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In everyday life, agreements are frequently made without written documentation, especially in informal social interactions and economic activities. This raises important legal questions regarding the validity of verbal agreements. In Indonesia, the legal status of such agreements is governed by the Civil Code (KUHPerdata), particularly Article 1320, which outlines the requirements for the validity of an agreement. This article stipulates that an agreement must fulfill four conditions: consent, the capability of the parties, a certain subject matter, and a lawful cause. Despite the absence of written documentation, verbal agreements are considered legally valid in Indonesia as long as they meet these four requirements. The primary challenge, however, lies in the difficulty of proving the existence and terms of verbal agreements, particularly in cases of dispute. Since oral contracts lack physical evidence, parties involved may face difficulties in substantiating their claims in court. This makes verbal agreements vulnerable to legal challenges, as the burden of proof falls on the party asserting the agreement. In light of these challenges, it is advisable for parties involved in significant transactions or agreements to document their commitments in writing. A written agreement provides clear evidence of the terms and conditions agreed upon by the parties and serves as a safeguard in case of legal disputes. Although verbal agreements can hold legal weight, having written records is considered a better practice for ensuring legal protection and preventing potential conflicts. This study concludes that while verbal agreements are legally valid under Indonesian civil law, their enforceability can be compromised by the lack of written documentation, making written agreements a more secure option for all parties involved.

Advances in information technology-based financial services are beginning to follow suit, in the form of peer-to-peer lending, which provides easy access to loans without the need for conventional financial institutions. However, this convenience brings new challenges, particularly regarding the protection of users' personal data. Many platform providers access excessive amounts of sensitive information, such as contacts, photos, and other personal data, which can be misused to the detriment of borrowers. Therefore, this study aims to identify and analyze regulations related to personal data protection, particularly in the field of peer-to-peer lending services in Indonesia. It also analyzes the role of financial institutions, namely the Financial Services Authority (OJK), in addressing potential violations committed by platform providers. Using a normative legal approach, the study shows that despite the existence of these regulations, implementation in the field is suboptimal, particularly in terms of monitoring illegal platforms. Furthermore, challenges to oversight include limited resources and a lack of digital literacy among the public, which results in many users not fully understanding the risks of sharing their personal data. This study also highlights the importance of collaboration between the OJK, the Ministry of Communication and Information Technology, and law enforcement agencies to strengthen oversight mechanisms and take action against violations. In addition, extensive public education regarding personal data security is needed to encourage greater vigilance in using digital services. Personal data protection must be a top priority in the development of financial technology to prevent privacy violations. Strict regulations and effective sanctions are expected to provide a deterrent effect and create a healthy and equitable fintech ecosystem in Indonesia. This study also recommends that the government accelerate harmonization between the Personal Data Protection Law (PDP Law) and financial services sector regulations, particularly regarding service providers' transparency obligations in managing consumer data.  

This study aims to identify various types of hazards found in the Apron of Juanda International Airport Surabaya and analyze their impact on flight operational safety. The apron is a vital area in aviation activities because it is a parking lot for aircraft, the process of boarding and dropping passengers, loading and unloading cargo, and light maintenance activities. The existence of potential hazards in this area can have a direct effect on flight safety if not handled properly. The research method used was qualitative descriptive with data collection techniques through field observations, interviews with apron officers, and documentation during the implementation of On The Job Training. The data obtained is then analyzed to identify potential hazards and evaluate the level of risk. The results of the study show that there are still hazard findings in the apron area, including Foreign Object Damage (FOD) in the form of foreign objects that have the potential to damage aircraft engines, oil or fuel spills that can cause fires, the presence of wild animals in the aircraft movement area, Ground Support Equipment (GSE) that is parked out of place so as to interfere with aircraft movement, and marshalls who do not use Complete Personal Protective Equipment (PPE).  This problem is caused by the weak supervision of the Apron Movement Control (AMC) unit and the low awareness of personnel in implementing a work safety culture. Based on these findings, the author prepared mitigation measures in accordance with the guidelines of Doc 9859 AN/474 concerning the Safety Management Manual, including increasing supervision, enforcing safety standards, and periodic training for all apron personnel. It is hoped that the results of this study can be an evaluation reference for airport management to strengthen the supervision system, reduce the risk of accidents in the apron area, and build a better and sustainable work safety culture.

