to evaluate the hepatoprotective potential of ethanol extract from fingerroot rhizomes (Boesenbergia rotunda) in protecting the liver from N-acetyl-p-aminophenol (N-APAP)-induced damage. Specifically, this research focuses on measuring glutathione levels as a key indicator of the liver's protective mechanism against oxidative stress. In this study, 30 male White rats were randomly divided into six groups, each consisting of five rats. All rats were orally administered the extract at predetermined doses for 10 consecutive days, except for the negative and positive control groups. On the 10th day, all groups (except group 1) were treated with paracetamol (800 mg/kg body weight) to induce liver damage. Twenty-four hours after induction, the rats were sacrificed and liver samples were collected. Glutathione levels were measured using the ELISA immunosorbent assay. Statistical analysis showed that administering the ethanol extract of Fingerroot rhizomes (EERTK) for 10 days prior to N-APAP induction significantly increased the average antioxidant enzyme GSH-Px levels in the liver homogenate of rats in the EERTK 250 mg/kg BW (43.36 ± 1.34 U/mg protein), EERTK 500 mg/kg BW (55.70 ± 2.15 U/mg protein), and 750 mg/kg BW (53.14 ± 2.57 U/mg protein) group compared to the negative control group (N-APAP 800 mg/kg BW), which had the lowest average antioxidant enzyme GSH-Px level (33.86 ± 3.52 U/mg protein).

Acne is a common skin condition caused by excessive oil production that clogs pores and leads to inflammation. Acne-prone skin care can be done using facial masks, one of which is the practical and effective peel-off mask. This study aims to analyze the effect of using a peel-off mask containing corn and jasmine flower extract on acne-prone skin care. The research method used is a quasi-experimental design with a nonequivalent control group design. The sample consisted of six female students from Universitas Negeri Padang aged 17-25 years with acne-prone skin, divided into control and experimental groups. The research variables include the number, shape, color, and volume of acne. Data analysis techniques include normality, homogeneity, and hypothesis testing. The results show that the experimental group using the peel-off mask with corn and jasmine flower extract experienced a significant reduction in acne count, improvement in acne shape, and a decrease in redness and acne volume. In contrast, the control group showed no significant changes. Hypothesis testing indicated significance values for color (0.006), shape (0.000), volume (0.000), and number (0.000) <0.05, proving the effectiveness of the mask in treating acne-prone skin. In conclusion, the peel-off mask containing corn and jasmine flower extract is effective in reducing acne and improving facial skin condition.

This search intended to speculate the role of lavender ethanolic extract by reducing the toxicity of manganese in male rats. 32 white male Norwegian rats were divided into 4 equal groups. Group 1: as a control group left without treatments (only 1 ml of distilled water/ animal/ day). Group 2: were dosed manganese chloride at a concentration of 100 mg/ kg b.w. / day. Animals in Group 3 and Group 4 were dosed Manganese chloride at a concentration of 100 mg/kg b.w. then lavender ethanolic extract at a concentration of 200 and 400 mg/kg respectively, all by oral gavages and treated daily for six weeks. Then the next criteria were investigated: Neurotransmitters (dopamine and Ach (acetylcholine) in the mid brain) serotonin in serum. Oxidation indicators (glutathione and malondialdehyde in the brain and superoxide dismutase and catalase in serum). The results exhibited in both groups 3 and 4 there were a significant decrease in the concentrations of Ach accompanied by a significant increase in levels of dopamine and serotonin, also return levels of MDA (Malondialdehyde) to normal, as well as a significant increase in GSH (Glutathione) concentrations in rats mid brain. Moreover, the significant rising of SOD (Superoxide dismutase) and CAT (Catalase) levels in serum of rats in these groups indicated a noticeable improvement was achieved by lavender ethanolic extraction as compared to group 2. Conclusion, the antioxidant and antitoxic activity of lavender ethanolic extract promises in grate achievement in various health fields, including medicine, food industries and cosmetics.

Advances in information and internet technologies have significantly transformed the business environment, including the financial sector. The COVID-19 pandemic has further accelerated this digital adoption, expanding the e-commerce industry and highlighting the necessity for secure online transactions. Credit Card Fraud Detection (CCFD) stands critical as the prevalence of fraudulent activities continues to rise with the increasing volume of online transactions. Traditional methods for detecting fraud, such as rule-based systems and basic machine learning models, tend to fail to keep pace with fraudsters' evolving tactics. This study proposes a novel ensemble deep learning-based approach that combines Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), Gated Recurrent Units (GRU), and Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) with the Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique and Edited Nearest Neighbors (SMOTE-ENN) to address class imbalance and improve detection accuracy. The methodology integrates CNN for feature extraction, GRU for sequential transaction analysis, and Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) as a meta-learner in a stacking framework. By leveraging SMOTE-ENN, the proposed approach enhances data balance and prevents overfitting. With synthetic data, the robustness and accuracy of the model have been improved, particularly in scenarios where fraudulent examples are scarce. The experiments conducted on real-world credit card transaction datasets have established that our approach outperforms existing methods, achieving higher metrics performance.