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The practice of withholding a diploma as a condition of employment is still widespread in employment relationships in Indonesia. Generally, employers argue that withholding a diploma is intended to guarantee that workers complete the agreed-upon work contract period. However, this practice raises legal issues because it has the potential to violate the principle of freedom of contract, especially when viewed in light of the provisions of Article 1320 of the Civil Code (KUH Perdata), which regulates the conditions for a valid agreement. A diploma withholding clause can affect the fulfillment of the element of free agreement, because such clauses are often agreed to under duress or without fair alternatives for workers. This study aims to examine the validity of diploma withholding clauses in employment agreements and assess the legal consequences if such clauses are declared invalid. The research method used is a normative juridical approach by analyzing relevant laws and regulations, legal doctrine, and court decisions. The results of the analysis show that diploma withholding clauses often conflict with the conditions for a valid agreement, especially the element of lawful cause, because they conflict with the principles of protecting workers' rights and the principle of justice in freedom of contract. Furthermore, this practice can lead to human rights violations, considering that diplomas are important personal documents and cannot be confiscated without a clear legal basis. If the diploma retention clause is declared invalid, the clause is null and void and does not bind the parties. Consequently, the employer is obliged to return the diploma to the employee unconditionally, and the employee has the right to claim compensation if they suffer losses due to the retention. This study recommends the need for stricter regulations in employment regulations to prohibit the practice of diploma retention, in order to ensure the creation of fair and equal employment relationships in accordance with the principles of contract law.

The fisheries sector plays a strategic role in Indonesia's national economic development due to its significant contribution to meeting food needs, creating jobs, and earning foreign exchange. However, this sector still faces various serious challenges, such as Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated (IUU) Fishing practices, excessive exploitation of marine resources, degradation of aquatic ecosystems, and weak compliance with applicable legal provisions. These problems not only impact the sustainability of fisheries resources but also threaten the economic sustainability of coastal communities. This study aims to analyze the government's role in overseeing the fisheries sector in Indonesia, which includes regulatory and institutional aspects, and the implementation of supervision in the field. The research method used is a normative juridical approach through a review of relevant laws and regulations, including Law Number 31 of 2004 concerning Fisheries as amended by Law Number 45 of 2009, and other derivative regulations. The analysis also considers the role of supervisory institutions such as the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries (KKP), the Indonesian Navy (TNI AL), and law enforcement officials in preventing and prosecuting violations in this sector. The research findings indicate that the government plays a strategic role in establishing policies, establishing oversight institutions, providing monitoring facilities and infrastructure, and taking legal action against violators. However, oversight effectiveness is still suboptimal due to limited human resources, monitoring technology, inter-agency coordination, and low legal awareness among fisheries business actors. Therefore, strengthening an integrated oversight system, increasing the capacity of officials, utilizing information and satellite technology, and consistent law enforcement are necessary. These steps are expected to ensure sustainable management of Indonesia's fisheries sector, protect marine resources, and support national economic growth.

This study aims to explore the communication strategies implemented in the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) blood donation activities organized by McDonald’s in Solo City. The research adopts a descriptive qualitative approach to gain a comprehensive understanding of how communication plays a role in the success of these CSR initiatives. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with relevant stakeholders, direct observations during the CSR events, and the analysis of documentation related to the activities. The findings reveal that interpersonal communication is a key factor in the effective implementation of blood donation CSR programs at McDonald’s Solo City. This approach enables the establishment of strong relationships with strategic partners, particularly the Indonesian Red Cross (Palang Merah Indonesia/PMI) Solo City, which serves as the main collaborator in organizing the events. Furthermore, McDonald’s successfully engages and mobilizes opinion leaders within the community to disseminate information widely and encourage public participation. These opinion leaders, trusted by the local community, play an important role in influencing people’s awareness and willingness to participate in the blood donation activities. The success of the program is also supported by consistent follow-up communication, mutual trust, and the ability to adapt messages to the cultural and social context of the target audience. In conclusion, the research highlights that well-developed interpersonal communication strategies—characterized by trust, collaboration, and community engagement—significantly contribute to the effectiveness and sustainability of CSR blood donation programs. These findings imply that companies aiming to enhance their CSR initiatives should prioritize building and maintaining strong interpersonal communication channels with both partners and the community to achieve impactful and long-term results.

