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Data analysis is a fundamental stage in educational research because it determines the validity, credibility, and quality of research findings. The different philosophical paradigms underlying qualitative and quantitative approaches require distinct concepts, procedures, and analytical techniques. This study aims to examine the concepts, procedures, and implementation of data analysis in educational research using both qualitative and quantitative approaches. A literature review method was employed by analyzing books, scientific journal articles, and other relevant academic references related to educational research methodology. The findings indicate that qualitative data analysis emphasizes an interactive and iterative process involving data reduction, data display, conclusion drawing, and verification to produce credible and meaningful interpretations. In contrast, quantitative data analysis relies on systematic statistical procedures, including descriptive and inferential analyses, to test hypotheses, identify relationships among variables, and support objective decision-making. Although both approaches differ in their analytical orientation and techniques, they share the need for systematic, objective, valid, and rigorous procedures to ensure the accuracy and trustworthiness of research findings. Understanding these differences enables researchers to select analytical methods that are appropriate to their research objectives, designs, and data characteristics. This study contributes to a broader understanding of educational research methodology and provides practical guidance for researchers, educators, and university students in implementing effective and appropriate data analysis techniques.

This study aimed to increase students’ learning activeness and reduce boredom in Indonesian language lessons through the implementation of the Project Based Learning (PjBL) model for first-grade students at MI Ma’arif NU Bebekan. The research was conducted using an observation method during the learning process. The subjects of this study were first-grade students of MI Ma’arif NU Bebekan. Data were collected through observations of students’ activities, participation in learning, enthusiasm in completing projects, and responses during Indonesian language lessons. The observation results showed that the implementation of Project Based Learning had a positive impact on the learning process. Before the implementation of this model, some students appeared less active, easily bored, and less involved in classroom activities. After learning was carried out through project-based activities related to Indonesian language materials, students became more interested in participating in lessons, more confident in asking and answering questions, and more active in collaborating with their classmates to complete assignments. In addition, the learning atmosphere became more enjoyable because students were directly involved in activities connected to their daily experiences. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that the implementation of Project Based Learning was effective in increasing learning activeness and reducing boredom among first-grade students of MI Ma’arif NU Bebekan in Indonesian language lessons. This learning model can serve as an effective alternative for creating a more engaging, active, and meaningful learning experience for elementary school students.

This study discusses the concept of polygamy from the perspectives of Islamic law and positive law in Indonesia, focusing on the principles of justice and its impact on women and families. Polygamy is one of the issues in fiqh munakahat that continues to generate debate because it is considered closely related to patriarchal culture, gender inequality, and violence against women. This study aims to analyze the legal basis of polygamy in the Qur’an, the views of scholars of tafsir and fiqh regarding polygamy, as well as the regulation of polygamy in Indonesian legislation. This study employs a library research method with a normative-sociological approach. Data sources were obtained from books of tafsir, fiqh, hadith, Islamic legal literature, and laws and regulations related to marriage in Indonesia. The findings indicate that Islam permits polygamy under very strict conditions, particularly regarding the husband’s ability to act justly both materially and emotionally. However, justice in emotional aspects and affection is considered very difficult for ordinary people to achieve, as emphasized in Qur'an Surah An-Nisa verse 129. In Indonesian positive law, the primary principle of marriage is monogamy, while polygamy is only permitted under certain circumstances with administrative requirements and court approval. This study concludes that the practice of polygamy in the modern era should be understood contextually by considering aspects of public welfare (maslahah), the protection of women’s rights, family justice, and the primary objectives of Islamic law in establishing a harmonious family characterized by sakinah, mawaddah, and rahmah.             

