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This research examines debates among the early congregation regarding Jewish religious morality and ceremonies and their implications in the context of contemporary church pastoring. Through a critical historical exegesis approach and literature study, this article explores the views of Paul and Peter regarding the application of Torah law to Gentile Christians. This research highlights that a pastor must be an example for the congregation, not rule arbitrarily, and remain focused on God's call in their ministry. Analysis of the social, economic, and cultural context of the time this letter was written also provides insight into the challenges the early congregation faced. The relevance of this research lies in the application of pastoral principles in today's church ministry, which demands humility and example from church leaders.  

This study investigates the impact of introducing the basics of English morphology to English as a Foreign Language (EFL) students. Morphology, the study of word formation and structure, is fundamental to understanding and mastering any language. The research focuses on how foundational knowledge of English morphology influences EFL students' language acquisition and proficiency. By incorporating morphological instruction into the curriculum, students can enhance their vocabulary, improve their reading comprehension, and develop a deeper understanding of grammatical structures. The study involved a group of EFL students who received systematic instruction in morphology, including the identification and usage of roots, prefixes, and suffixes. Pre- and post-tests were administered to measure the student's progress. The results indicated a significant improvement in the student's linguistic skills, particularly their ability to decode and construct words and overall language comprehension. The findings suggest that integrating morphology into EFL teaching strategies can provide substantial benefits, facilitating more effective language learning and boosting students' confidence in English. This research underscores the importance of morphological awareness in EFL education and offers practical implications for educators aiming to enhance their teaching methods to support student success in acquiring English.

Waste management in Ciburial Village, Cimenyan District, Bandung Regency still faces various challenges. Waste produced by households is usually processed individually, such as burning or landfilling it with soil. However, this method is still not effective because urban communities have limited space. Other waste management is on a paid basis, where the rubbish will be picked up by the rubbishman at each house and will end up in the final disposal site. The mass use of non-degradable and uncontrolled items, as well as deficiencies in waste processing and management, have negative implications for health and the environment. Efficient and environmentally friendly waste management is an urgent problem, and we are making every effort to bring this problem to light. Efficient and environmentally friendly waste management is an urgent need, and we are making every effort to bring attention to this problem. We want to spread our efforts and bring attention to the need for sustainable waste management by visiting every community in RT 1, RT 2, and RT 3. This qualitative descriptive research aims to detect, characterize, and explain PSAT in Ciburial Village. , Cimenyan District, Bandung Regency. Environmentally conscious volunteers and authorities from the Ciburial Community Group, Cimenyan District, Bandung Regency and other local organizations took part in this research. Apart from living in Ciburial Village, they are also active in the integrated waste management program. The findings from this research highlight the potential of integrated waste management initiatives to educate the general public about the importance of responsible waste disposal. More and more people are realizing that sustainable waste management and sorting waste for reprocessing based on type is very important. Organic waste will later be collected and reprocessed into compost, while dry waste will end up in final disposal sites.

Abstract. This case study explores the influence of transformational leadership style in facilitating innovation and synergy in an institution. Through the analysis of conceptual relationship diagrams among various operational elements within the organization, this study demonstrates how transformational leadership impacts decision-making processes, innovation, and competency enhancement. In this context, leadership acts not only as a decision maker but also as a motivator inspiring active participation and commitment from team members. The emphasis on consultation and coordination in decision-making illustrates the implementation of democratic practices supporting a collaborative and inclusive work environment. Furthermore, the study identifies innovation as a central pillar driving the institution to adapt to changes and meet the dynamic market needs. Initiatives such as the implementation of modern technology and new approaches in human resource management are illustrated as key components in the organization’s innovative strategy. The findings of this case study underscore that transformational leadership is effective in triggering organizational growth and sustainability by integrating innovation and collaboration. The implications of these findings provide important insights for other institutional leaders in designing leadership strategies that not only direct the organization to achieve its targets but also ensure ongoing adaptation and growth in a continually changing environment. This study offers valuable contributions to the literature on organizational leadership, particularly in the context of institutions operating in the era of globalization and digital transformation.