This study aims to analyze and examine the influence of company size, profitability, and liquidity on going-concern audit opinions in companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX). Going-concern audit opinions are important indicators provided by auditors to assess the company's future business continuity. Factors such as company size, profitability, and liquidity are often associated with the auditor's likelihood of issuing such an opinion. The research method used is a quantitative method with an associative approach. The types and sources of data used in this study are secondary data in the form of annual financial reports of companies listed on the IDX during the 2019–2023 period. Sampling was carried out using a purposive sampling method, namely determining samples based on certain criteria relevant to the research objectives. From this process, 375 observational data samples were obtained. Data processing and analysis were carried out using IBM SPSS (Statistical Product and Service Solutions) version 27 software, which allows for accurate and measurable statistical testing. The results of the study indicate that company size does not affect going-concern audit opinions, so the size of the company's assets is not a determining factor for auditors in issuing such an opinion. Meanwhile, profitability was shown to have a significant influence on going-concern audit opinions, with companies with higher profitability tending to receive unmodified going-concern audit opinions. Conversely, liquidity had no effect on going-concern audit opinions, indicating that the ability to meet short-term obligations is not always a primary consideration for auditors. These findings are expected to contribute to company management, auditors, and investors' understanding of the factors influencing going-concern audit opinions.  

The global maritime sector is currently facing complex multidimensional challenges, triggered by global economic dynamics, climate change, supply chain disruptions, and rising cybersecurity threats. In response to these conditions, the National Shipping Academy in collaboration with the Indonesian Maritime Researchers and Lecturers (IMERAL) held a National Seminar with the theme of Technology and Regulation Transformation in Logistics Risk Management. This activity aims to increase the literacy and capacity of academics, students, practitioners, and regulators in facing maritime logistics challenges through the use of digital technology and strengthening regulations. The seminar was held online via the Zoom platform, presenting speakers from a variety of backgrounds, including academics, industry practitioners, and policymakers. The discussion focused on digital transformation strategies in maritime logistics, harmonization of national and international regulations, and strengthening technology-based risk management systems. The results showed a significant increase in participants' understanding of strategic issues in the maritime sector, especially related to the integration of technology and policies in logistics risk management. In addition, this seminar succeeded in forming a collaborative network between stakeholders, opening up opportunities for cross-sector synergy in the development of sustainable maritime solutions. The policy recommendations compiled from the results of the discussion include the need to accelerate port digitalization, increase the capacity of maritime human resources, and the preparation of regulations adaptive to global dynamics. This activity emphasizes that cross-sector collaboration is an effective strategy in strengthening Indonesia's maritime competitiveness, as well as building national logistics resilience amid global uncertainty.

The development of information and communication technology (ICT), particularly the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things (IoT), and big data, has transformed Indonesia's national security threat landscape. Threats that previously focused on traditional military aspects have now shifted to non-traditional cyber threats, such as cyberattacks, digital espionage, and infrastructure sabotage. According to PROXSIS IT GRC data, in 2024, more than 19 million cyberattacks were recorded against websites in Indonesia. While this figure is a decrease compared to the previous year, this trend is thought to reflect a shift towards more structured and organized tactics by threat actors. In response, the Indonesian government established the National Cybersecurity Action Plan 2024–2028 as a strategic guideline. Furthermore, cyber diplomacy is being promoted through bilateral and multilateral cooperation, for example through the signing of memorandums of understanding (MoUs) with the UK and Kaspersky. This cooperation includes the exchange of intelligence information, strengthening human resource capacity, raising public awareness regarding cybersecurity, and protecting critical information infrastructure. This study uses non-traditional security theory and defense diplomacy to analyze the strategies, challenges, and prospects of Indonesia's cyber policy. The analysis demonstrates that cyber defense diplomacy plays a crucial role as an instrument for integrating technology, regulation, and international collaboration in safeguarding digital sovereignty. In addition to strengthening threat detection and mitigation capabilities, this diplomacy also builds networks of trust with partner nations, which is essential amidst the increasing complexity of global threats. Therefore, in the era of digital globalization, full of interconnections, cyber defense diplomacy serves not only as a national protection tool but also as Indonesia's contribution to global cybersecurity stability. This effort prioritizes synergy between technological innovation, law enforcement, and sustainable international cooperation.