Background:The digital transformation in education requires teachers to possess adequate competencies in utilizing technology to support innovative, interactive, and student-centered learning. However, the integration of digital platforms into classroom practices remains limited due to teachers’ varying levels of digital competence and experience. This community service program aimed to improve teachers’ competencies in utilizing digital platforms to support innovative learning implementation at SMAN 8 Banda Aceh. Methods:The program employed a participatory approach consisting of needs assessment, workshops, hands-on practice, mentoring, evaluation, and reflection activities. A total of 40 teachers from various subject areas participated in the program. The training materials included the use of Canva for developing digital learning media, Quizizz for gamified assessments, Google Workspace for collaborative learning, and Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies to assist in instructional material development and creative learning activities. Program evaluation was conducted through participant observation, assessment of digital learning products, satisfaction questionnaires, and reflective discussions. Results: The results showed that participants successfully produced 18 interactive presentations using Canva, 10 digital modules, 8 Quizizz-based quizzes, and 4 evaluation instruments using Google Forms. Furthermore, teachers demonstrated improved competencies in designing digital learning media, developing technology-based assessments, integrating digital platforms into instructional practices, and utilizing AI as a learning support tool. The high level of participation and enthusiasm among participants indicated the effectiveness of the program in strengthening teachers’ digital literacy and technological competencies. Conclusion: In conclusion, the community service program successfully enhanced teachers’ competencies in utilizing digital platforms to support innovative learning in schools.

The impact of sighar marriage on the younger generation from the perspective of Islamic law, social, and psychological. The main problem raised is the practice of marriage without dowry which places women as objects of exchange, thus ignoring their rights and causing the invalidity of the contract according to a number of scholars. The purpose of this study is to analyze the social, legal, and religious consequences of sighar marriage and its implications on the formation of children's identity and family resilience. The research method uses a literature study with a normative-comparative approach, referring to classical fiqh literature, hadith, and contemporary academic studies that compare the views of the Shafi'i, Maliki, Hanbali, and Hanafi schools. The results of the study show that nikah syighar has an impact on the neglect of women's rights, the normalization of objectification, household instability, the crisis of children's identity, and the weakening of family institutions. In addition, this practice is contrary to maqasid al-shari'ah, thus undermining the sacred value of marriage as worship and a means of moral development. These findings underscore the need for Islamic family law regulation and education to protect the younger generation from the practice of illegal and harmful marriage.

Within the framework of Islamic family law (fiqh munakahat), the issue of nusyuz plays a significant role, as it is closely related to maintaining harmony and stability in the marital relationship. Generally, nusyuz is often defined as a form of a wife’s disobedience toward her husband. However, Islamic jurisprudence acknowledges that nusyuz can also be committed by a husband if he fails to fulfill the rights, responsibilities, and obligations he owes to his wife, in accordance with the principles of Sharia. This study aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the concept of nusyuz in the context of family life, from the perspective of fiqh munakahat. The discussion covers the meaning and characteristics of nusyuz, its legal basis in Islamic sources, the factors contributing to its emergence, its various manifestations in married life, its implications for family relationships, and existing methods for addressing this issue. This study employs a literature review method supported by a descriptive qualitative approach, drawing on relevant literature from classical and contemporary Islamic legal sources. The results indicate that resolving issues of nusyuz should be approached through a gradual and constructive process, including counseling, dialogue, mediation, consultation, and reconciliation. These steps aim to restore mutual understanding and strengthen family unity. Therefore, raising awareness of each spouse’s rights and obligations is crucial to preventing nusyuz and creating a household filled with peace, love, mutual respect, and intimacy.