Economic growth is the main indicator that reflects the economic development of a country. Through economic growth analysis, it can be seen how economic policy, investment, productivity and other factors contribute to an increase or decrease in gross domestic product (GDP) and social welfare. This article reviews the concept of economic growth, its determining factors, and its implications for the country's economy. Apart from that, various challenges faced in efforts to achieve sustainable and inclusive economic growth are also discussed. By understanding the dynamics of economic growth, policymakers can design effective strategies to encourage stable and sustainable economic development.

The aim of this research is to examine the relationship between the percentage of Original Regional Income (PAD) and the percentage of the Regional Revenue and Expenditure Budget (APBD) in Jombang Regency. The data analysis method used is a qualitative descriptive method that collects secondary data from official sources, such as local government financial reports. The research findings show that there has been a fluctuation in the ratio of PAD to APBD in Jombang Regency within the specified period. One of the implications of this research is the importance of increasing Original Regional Income as a source of original regional income for local governments in managing the APBD.

The Constitutional Court of Indonesia Decision Number 65/PUU-XXI/2023 has significant implications for the social norms of political campaigns in educational facilities and government buildings. This research aims to explore the implications of the decision and the responses from various stakeholders. A literature review approach is employed, collecting and analyzing various sources including books, academic journals, and online resources related to law, politics, and education in Indonesia. The research findings indicate that the Constitutional Court's decision alters the landscape of political campaigns by allowing campaigning in educational institutions while still maintaining the ban in places of worship. Responses from various stakeholders, including academics, activists, and Civil Servants, highlight issues of neutrality, security, and education quality. The implications of this decision provoke intense debate concerning freedom of speech, institutional neutrality, and the balance between political participation and social stability. This research provides a deeper understanding of the political and legal dynamics in Indonesia, offering insights for the formulation of more effective policies in the context of political campaigns and education.

This research discusses the phenomenon of sexual violence against children in Indonesia with a focus on a case involving an elementary school student in Serang, Banten. Through a framing analysis approach, this research explores how the media, especially Detik.com and Radar Banten, frame news about the case. The research results show that psychological, social and environmental factors influence perpetrators of sexual violence in targeting minors or their own children. The framing of reports by the media also plays an important role in shaping public perceptions about the case, by highlighting aspects such as the perpetrator's psychological condition, the role of parents, and the urgency in handling sexual violence cases. The implications of this research are the importance of a deeper understanding of the dynamics of the relationship between perpetrators and victims of sexual violence, as well as the need for preventive measures and stronger law enforcement to protect children from sexual violence.      

The month of Ramadan is a special time for Muslims to worship, erase sins, and gain the rewards and pleasure of Allah SWT. Shaum or fasting, the primary worship during this month, involves abstaining from things that invalidate the fast. However, fasting is not intended to be difficult, as stated in the Qur'an, Surah Al-Baqarah: 185, which emphasizes ease rather than hardship in fasting. Besides its spiritual aspects, fasting also has health benefits, such as helping patients with obesity and heart disease. For patients with chronic kidney disease who require hemodialysis, fasting can be particularly challenging. Hemodialysis is a life-saving method that involves cleaning the blood outside the body. In Islam, there are principles of ushul fiqh that provide rukhsah or legal concessions for those who face difficulties in fulfilling religious obligations due to certain conditions. However, if a kidney failure patient insists on fasting despite having been granted rukhsah, this is known as azimah. This study aims to explore the status of azimah for hemodialysis patients who choose to fast from an Islamic perspective. Using a qualitative approach through literature review and in-depth interviews with fiqh experts, this research seeks to understand the legal implications and medical conditions involved. The results are expected to provide clearer insights into the practice of fasting for hemodialysis patients within the context of Islamic jurisprudence.

Poverty is a common problem for developing countries, especially to improve the welfare of their citizens. With various programs and policies being pursued with the aim of reducing poverty. Islam really wants its people to have a decent life and receive blessings in life and the afterlife. This means that Islam really wants its people to achieve prosperity. In this paper, the method used is descriptive qualitative which aims to describe regularly and factually. This research comes from literature such as books, journals and articles related to research. The findings of this research are that Islam views poverty not only as a social problem, but also as having spiritual and religious implications. One of the efforts to overcome poverty is environmental empowerment and entrepreneurial empowerment. The strategy for alleviating poverty that can be carried out from an Islamic economic perspective is by developing an economy based on zakat, cooperatives, education, health and transportation.