The research departs from educational problems in Islamic boarding schools with distinctive educational characteristics and the diversity of cultural backgrounds of students. So researchers are interested in conducting a more in-depth analysis of a harmonious environment despite having students with diverse cultural backgrounds. The purpose of the study is to identify; 1) the characteristics of multicultural Islamic education planning, 2) the characteristics of organizing multicultural Islamic education, 3) Identification of the characteristics of implementing multicultural Islamic education, 4) Identification of the characteristics of supervision of multicultural Islamic education, 5) Analysis of the impact of the characteristics of multicultural Islamic education management in producing moderate students. The research framework departs from theory of multicultural education management in Islamic boarding schools which includes; planning, organizing, implementing, and supervising educational programs in Islamic boarding schools. Managing the elements of education in Islamic boarding schools in; objectives, values, curriculum, teaching methods and facilities and funds, carried out by the Kiyai Ustadz Santri Manager will have an impact on the attitude of religious moderation in students with indications of national commitment, tolerance, anti-violence, accommodating to local culture. This study used a qualitative approach, using ethnography. Data collection techniques are carried out through interviews, observations, and documentation analysis. Data analysis technique uses the Miles and Huberman analysis technique. The validity test is carried out with data validity by conducting tests; on credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability. Results of the study found that the characteristics of multicultural education management in Islamic boarding schools: First, Planning in the form of a curriculum containing multicultural values, involving various elements of the Islamic boarding school through deliberation and open meetings of curriculum preparation studies, integrating the madrasah curriculum with Islamic boarding school. Second, organizing; there is empowerment in fostering Islamic boarding schools, Conventional traditional systems, and Guidance patterns depending on the figure of kiai, the existence of organizational work procedures. Third, Implementation of education is carried out; structured through learning classification, planned, organized, and evaluated with the basic pattern of Islamic boarding school education, internalized in attitudes, methods, and exemplary behavior of the kiai. Fourth, Supervision of learning through assessment of learning of multicultural values, Tests are contextual and comprehensive. Fifth, impact of the characteristics of multicultural Islamic education management in producing students who are able to act in the middle by prioritizing Islamic brotherhood and basyariyah, are tolerant for the sake of realizing Islam rahmatan lil aalamiin.

This study discusses the legal reconstruction of the authority of the Ombudsman of the Republic of Indonesia (ORI) after the Constitutional Court (MK) Decision Number 62/PUU-VIII/2010, with a focus on advocacy based on pseudo/quasi principles. The Ombudsman, as an independent state institution, plays a role in supervising the implementation of public services to prevent and deal with maladministration. However, the existence of Article 43 of Law Number 37 of 2008 concerning the Ombudsman and the Constitutional Court's decision creates the potential for norm inharmonization that has an impact on the implementation of the Ombudsman's duties. This study analyzes two main things: legal certainty on the authority of the Ombudsman after the Constitutional Court's decision and legal reconstruction to strengthen the supervisory function of public services. The results show that the pseudo/quasi principle allows the Ombudsman to carry out an advocacy function similar to the judiciary, but without full executive power such as the judiciary. Legal certainty is needed to ensure that the Ombudsman's actions remain within the limits of the authority regulated by law. Legal reconstruction is suggested to provide stronger legitimacy to the Ombudsman's authority, including strengthening the recommendation aspect to be more binding and implementive. This reconstruction also includes increasing institutional capacity, coordination between agencies, and strengthening regulations that support supervisory functions that are more responsive to the needs of the community. Thus, this research contributes to the development of public service law, especially related to the role of the Ombudsman in realizing transparent, accountable, and fair services.

Illegal logging is a form of environmental crime that has a serious impact on forest destruction, loss of biodiversity, and disruption of ecosystem balance. This study aims to analyze law enforcement efforts against illegal logging practices in the Kwala Serapuh Village Forest area. The method used in this study is an empirical juridical approach with data collection through interviews, field observations, and documentation. The results of the study show that despite the existence of regulations governing forest protection, law enforcement still faces various obstacles such as weak supervision, limited resources of law enforcement officials, and the involvement of individuals in these illegal practices. Efforts made include taking action against perpetrators, increasing patrols, and empowering communities around the forest. However, the effectiveness of law enforcement still needs to be improved through inter-institutional synergy, strengthening the capacity of the apparatus, and increasing community participation. This study concludes that law enforcement against illegal logging in the Kwala Serapuh Village Forest is still not optimal and requires a more comprehensive approach.