Breech presentation is a condition in which the fetus is in an elongated position with the head at the uterine fundus and the buttocks in the lower part of the uterine cavity. This condition can increase the risk of labor complications, especially if accompanied by serotinus (post-term pregnancy). Based on data from the Indonesian Ministry of Health (2021), the maternal mortality rate caused by breech presentation and serotinus in Indonesia was recorded at 1,309 cases. In Central Java, the incidence of breech presentation reached 11.5% (Central Java Health Office, 2021). This study aims to determine the implementation of comprehensive midwifery care for Mrs. D, aged 24 years, with breech presentation and serotinus at Mrs. S's PMB in the Kaliwadas Community Health Center area in 2023. The research method used a qualitative descriptive design with a case study approach. Data collection was carried out through interviews, observations, physical examinations, documentation studies, and medical record searches. The results of midwifery care showed that during pregnancy, Mrs. D had a good quality of life. Mrs. D underwent three antenatal care (ANC) visits, during which signs of pregnancy complications suggestive of serotinus were detected. Delivery was performed via cesarean section due to serotinus and breech presentation. During the neonatal period, three visits were conducted, with the baby's examination results within normal limits. During the postpartum period, four visits were conducted, during which the mother's condition was generally good, but at the third postpartum visit, problems with breastfeeding were discovered. Mrs. D was also known not to be using postpartum contraception. The results of this study emphasize the importance of early detection and appropriate management of breech presentation and serotinus pregnancies to prevent complications that endanger the mother and baby. Comprehensive midwifery care covering pregnancy, labor, postpartum, and newborn care is an integral effort to ensure the safety of mothers and babies.  

Agreement is one of the most important sources of engagement in civil law. In practice, agreements become the legal basis for parties to regulate mutual rights and obligations. As in credit agreements where credit agreements are one of the most common forms of agreements in banking practices and financing activities in Indonesia. This agreement becomes the legal basis for the relationship between creditors and debtors in the context of providing loan facilities. This article discusses the juridical aspects of credit agreements, starting from the elements of a valid agreement, the principles that underlie it, to the legal consequences that arise in the event of default or unlawful acts by one of the parties. The research was conducted using a normative juridical method that focuses on analyzing laws and regulations, especially the Civil Code and the Banking Law. The results of the study show that credit agreements are not only civilly binding, but also contain potential criminal law consequences in the event of misuse. Therefore, it is important for the parties to understand the contents and legal consequences of the credit agreement thoroughly.

Public Fuel Filling Stations (SPBU) are important facilities that provide various types of fuel such as gasoline, diesel, and Pertamax to meet the needs of motorized vehicles. The existence of SPBU greatly helps the public in obtaining fuel at a more economical price compared to purchasing retail. However, the transaction system at SPBU generally still uses conventional methods, such as cash payments or the use of debit/credit cards that have not been fully integrated with an efficient digital system. The use of RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) technology has been implemented as a non-cash transaction method at several SPBUs, but this system still has various weaknesses, such as limited device compatibility and delays in transaction processing. This prompted the author to develop the concept of an independent SPBU based on modern technology that is more efficient and secure. The proposed innovation includes the use of contactless smart cards and coin acceptors for the payment system, allowing users to make self-service transactions without operator involvement. In addition, the author also added several supporting components such as proximity sensors, which function to detect the presence of vehicles or people around the SPBU area. These sensors can help in saving electrical energy by activating the system only when needed. Another component is a vibration sensor, which plays a crucial role in detecting excessive vibrations that could potentially cause leaks. If excessive vibration is detected, the system automatically closes the solenoid on the pump to prevent the risk of fire or damage. By integrating this technology, the autonomous gas station system is expected to improve operational efficiency, user convenience, and safety during the automatic refueling process. This development is expected to be an innovative solution for modernizing the gas station system in Indonesia.

This study examines the capital market reaction at the sectoral level to the 2024 General Election in Indonesia, with the aim of providing deeper insight into how political events influence different industries. Using an event study methodology, the analysis is conducted over a 10-trading-day window surrounding February 14, 2024—the official election date—covering five days before and after the event. The research focuses on six major sectoral indices listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX), namely Energy, Consumer Cyclicals, Financials, Basic Materials, Industrials, and Technology.Market reaction is measured through two primary dimensions: (1) changes in price valuation, represented by abnormal returns (AR), and (2) shifts in investor activity, measured through Trading Volume Activity (TVA), operationalized as the turnover ratio. Abnormal returns capture the extent to which price changes deviate from expected normal performance, while TVA reflects the level of investor engagement in each sector during the event window.To evaluate differences in market reaction across sectors, the Kruskal–Wallis test is applied for abnormal returns due to non-normal data distribution, and Welch’s ANOVA is used for TVA to account for heterogeneity of variances. The results reveal no statistically significant differences in abnormal returns across the six sectors, suggesting that price adjustments to election-related information occur uniformly across the market, reflecting a degree of informational efficiency. However, the analysis of TVA shows a highly significant difference among sectors. A Games–Howell post-hoc test further indicates that the Energy and Consumer Cyclicals sectors experienced notably higher trading activity compared to other sectors, especially the Financials sector, which recorded the lowest investor engagement.