This research aims to obtain information regarding how much influence operational costs have on the amount of net profit obtained by a company and the author hopes that this research can provide benefits to the company's existence in order to maintain the continuity of a company's production process and provide motivation to become a better company. This research uses a descriptive-comparative research method with a qualitative approach.  According to Adiputra et al., (2021) Descriptive research is research that aims to describe existing phenomena, namely natural phenomena or man-made phenomena, or that is used to analyze or describe the results of the subject, but is not intended to provide wider implications. Research using this method will determine significant relationships between the variables studied so that it will produce conclusions that clarify the picture of the object being studied. Conclusions based on the results of research analysis using descriptive-comparative research methods with a qualitative approach. It can be concluded that from the 15 articles used to explain that operational costs show a very significant and dominant influence on net profit. This can be identified from the 11 articles that use this component.

The sister city international agreement is an implementation of regional autonomy carried out by local governments in conducting parallel diplomacy. The Surabaya City Government seizes this opportunity and, among others, engages in sister city cooperation with Liverpool City. This study addresses the issue of the authority of the Surabaya City Government in making sister city international agreements and examines the strength and position of sister city international agreements in the form of a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) from the perspective of international law. The type of research used in this study is juridical-normative, thus the approach employed is a statutory approach by examining all statutory regulations related to sister city international agreements. The results of this research indicate that through the analysis of statutory regulations in Indonesia related to international agreements, the Local Government, in this case, the Surabaya City Government, has the authority to make sister city international agreements in an effort to conduct parallel diplomacy with Liverpool City. The position and strength of the sister city international agreement between the Surabaya City Government and Liverpool City in the form of a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) under international law are a valid international agreement with rights and obligations outlined therein and categorized as a treaty contract that only creates legal implications for the parties involved, namely the Surabaya City Government and Liverpool City.

This research presents a thorough analysis of the financial aspects influencing the performance of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) based on local wisdom in their operational activities. Through a case study approach, financial ratio analysis, and survey, we explore the financial performance faced by locally based MSMEs. The implications of this research are significant for the government, business actors, and society in supporting the growth and sustainability of locally based MSMEs, as well as providing guidance for more effective policies to support this sector. Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) play a crucial role in the national and local economy, determined by criteria such as net worth, annual sales, and number of employees. Financial analysis of locally based MSMEs explores the financial aspects of micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) relying on local wisdom in their operations.     This research aims to understand the financial performance, challenges, and opportunities faced by locally based MSMEs. The analysis methods used include quantitative descriptive with calculations of profitability ratios and activity ratios to gain comprehensive understanding. The results of this research are expected to provide insights for stakeholders, including the government, business actors, and society, in supporting the growth and sustainability of locally based MSMEs.

The current global phenomenon shows a rapid increase in the adoption of digital technology, which has changed various aspects of life, including the micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) sector. This study aims to examine effective digital marketing strategies to improve MSME performance in supporting the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Program. The novelty of this research lies in a holistic approach that integrates various aspects of digital marketing, in the context of SDGs implementation. The urgency of this research is driven by the urgent need for MSMEs to remain competitive and relevant in the digital era, as well as the crucial role in the national economy and the achievement of SDGs goals. The method used in this study is Systematic Literature Review (SLR) by collecting relevant previous research through publish or perish Then analyze the article and crucify related to keywords. The results show that the use of appropriate digital marketing can help MSMEs contribute more effectively to the achievement of SDGs, especially in terms of poverty alleviation, job creation, and inclusive economic growth. The implications of this research emphasize the importance of policy support and continuous training for MSMEs in utilizing digital technology, as well as collaboration between the public and private sectors to accelerate the digital transformation of MSMEs.