The retail industry is one of the choices for people to fulfill their needs. With the dynamics of the retail industry that had slumped, one of the local retailers in Yogyakarta, Pamella Supermarket, became the favorite choice of the people of Yogyakarta. One of the Pamella Supermarket branches, Pamella 9 Supermarket Wonosari, is always crowded with customers and its existence absorbs the youth workforce of Gunungkidul area. The existence of competition in this industry requires many supporting factors to survive.  In this study, several important factors are examined, including work motivation, work environment, work experience and employee loyalty. This study aims to analyze the simultaneous influence of work motivation, work environment and work experience on employee loyalty at the Pamella 9 supermarket in Wonosari. The research data was collected from 60 respondents through interviews and questionnaires. To analyze the data obtained, multiple linear regression techniques were used and processed with SPSS version 27.The results showed some important conclusions: first, work motivation did not have a significant influence; second, the work environment had a positive and significant influence; third, work experience also had a positive and significant influence; fourth, overall, work motivation, work environment and work experience had a significant effect on employee loyalty at Pamella 9 Supermarket in Wonosari.

Education is the learning of knowledge, skills, and habits of a group of people that are passed down from one generation to the next through teaching, training, or research. Education often occurs under the guidance of others, but is also possible autodidactically. The etymology of the word Education comes from the Latin "Educare" which means "to educate" or to nurture, learning motivation is the desire that arises in students that causes learning activities to occur. The existence of learning motivation will ensure the sustainability of learning activities and provide direction to learning activities so that the goals desired by the learning subject can be achieved. And intrinsic value refers to the actual and fundamental value of a learning, and intrinsic value is used in learning in the formation of student values ​​in the ongoing learning process, in this study involved 306 student respondents from all over the Jabodetabek area with the value of the regression test measured into the coefficient b result of 0.286 for every 1% addition it will increase by 1,060 which is measured in the regression value equation Y = 0.286 - 1.060 and also the criteria for adding ha at 0.000 which means less than 0.05 which means there is no significance in the regression test properly.

Auctions in Indonesia serve a dual function not only as a mechanism for buying and selling to obtain optimal prices, but also as a legal enforcement tool that reflects both the public and private aspects of the auction process. This study aims to analyze the legal standing of the auction minutes deed (akta risalah lelang) in providing legal certainty for auction winners, particularly concerning ownership of vehicles resulting from the execution of state-confiscated assets. This study employs a normative approach, which examines law as a set of norms applicable within society and functions as a guideline for individual behavior. In this context, the auction minutes deed is regarded as an authentic deed; however, its existence does not automatically serve as legitimate proof of ownership for the winning bidder. Nevertheless, the deed still ensures legal certainty by demonstrating the good faith of the buyer and can serve as the legal basis for transferring vehicle ownership documents, proof of the sales transaction, and valid legal evidence.

Literature is born from the human desire to express their existence, which is closely related to the relationship between individuals and with the reality of life. A literary work contains specific intentions and purposes set by the author. Therefore, all aspects of a literary work originate from the author, who plays a crucial role in generating creative ideas that are expressed through their writings.In line with technological advancements, literature has also undergone transformation. One of the indicators of this progress is the emergence of intersemiotic transfer or adaptation, namely the process of changing the medium through which a literary work is presented, such as from text to audiovisual or film. In this context, the researcher examines the adaptation process from novel to film as the object of study.The object of this research is the novel The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald, which was later adapted into a film by director Baz Luhrmann, released in 2013 under the same title. The novel portrays the life of the American upper class during the 1920s, an era often referred to as the Roaring Twenties.This study uses a descriptive qualitative method. Qualitative research aims to describe and analyze social phenomena and activities found in the research object. The data were collected through reading, observing, and note-taking techniques, involving both the novel and the film script. In total, the researcher collected 12 data points from the analysis of the novel and its film adaptation.