The rise in corruption cases in Indonesia significantly hampers investment, impacts national economic growth, and undermines the integrity of public institutions. This study highlights the strategic role of public mobilization as guardians of transparency in preventing potential corruption at the Danantara Investment Management Agency (BPI). Using a normative legal research approach enriched by qualitative analysis of the regulatory framework and best practices, this study examines the legal basis supporting public participation and formulates an effective corruption prevention strategy in the digital era. The results show that optimizing the role of the public through information transparency and the use of information and communication technology (ICT) plays a crucial role in building accountability and detecting irregularities. Access to audit data, financial evaluations, and public information is an important instrument in strengthening oversight. The use of ICT allows the public to analyze anomalous patterns, assess institutional performance, and provide constructive feedback on investment management policies. However, this mobilization faces significant challenges. First, the complexity of financial and regulatory data often makes it difficult for the general public to interpret. Second, limited digital literacy hinders the public's ability to utilize oversight technology. Third, the urgent need for certainty of legal protection for whistleblowers or oversight participants is a determining factor in the success of the mobilization. Therefore, strengthening regulations that guarantee legal protection, increasing digital literacy capacity, and developing user-friendly public oversight platforms are necessary. Synergy between the government, investment management institutions, and the public is key to creating a transparent, responsive, and adaptive oversight system to technological developments. This way, the active role of the public can be optimized to strengthen the integrity of BPI Danantara and promote a healthy investment climate in Indonesia.

Depression in adolescents is a significant mental health issue in Indonesia, with its prevalence increasing every year. Adolescence is a transitional period marked by complex physical, social, and psychological changes. During this phase, adolescents often face emotional instability, academic pressure, social demands, and confusion in establishing self-identity. These factors can trigger prolonged stress and increase the risk of depression. Appropriate prevention and intervention efforts are crucial to address this issue. One approach that has proven effective is art-based group therapy. Art therapy provides a space for adolescents to express their thoughts and feelings creatively through visual media, which can help them understand themselves, manage their emotions, and build social skills. This study used the Systematic Literature Review method to identify, analyze, and synthesize the results of studies related to the effectiveness of art therapy on adolescent mental health. Data sources were obtained from various national and international journals relevant to the keywords "Art Therapy", "adolescent depression", and "mental health". The results of the literature review indicate that art therapy consistently has positive impacts, including reducing depressive symptoms, increasing self-confidence, strengthening interpersonal skills, and developing emotional intelligence. The creative process in this therapy encourages adolescents to be more open, able to process emotional experiences, and find positive ways to deal with problems. Based on these findings, Art Therapy is recommended for ongoing implementation in schools and communities as part of mental health programs. This intervention serves not only as a means of recovery but also as a preventative measure in building adolescents' psychological resilience, enabling them to grow and develop optimally amidst the challenges of modern life.

Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) are a crucial pillar of economic development in Indonesia, playing a significant role in job creation, increasing community income, and driving regional economic growth. Mie Ayam Pak Bari is one such MSME located in Tireman Village, Rembang Regency, Central Java. This business is characterized by delicious flavors, affordable prices, and a unique location that lacks similar competitors in the surrounding area. Despite its significant potential, Mie Ayam Pak Bari faces several challenges, including limited marketing reach, limited exposure to local communities, and volatile raw material price fluctuations. To address these challenges, mentoring focused on strengthening business management strategies and increasing marketing effectiveness. The mentoring included creating a banner as the business's visual identity, developing an attractive and informative menu catalog, and establishing an Instagram account to expand online promotional reach. This strategy is expected to attract new customers, increase consumer loyalty, and build a positive image for the business in the eyes of the wider community. The mentoring results indicate an increase in the completeness of promotional tools, the formation of a clearer business identity, and an increase in communication channels with consumers through social media. The menu catalog helps customers understand product variety and pricing transparently, while banners serve as physical markers, making it easier for customers to find the business's location. Meanwhile, the Instagram account serves as an interactive platform that allows businesses to reach potential customers outside of Tireman Village. This mentoring activity demonstrates that implementing visual and digital media-based marketing strategies can be an effective solution for MSMEs to survive and thrive in an increasingly competitive market.