Religious values play an essential role in shaping students' character and behavior through the practice of faith, worship, and moral conduct in everyday life. This study aims to analyze the efforts of Islamic Religious Education teachers in improving students' religious values at Nurul Ilmi Islamic Elementary School, Pengabuan Village, Abab District, Penukal Abab Lematang Ilir Regency (PALI), as well as to identify the supporting and inhibiting factors encountered during the process. The study employed a qualitative approach with a descriptive method. Data were collected through observations, interviews, and documentation, while data analysis followed three stages: data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The findings reveal that teachers enhance students' religious values through several strategies, including habituation of worship practices, providing religious advice, serving as role models, utilizing school literacy media, and implementing the 5S culture (Smile, Greeting, Salutation, Politeness, and Courtesy). Supporting factors include the consistent implementation of religious programs, effective collaboration among teachers, parents, and the community, as well as adequate educational facilities. Meanwhile, the main obstacles include students' limited awareness of religious values, unfavorable social environments, insufficient cooperation between schools and families, the negative influence of technology and social media, and peer pressure. The study concludes that strengthening students' religious values requires continuous collaboration between schools, families, and communities, supported by consistent educational programs and exemplary teacher behavior to foster students' spiritual and moral development.

The Qur'an serves as the primary guidance for Muslims in achieving well-being in this world and the hereafter. Therefore, it must be recited correctly, as incorrect pronunciation may alter its intended meaning. Tajweed is the discipline that governs proper Qur'anic recitation. This study aims to examine the implementation of the Tuhfatul Athfal book in teaching tajweed and to evaluate its effectiveness in improving the Qur'an reading skills of eighth-grade students at SMP IT Al-Mumtaazah Pedamaran. This research employed a descriptive qualitative method. Data were collected from Qur'an and Tahfidz teachers as well as eighth-grade students through observation, interviews, and documentation. Primary data were obtained directly from participants, while secondary data were gathered from relevant literature and journals. Data were analyzed using data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. The findings indicate that the implementation of the Tuhfatul Athfal book was carried out systematically through several learning activities, including reciting the nadzham together at the beginning of each lesson, explaining tajweed rules, demonstrating the correct pronunciation of makhraj letters, and practicing Qur'anic recitation according to the tajweed principles studied. These activities enabled students to understand and apply the rules of tajweed more effectively. Furthermore, the use of the Tuhfatul Athfal book proved effective in improving students' Qur'an reading skills. It facilitated memorization of fundamental tajweed rules, enhanced students' comprehension of tajweed concepts, and supported a gradual and structured learning process. Overall, the Tuhfatul Athfal book serves as an effective instructional medium for strengthening tajweed mastery and improving the quality of Qur'anic recitation among junior high school students.

This study examines the role of congregational prayer habituation in internalizing students’ religious character at SMP Jam'iyyatut Tholibin. Congregational prayer serves not only as a form of worship but also as a strategy for instilling religious values through consistent practice. This field research employed a phenomenological approach with a qualitative descriptive method. Primary data were collected through interviews with the principal, Islamic Religious Education teachers, the vice principal for student affairs, and students, while secondary data were obtained from school documents and relevant literature. Data collection techniques included observation, interviews, and documentation, and the data were analyzed through reduction, presentation, and conclusion drawing, with validity ensured through source and technique triangulation. The findings show that the regular habituation of Duha and Dhuhr prayers, supported by Qur’an recitation, Asmaul Husna, and Morning Inspirational Stories (CIP), effectively strengthens students’ discipline, responsibility, worship obedience, humility, and solidarity. Although challenges such as limited student motivation and external environmental influences remain, continuous guidance, motivation, and teachers’ exemplary behavior effectively support the internalization process. Overall, integrating congregational prayer with complementary religious activities effectively promotes students’ religious character development.

This study aims to analyze the values of qana’ah (contentment and gratitude) in the novel Sepatu Dahlan by Khrisna Pabichara. This research employs a qualitative approach with a library research design. Data were collected through documentation techniques by analyzing the novel text and supported by relevant literature on Islamic values, character education, and literary studies. The data were analyzed using descriptive qualitative methods to identify and interpret the representation of qana’ah values portrayed in the main character. The results show that the value of qana’ah is reflected in Dahlan through acceptance of reality with sincerity, self-control over desires, patience in facing hardship, absence of envy, and constant gratitude despite economic limitations. These values are not only formed individually but are also strongly influenced by family education through parental role modeling, moral guidance, and everyday life experiences. Furthermore, the value of qana’ah presented in this novel is highly relevant for adolescents in the digital era, particularly in dealing with FOMO, materialistic tendencies, and consumerist lifestyles. Therefore, Sepatu Dahlan can serve as an effective medium for character education in fostering qana’ah, gratitude, resilience, and moral awareness among the younger generation.