The diversity of cultural preferences among students creates interesting communication dynamics in the scope of friendship on campus. Using descriptive qualitative research with an ethnographic approach, this study aims to find out how students who are fans of popular culture (Korean and Japanese) and local culture (Javanese) negotiate their cultural identity. Through participatory observation and interviews conducted with three informants, the results showed the existence of openness, adaptation, and the tendency of functional biculturalism. So that intercultural communication can take place harmoniously and support the formation of a flexible multicultural identity.

Javanese culture is a product of the community’s collective thought, expressed through traditions that have been preserved over generations. However, cultural practices may face decline due to the pressures of modernization and changing times. Therefore, efforts to preserve and sustain cultural heritage are essential. One method of cultural transmission is through traditional practices. The Ngirim Banyu tradition at Sumber Genitri, Claket Village, represents a form of semi-oral folklore that is still regularly performed by the local community in Claket Village, Pacet District, Mojokerto Regency. This tradition is carried out as an expression of gratitude to God Almighty for the blessings received, particularly the natural spring that sustains the village. This study aims to explore the origins, procedures, ritual components (ubarampe), symbolic meanings, functions, transformations, and preservation efforts related to the Ngirim Banyu tradition at Sumber Genitri. The research also seeks to broaden the researcher’s perspective, knowledge, and experience concerning the existence of local traditions. The theoretical framework used in this study includes concepts of folklore, symbolism and meaning, belief systems, cultural functions, cultural change, and cultural preservation strategies.

A constitutional offense constitutes a violation of the fundamental norms enshrined in the constitution, committed by public officials or state institutions. Such violations are not only political in nature but also carry juridical dimensions closely related to criminal law. This article aims to examine the existence and urgency of regulating constitutional offenses from two main perspectives: constitutional law and criminal law. The research employs a normative juridical approach, emphasizing conceptual analysis and relevant legal regulations. This study also highlights the necessity of integrating constitutional mechanisms with criminal law enforcement to establish a system of accountability that is fair, proportional, and upholds the rule of law. Harmonizing these two areas of law is crucial to preserving the supremacy of the constitution in the practice of state governance.

This study aims to analyze the impact of the existence of a village website as a medium for public services and information in Ginolat Village, Sianjur Mula-Mula Subdistrict, Samosir Regency. The research employed a descriptive qualitative method with data collected through interviews, observations, and documentation. Informants were selected using purposive sampling and consisted of the village head, village officials, members of the Village Consultative Body (BPD), and community members. The results show that the Ginolat Village government does not yet have a digital information system such as a website and still relies on manual methods for delivering public services and information. As a result, residents must visit the village office in person to obtain services and access information. Therefore, this study recommends that the village government allocate funding for the development of a village website, which is expected to be a strategic solution to improve service quality, transparency, accountability, and community participation, and to support the realization of good village governance.  

Digital nomad is one of the jobs that utilizes the existence of information technology, apart from being easy to do without being bound by time and place, this job also provides a pretty good result.  The existence of this digital nomad is able to have a fairly good impact on modern society by opening up quite extensive employment opportunities. In addition to this, regulations are needed that are able to accommodate all provisions regarding digital nomads, so that digital nomad actors get their rights as laborers. Thus, the problem studied is related to how the role of Law No. 1 of 2024 concerning the Second Amendment to Law No. 11 of 2008 concerning Electronic Information and Transactions. Thus, it can see the existence and role of these regulations which should explicitly regulate. The research method in this paper uses normative juridical research. With this research, it will be facilitated in monitoring the existence of digital nomads and the fulfillment of the rights of digital nomad actors.

This study aims to measure the effectiveness of packaging label design and promotional media (brochures) in increasing brand awareness of the WOW SUKE kefir milk and ice cream products. The method used is a Brand Lift Study, conducted through surveys with 53 respondents before and after exposure to the promotional materials. The results show a significant increase in brand awareness, from 21.1% before exposure to 49.1% after, indicating a growth of 132.7%. The brand recall rate reached 98.1%, meaning the majority of respondents immediately recalled the WOW SUKE brand when thinking of kefir milk. However, brand recognition was only 49.1%, with 50.9% of respondents still unfamiliar with or uncertain about the brand's existence. Visual design elements—such as colors, imagery, and information layout—were rated very positively by most respondents, suggesting that clear and attractive visual communication can effectively enhance brand perception. In conclusion, the study demonstrates that well-crafted packaging and promotional materials significantly improve brand awareness. Nevertheless, further improvements in communication strategy and promotional distribution, particularly through digital channels, are necessary to broaden audience reach and strengthen brand recognition.