This study aims to explain and prove the hypothesis regarding the influence of investment decisions, financing decisions, and dividend policies on firm value in coal sub-sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) during the 2021–2023 period. This study used a quantitative approach with a purposive sampling method, resulting in 10 companies as research samples. Data analysis was conducted through classical assumption tests to ensure the fulfillment of regression analysis requirements, followed by hypothesis testing using multiple regression analysis. Data processing was carried out using E-Views software version 13. The results showed that partially, investment decisions have a positive and significant effect on firm value, with a probability value of 0.0000, which is smaller than the 0.05 significance level. This finding indicates that the more appropriate a company's investment decisions are, the higher the company's value is reflected in its stock performance in the capital market. Conversely, the financing decision variable does not have a significant effect on firm value, with a probability value of 0.3796, which is greater than 0.05. This indicates that the funding structure, whether derived from equity or debt, did not directly affect firm value during the study period. Similarly, the dividend policy variable did not significantly influence firm value, with a probability value of 0.7493 > 0.05. This means that the amount of dividends distributed was not a determining factor in firm value in the sample studied. However, simultaneously, all three independent variables—investment decisions, financing decisions, and dividend policy—were shown to have a significant effect on firm value, with a probability value (F-statistic) of 0.0000 < 0.05. This confirms that the combination of these three factors collectively contributes to changes in firm value in the coal sub-sector.

This study aims to examine the effect of financial technology, fee-based income, and BOPO on the profitability of Islamic banking companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the 2020–2024 period. The research is motivated by the rapid development of digital financial services and the importance of operational efficiency in enhancing the financial performance of Islamic banks. This research employs a quantitative approach with purposive sampling. The data were obtained from the official website of the Indonesia Stock Exchange (www.idx.co.id) and the annual financial reports of Islamic banking institutions. The analysis technique used is multiple linear regression with the assistance of SPSS software. The results show that, partially, financial technology and fee-based income do not have a significant effect on profitability, while BOPO has a negative and significant effect. However, simultaneously, all three variables have a significant effect on profitability. Future studies are expected to include additional relevant variables and extend the observation period

Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) are a crucial pillar of economic development in Indonesia, playing a significant role in job creation, increasing community income, and driving regional economic growth. Mie Ayam Pak Bari is one such MSME located in Tireman Village, Rembang Regency, Central Java. This business is characterized by delicious flavors, affordable prices, and a unique location that lacks similar competitors in the surrounding area. Despite its significant potential, Mie Ayam Pak Bari faces several challenges, including limited marketing reach, limited exposure to local communities, and volatile raw material price fluctuations. To address these challenges, mentoring focused on strengthening business management strategies and increasing marketing effectiveness. The mentoring included creating a banner as the business's visual identity, developing an attractive and informative menu catalog, and establishing an Instagram account to expand online promotional reach. This strategy is expected to attract new customers, increase consumer loyalty, and build a positive image for the business in the eyes of the wider community. The mentoring results indicate an increase in the completeness of promotional tools, the formation of a clearer business identity, and an increase in communication channels with consumers through social media. The menu catalog helps customers understand product variety and pricing transparently, while banners serve as physical markers, making it easier for customers to find the business's location. Meanwhile, the Instagram account serves as an interactive platform that allows businesses to reach potential customers outside of Tireman Village. This mentoring activity demonstrates that implementing visual and digital media-based marketing strategies can be an effective solution for MSMEs to survive and thrive in an increasingly competitive market.

The digital economy has significantly transformed economic growth by introducing innovations in payment systems and financial services. The modernization of payment instruments through monetary policy has enhanced the ability to control inflation and ensure financial system stability. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of monetary policy and the utilization of the digital economy in maintaining financial stability in Indonesia. Using time series data from 2010 to 2024 obtained from the World Bank, this research applies the Vector Autoregression (VAR) method to examine both short-term and long-term relationships among variables, including e-money, money supply, inflation, exchange rate, interest rate, and credit card usage. The results show that e-money has a significant reciprocal influence on the money supply, while inflation is also affected by e-money and interest rates. The impulse response function demonstrates that the interactions among these variables tend to converge towards equilibrium over time. Variance decomposition analysis indicates that in the short term, e-money primarily drives financial stability, whereas in the medium and long term, the money supply plays a dominant role. Overall, the findings suggest that monetary policy, supported by digital economic systems, effectively enhances financial system stability in Indonesia. This research contributes to understanding the dual effect of digital payment innovations and provides recommendations for policymakers to strengthen financial inclusion, economic resilience, and macro-financial stability in the digital era.