This study aims to describe the management of the Tahfidz Al-Qur'an Program, identify the supporting and inhibiting factors in its implementation, and analyze its contribution to improving educational quality at SD Qurrota 'Ayun Kalibeber Wonosobo. A qualitative approach with a field research design was employed. Data were collected through observations, interviews, and documentation involving the principal, tahfidz coordinator, tahfidz teachers, classroom teachers, students, and parents. Data were analyzed using the Miles and Huberman model, including data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. The findings show that the Tahfidz Al-Qur'an Program has been systematically managed through the functions of planning, organizing, actuating, and controlling. Planning includes determining memorization targets, preparing the curriculum, scheduling activities, selecting learning methods, assigning qualified teachers, and establishing evaluation procedures. Organizing involves a clear distribution of responsibilities among school stakeholders and parents. Program implementation consists of tahsin, memorization submission, muraja'ah, and periodic evaluations, while monitoring is conducted through memorization assessments, evaluation meetings, and progress reports to parents. Supporting factors include the principal’s commitment, competent tahfidz teachers, parental involvement, and a religious school environment. Inhibiting factors include differences in students’ abilities, limited muraja'ah at home, time constraints, and fluctuating learning motivation. The program contributes to educational quality by strengthening religious character, improving academic achievement, fostering school discipline, and increasing public trust in the institution.

This study aimed to describe the implementation of student management models in improving student discipline at TK Islam Baiturrahman Jombang, Ciputat, South Tangerang. This research used a qualitative approach with a descriptive method. The research subjects consisted of the principal, teachers, students, and parents. Data were collected through observation, interviews, and documentation, while data analysis used the Miles and Huberman model. The results showed that the implementation of student management was carried out through disciplinary habituation, supervision, teacher role modeling, and collaboration with parents. The forms of discipline applied included time discipline, behavioral discipline, learning discipline, and worship discipline. Supporting factors included a conducive school environment and consistent habituation, while inhibiting factors included differences in student characteristics and lack of discipline habituation at home.

The contemporary moral crisis, marked by the prevalence of hoaxes, corruption, intolerance, and hedonism, demands a strategic response from the Islamic tradition. This research aims to actualize Prophet Muhammad's (PBUH) moral exemplariness as a strategy for strengthening Muslim character. Using a qualitative literature review method with a thematic-integrative approach, this study analyzes primary sources (the Quran, authentic hadiths, classical Islamic texts) and secondary sources (national and international academic journals). The findings identify five dimensions of Prophetic exemplariness (siddiq, amanah, rahmah, zuhud, hikmah) that directly correspond to 24 character strengths in Peterson and Seligman's Values in Action (VIA) framework. This research formulates four actualization strategies: internalization through contemporary Sufism, behavioral modeling (uswah fi'liyah), moral community reinforcement (al-biah al-shalihah), and Islamic digital literacy. The primary contribution of this research is an integrative model linking Prophetic moral values with modern character psychology, supplemented by an integration table mapping moral crises, Prophetic values, and character-strengthening strategies. This model is intended to serve as an operational framework for Islamic educational institutions, families, and Muslim communities in addressing moral crises systematically and evidence-based.