Individual candidates are one of the nomination paths other than political parties that use public support as a prerequisite for being appointed as regional head candidates. Individual candidates are often referred to as democratic paths or grassroots paths because candidates who are successfully appointed truly come from public support that has been verified with certainty through factual verification. Individual candidates are also often seen as a solution to the high political dowries and the phenomena of corruption, collusion and nepotism that arise from the failure of political parties to carry out their function as the people's dignity. However, their existence has always been discredited by political parties, especially since the change in the nomination threshold by political parties which was decided in the Constitutional Court decision 60/PUU-XXII/2024. This literature study examines the potential presence of individual candidates in reducing political dowries and corruption which is also useful for upholding democracy with people's sovereignty. Therefore, it is necessary to consider reducing the threshold for support for individual candidates to balance the political battle of regional elections. By highlighting individual candidates as tough political opponents, it will trigger changes in the structure and working mechanisms of political parties in order to gain the sympathy of the people that has been lost over the past few decades

Literature is born from the human desire to express their existence, which is closely related to the relationship between individuals and with the reality of life. A literary work contains specific intentions and purposes set by the author. Therefore, all aspects of a literary work originate from the author, who plays a crucial role in generating creative ideas that are expressed through their writings.In line with technological advancements, literature has also undergone transformation. One of the indicators of this progress is the emergence of intersemiotic transfer or adaptation, namely the process of changing the medium through which a literary work is presented, such as from text to audiovisual or film. In this context, the researcher examines the adaptation process from novel to film as the object of study.The object of this research is the novel The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald, which was later adapted into a film by director Baz Luhrmann, released in 2013 under the same title. The novel portrays the life of the American upper class during the 1920s, an era often referred to as the Roaring Twenties.This study uses a descriptive qualitative method. Qualitative research aims to describe and analyze social phenomena and activities found in the research object. The data were collected through reading, observing, and note-taking techniques, involving both the novel and the film script. In total, the researcher collected 12 data points from the analysis of the novel and its film adaptation.

The existence of clean water is very important because clean water is a basic need for human life and the environment. The availability of abundant clean water is certainly an indicator of welfare, public health, and environmental sustainability. The Surakarta City Regional Drinking Water Company as a provider of clean water services to the community is carried out in accordance with applicable regulations in order to realize clean water services that are decent, equitable, and sustainable. This study aims to determine the role of the Surakarta City Regional Drinking Water Company in implementing the provision of clean water to meet the needs of the community. This research method uses an empirical legal research method. Based on the results of the study, it shows that the implementation of drinking water provision by the Surakarta City Regional Drinking Water Company is not entirely fair and equitable to the community. This is influenced by several obstacles faced, including unstable water quality, less than optimal water continuity, damage to water pumps, and leaks in the pipe network.

The purpose of this study is to determine the construction and existence of Islamic educational management science. The research conducted is descriptive in nature where researchers collect words not in the form of a series of numbers for this study which in essence these words can provide a description or present existing problems and problem solving. The data analysis used is by analyzing the content, where the analysis emphasizes more on describing the contents of various existing propositions that are born from various theories and previous analyses conducted by other researchers. The results of the study indicate that the construction of science or the order of science is certainly related to several understandings about how someone seeks knowledge. The construction of the Islamic education system refers to the process of planning, organizing, and implementing various components and strategies of education based on the principles and values of Islamic teachings. The existence of Islamic Education Management shows that Islamic Education Management really exists and its existence is recognized in real terms by society. Existence Islamic educational management science focuses on governance actions that are considered not yet fully implemented by Islamic educational institutions, for example the concept of transparency and integrity. Theoretically, the discussion can be shifted to Islamic education science or to Islamic studies rather than directly to holy verses that can be dogmatic