In a global context marked by religious pluralism, secularization, and a crisis of faith identity, a theological understanding of God’s covenant with Abraham (Genesis 12:1–3) becomes increasingly significant. The rise of postmodern thought has weakened grand narratives, including the theological narrative of Christianity, leading to a fragmented understanding of faith. This study aims to explore the theological, spiritual, and social implications of the Abrahamic covenant using a contextual hermeneutical approach that engages with the current socio-religious realities of Indonesia.The covenant highlights God’s unilateral initiative, a structure of blessing that encompasses personal, national, and universal dimensions, and a call to faith that demands obedience amid uncertainty. Its relevance is evident in shaping the church’s identity as a covenant community, fostering a holistic missional paradigm, and cultivating a spirituality rooted in divine grace. In the Indonesian context, the principle of “blessed to be a blessing” challenges the church to engage actively in social transformation and interfaith dialogue.This study also examines the covenant’s contribution to the development of ecclesiology, missiology, and Christian ethics, while reaffirming the importance of a faith grounded in trust rather than certainty. Through interviews and literature review, the research offers a theologically reflective and contextually grounded perspective. The findings demonstrate that the Abrahamic covenant is not only a historical foundation of Christian faith but also a spiritual blueprint for the contemporary church to respond to the challenges of the age with obedience, courage, and an inclusive missional vision

In Indonesia, there are approximately 22.97 million people, or approximately 8.5 percent of the population, with the largest proportion being in the elderly group. One form of disability is physical disability, a condition in which limbs are imperfect due to defects that cause damage to bones, muscles, and joints, so that body functions cannot run normally. This condition often impacts not only the physical aspect, but also the psychological health of the sufferer. One of the main challenges faced by people with physical disabilities is maintaining resilience, namely the individual's ability to overcome depression, anxiety, pressure, and stress in living daily life. This study uses a literature review method to examine the results of previous studies relevant to the topic of resilience in people with physical disabilities. The data collection process was carried out through literature searches on the internet using sources from Google Scholar and Google Books. The criteria for selected literature include research that focuses on psychological interventions, especially reality therapy, and its effect on increasing resilience. Reality therapy is a counseling approach that emphasizes personal responsibility, awareness of choices, and the development of skills to face life's challenges effectively. The study results indicate that reality therapy has been shown to have a positive effect on increasing resilience in individuals with physical disabilities. Through a structured counseling process, this therapy helps individuals recognize their potential, develop positive attitudes, and develop adaptive coping strategies. Furthermore, reality therapy can increase motivation, self-confidence, and the ability to make constructive decisions when faced with physical limitations and social pressures. These findings indicate that the application of reality therapy can be an effective approach to supporting the psychological well-being of individuals with physical disabilities, while also contributing to more holistic rehabilitation efforts in Indonesia.

This article examines Ibn Khaldun's philosophical perspective on wages and its relevance to the wage system in Indonesia in the modern era. Ibn Khaldun, a prominent 14th-century Muslim thinker, emphasized that wages are closely linked to the value of work, social justice, and the economic stability of a society. In his Muqaddimah, he emphasized that establishing fair wages is not merely an economic issue but also a moral and social pillar that can prevent societal disintegration. Equitable wages, he argued, must be able to guarantee a decent living for workers and their families, while also supporting continued productivity and social cohesion. This study uses a qualitative normative approach through content analysis of relevant texts in the Muqaddimah and comparing them with wage policies in Indonesia, including minimum wage regulations, labor protection, and welfare policies. Data were obtained from library research, national regulations, and recent academic literature on wage policies. The results of the study indicate that although Indonesia has a minimum wage regulation, its implementation still faces significant challenges, particularly in ensuring fairness for informal sector and low-income workers. Factors such as regional economic inequality, inflation, and weak labor oversight often undermine the effectiveness of these policies. By revisiting the principles of Ibn Khaldun, this article offers the perspective that ideal wages should not only be measured by labor market needs but should also integrate principles of ethics, morality, and social responsibility. This integration is expected to strengthen worker welfare, increase national productivity, and maintain long-term economic stability. This study also provides a relevant philosophical framework for critiquing and reforming wage policies in Indonesia, with reference to the values of justice and welfare in classical Islamic economics.