Agrarian conflict remains one of the most persistent issues in Indonesia, particularly involving indigenous communities, government institutions, and private corporations. This study aims to analyze the dynamics of agrarian conflict, the role of agenda control in policymaking, and the effectiveness of conflict resolution between the Soge Natarmage and Goban Runut-Tana Ai Indigenous Communities and PT Kristus Raja Maumere (Krisrama) in Nangahale Village, Sikka Regency. This research employed a qualitative approach using a case study method. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, observation, and document analysis, and were analyzed using the interactive model of Miles, Huberman, and Saldaña. The findings reveal that the conflict is rooted in competing claims between the company's formal Land Cultivation Rights (Hak Guna Usaha/HGU) and the indigenous communities’ historical claims over customary land. The conflict resolution process has been largely dominated by a legal-formal approach that prioritizes HGU legality, while the recognition of indigenous land rights has received limited attention. The study further identifies the presence of agenda control and nondecision making practices that influence the direction of conflict resolution policies. Moreover, mediation efforts have not adequately addressed the root causes of the conflict because they remain focused on administrative and legal aspects rather than the social, cultural, and historical dimensions of indigenous communities. The study concludes that sustainable agrarian conflict resolution requires a more inclusive, participatory, and equitable approach through the recognition of indigenous rights and the involvement of all stakeholders in policymaking processes.

Digital transformation in public services has encouraged government institutions to develop technology-based services, including the Online Police Record Certificate (SKCK) service at Kupang City Regional Police Resort. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the Online SKCK service as an administrative requirement at the Kupang City Regional Police Resort. The research employed a qualitative approach with a descriptive method. Data were collected through observation, interviews, and document analysis involving service officers and users of the Online SKCK service. Data were analyzed using an interactive model consisting of data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. The findings indicate that the Online SKCK service has improved accessibility, service efficiency, and transparency through the implementation of the PRESISI POLRI application. Based on the effectiveness indicators, namely program understanding, target accuracy, timeliness, goal achievement, and real change, the service can be categorized as moderately effective. Target accuracy and real change emerged as the strongest indicators, while program understanding and timeliness still face several challenges, including limited digital literacy among users, application system disruptions, and data verification issues. Nevertheless, the Online SKCK service has provided significant benefits in supporting the modernization of public services. The study concludes that improving system quality, strengthening public outreach, and developing a more integrated service system are necessary to optimize the effectiveness of the Online SKCK service at the Kupang City Regional Police Resort.

The fast fashion industry has actually become the second largest contributor to textile waste in the world due to rapid production cycles, high consumer demand, and the use of synthetic materials that are difficult to biodegrade. This phenomenon causes serious environmental impacts such as water pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, accumulation of solid waste, and microplastic pollution that threatens marine ecosystems. In Indonesia, although environmental regulations such as Law Number 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management and Law Number 18 of 2008 concerning Waste Management exist, the implementation of fast fashion waste management still faces various obstacles. This study aims to analyze the implementation of waste management regulations in the fast fashion industry in Indonesia and to examine why the Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) mechanism is necessary as a legal instrument for textile waste management. The method used is normative juridical with an ecological approach, utilizing primary and secondary legal materials, as well as qualitative-descriptive and comparative analysis with France, the Netherlands, and Sweden. The findings reveal four main legal gaps: the absence of a definition for post-consumer textile waste, the lack of a binding take-back mechanism for producers, weak fiscal instruments supporting EPR, and the absence of ecodesign obligations. The implication of this study highlights the need for regulatory reconstruction that specifically addresses the responsibility of fast fashion producers throughout the product life cycle to achieve more effective and sustainable waste management.               

Based on the current existing conditions, Perumnas IV frequently experiences challenges in both the maintenance of its facilities and infrastructure and the perception of its residents. This study aims to: 1) Determine the morphology and typology of the Perumnas IV Padang Bulan area, 2) Determine the level of feasibility of the infrastructure based on SNI 03-1733-2004, and 3) Determine public perception of the infrastructure based on existing conditions and research analysis results. The research method used by the author in this study is a mixed method using an Explanatory Sequential Design approach and a comparative approach. The difference in feasibility percentages between SNI and public perceptions explains that residents have become accustomed to living with the existing facilities and infrastructure, so that the suitability between existing conditions and applicable technical requirements is not a problem in daily life.