This research aims to analyze the influence of audit tenure, KAP size, auditor changes, and audit opinion on audit delay. Audit delay is the time span for completing a financial report audit by an independent auditor, which can affect the timeliness of submitting financial reports. Audit tenure, KAP size, change of auditors, and audit opinion are considered as factors that can influence the length of audit delay. This research uses data from audit reports of companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI) during the 2018-2022 period. Data analysis was carried out using multiple linear regression. The research results show that audit tenure and change of auditors have a positive effect on audit delay, while KAP size and audit opinion have a negative effect. These findings provide implications for regulators and the audit profession to establish appropriate policies regarding audit tenure, changing auditors, and selecting appropriate KAPs to minimize audit delays and increase the timeliness of financial reporting.

Working students often face various challenges in their studies, such as limited time and fatigue. This study aims to understand the learning strategies of Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia (UPI) students who are actively working in overcoming learning challenges. This study was conducted using a qualitative method through interviews with 20 UPI students who are actively working. The results of the study show that working students face two main challenges: limited time and fatigue. To overcome these challenges, they use various strategies such as time management, prioritizing tasks, and utilizing assistive tools. This study has implications for universities and working students. For universities, it is important to provide support for working students, such as special attention, tuition fee reductions, and time management and learning strategy training. For working students, the strategies presented in this study can help them achieve success in their studies and work.

This study aims to investigate the impact of technology usage on the development of Indonesian language skills among the millennial generation. Millennials are a group that has grown up in a rapidly advancing digital technology era, which significantly affects their ways of learning and communicating, including in language aspects. By utilizing survey and interview methods, data were collected from a representative sample of millennials who actively use technology. The results of the study indicate that the use of technology, such as smartphones, social media, and online learning platforms, has a significant impact on the development of Indonesian language skills among millennials. Although technology provides easy access to information and learning resources, this research also highlights several challenges, such as the misuse of language on social media, which can negatively affect both written and oral language skills. The implications of these findings offer valuable insights for educators, parents, and policymakers in designing effective language learning strategies for the millennial generation.

Economic globalization has become one of the main distinctive features in the development of the world economy today. This phenomenon has a significant impact on various aspects of economic life, including the stability of banking financial institutions in developing countries. This study aims to investigate the impact of economic globalization on the stability of banking financial institutions using a case study approach in specific developing countries. Through in-depth analysis, this study will examine the factors affecting the stability of banking financial institutions in the face of economic globalization, as well as their implications for economic and financial policies. The results of this study are expected to provide valuable insights into the impact of economic globalization on the stability of banking financial institutions in developing countries. The practical implications of the research findings will be discussed in the context of economic and financial policy, with the aim of strengthening the financial system and increasing resilience to global market fluctuations

This research aims to determine the benefits, functions and role of entrepreneurship in improving the economy. This type of research is a qualitative description using literature study. Entrepreneurship is one of the organizations that helps in alleviating poverty. This research explores the various benefits, functions and roles of entrepreneurship in economic development. Data was collected from various secondary sources such as scientific journals, books, research reports, articles and relevant official publications. The findings show that entrepreneurship contributes significantly to job creation, innovation and improving community welfare. Apart from that, entrepreneurship also plays a role in encouraging local and national economic growth. The implications of this research indicate that entrepreneurship development must be supported through proactive policies and sustainable development to achieve maximum economic impact.

Civics Civics Education is an important subject in education to form awareness and understanding of the rights and obligations as good citizens. The purpose of this study is to increase knowledge and interest in learning Civics Education (PKn) among Students and College Students. The research method used is descriptive quantitative with a survey approach using a questionnaire. The results showed that there were significant differences in knowledge and interest between students and female students in learning Civics Education. Students tend to be more knowledgeable and more interested in civic learning than students. This could be due to factors such as higher level of education, wider life experience, and greater desire to learn civics. However, it should be noted that the results of this study should not be generalized to the entire student population. Other variables such as educational background, social environment, and personal factors can also influence knowledge and interest in learning civics. This article helps us better understand the differences in knowledge and interest in learning Civics between high school and university students. The implications of this study can be used to improve Civics teaching methods to be more effective and interesting for students.