The empowerment of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) is a strategic effort to enhance the capacity and independence of business actors in supporting sustainable economic development. However, based on data from Rumah BUMN Aceh Utara, out of a total of 413 assisted MSMEs, only 9.16% have successfully upgraded their business status, while 90.84% have not yet done so. This study aims to describe MSME empowerment through the assistance program of Rumah BUMN Aceh Utara and to identify its supporting and inhibiting factors. This research employs a qualitative method with a descriptive approach. Data were collected through interviews, observations, and documentation involving Rumah BUMN managers and MSME actors, and were analyzed using the interactive model of Miles and Huberman. The results show that MSME empowerment in Rumah BUMN Aceh Utara is based on Suharto’s theory, which consists of three main approaches, namely empowering through training and mentoring that contributes to the improvement of business actors’ capacities, protecting through business legality facilitation, and supporting through the provision of production facilities, packaging machines, access to capital, promotion, and MSME gallery facilities, although these have not yet been fully optimized. The supporting factors of MSME empowerment include institutional support, technological development, and MSME participation, while the inhibiting factors include limited human resources, limited funding, and low participation of some MSME actors. This study emphasizes the importance of improving the quality of mentoring, optimizing the utilization of facilities, and increasing MSME participation to support the sustainability of empowerment programs.

Background: The elderly are a vulnerable group requiring special attention, particularly regarding degenerative diseases like hypertension. In Melinggih Village, there are around 250 elderly residents, but participation in village activities is very low (only 57 are active). The main issues include limited information on degenerative diseases, a lack of skills in preparing traditional medicine, and weak cadre capacity in designing productive activities. Based on these conditions, this community service program (PKM) was implemented to improve the quality of life, health, independence, and productivity of the elderly, supporting the Indonesia Emas 2045 Vision and SDGs targets. Method: The research team partnered with the elderly group. Implemented solutions included education on degenerative diseases, training in making celery-based herbal drinks using Balinese local wisdom to lower hypertension, cadre mentoring, and elderly gymnastics. The program concluded with a comprehensive evaluation of participants' knowledge and skills. Results: Active activities were structured to increase elderly productivity: 1) Elderly gymnastics, educational activities, and active mentoring were conducted with the PKM team, cadres, and elderly in Melinggih Village regarding hypertension, resulting in increased knowledge and skills in managing elderly hypertension. 2) The elderly learned to make herbal drinks from celery. 3) Health cadres appeared active and collaborated well with the PKM team. Conclusion: Education on degenerative diseases, specifically hypertension, went well, successfully increasing cadres' and the elderly's understanding of their conditions to optimize health awareness. Training on traditional medicine preparation, specifically making celery drinks to lower hypertension, also progressed successfully.

This study aims to examine the role of religious moderation education in shaping the professional ethics of moderate Muslim accountants. Amid recurring cases of financial statement manipulation, collusion with clients, and unethical pressure in the accounting profession, a strong moral foundation is needed that goes beyond mere compliance with technical standards. This research uses a literature review method, analyzing books, related journals, and articles concerning religious moderation, Islamic professional ethics, and accounting ethics codes. The findings show that the four pillars of religious moderation, namely national commitment, tolerance, an anti-violence attitude, and accommodation of local cultural values, are closely aligned with the core principles of the accountant's code of ethics, namely integrity, objectivity, professional competence and due care, confidentiality, and professional behavior. Moreover, these pillars correspond with the spirit of Moderate Islam, namely tawassuth, i'tidal, tasamuh, musyawarah, ishlah, qudwah, muwathohah, and tawazun. This study concludes that strengthening religious moderation education, particularly through Al-Islam and Kemuhammadiyahan (AIK) courses in higher education, plays a strategic role in producing accountants who are principled yet not rigid, compliant with regulations yet humanist in professional practice