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Women in the village government in Wewiku District, Malaka Regency in 2013, the number of Lamea Village officials is more dominant than Seserai, Lorotolus and Alkani villages. Therefore, the main problem raised in this study is to find out why the number of women in the Lamea Village government structure is more dominant than other villages and how the leadership patterns of female village heads and village officials are in organizing village government in Lamea Village, Wewiku District. The method used in this study is a qualitative description using a descriptive case study method. The results of the study indicate that the reason for the dominance of women in the government structure in Lamea Village is because female leaders have high intelligence, have a vision and mission and are able to communicate the vision and mission well, and have high communication skills. In addition, the myth that women are not able to lead, therefore it is necessary to empower women, fight for gender equality, a balanced division of roles and functions between men and women, feel more comfortable and compatible with women. While in the pattern of female leadership, not everything is running optimally. Other findings from this study are: the concept of listening from ema tetun is hanono, rona malu, loke tilun no neon laran hodi rona sasa maak ema dale mai ita. The approaches used are hamata, kalalan and mon metan. The concept of empathy according to ema tetun is nu'u dar, nu'u kmesak, hanesan, manesak which means feeling the same fate and suffering. The approaches used are haklaran malu, hanoin malu, hadomi malu, sudi hamutu. The concept of the ability to serve according to ema tetun is haliku. The approaches used are tu'an malu, tulun malu, hakneter haktaek. The symbols used are tanasak, kabir, tais feto and tais mane. The concept of commitment to human growth according to ema tetun is neon metin. The approaches used are meno malu and hala'ok. The concept of building humans according to ema tetun is hader renu, foti renu. The approaches used are karian hamutu and hakawak

This study analyzes the mechanism of inter-regional cooperation in managing TransJatim as a sustainable public transportation system in East Java. Using a qualitative approach and literature study, the study identified three main aspects: (1) a multi-level collaboration model between the provincial government and five regencies/cities (Surabaya, Gresik, Mojokerto, Lamongan, Bangkalan) regulated through Governor Regulation No. 15/2018 and inter-regional MoU; (2) four main obstacles including policy asymmetry, fiscal inequality, technological disparity, and local political dynamics; and (3) strengthening strategies through five pillars: institutional consolidation, regulatory harmonization, financing strengthening, digital transformation, and capacity building. The findings show that the effectiveness of current collaboration is hampered by the lack of an authorized joint management institution and a clear accountability system. The study recommends the establishment of an independent TransJatim Management Agency, the preparation of integrated SOPs, a sustainable financing system, and an integrated digital platform to support the achievement of SDGs (especially goals 11 and 13) in sustainable transportation. The strategy implementation is proposed in three stages: preparation (1 year), transition (2 years), and full operation.

This study aims to determine and evaluate the BPJS Health Service Policy in the VIP Room of Edelweiss, Dr. M. M. Dunda Limboto Regional General Hospital, Gorontalo Regency. The research method used is qualitative descriptive. The results of the study indicate that several indicators of the effectiveness of the BPJS Health service policy in the VIP Room of Edelweiss, Dr. M. M. Dunda Limboto Regional General Hospital have not been running optimally. In terms of effectiveness, the administrative procedures are still considered unclear and not easy by patients and families, especially with the time limit for processing BPJS only 3 x 24 hours. The adequacy indicator is running quite well, but administrative information is only delivered verbally without written support, so patients or their families often have to ask again for the information needed. In terms of equality, although there are differences in facilities and comfort between the VIP room and the general care room, equality in processing BPJS administration is maintained. Responsiveness is considered good; administrative officers are considered fast and precise in providing solutions to obstacles faced by patients. However, in the accuracy indicator, some informants felt that the time given for administrative management was not yet in accordance with needs, especially for patient families who live far away or have other activities. This indicates the need for a re-evaluation of the time provisions and the delivery of more complete and written information.

Human rights and Islam both emphasize the value of justice and well-being for all individuals, including women. However, in practice, women's rights are often hampered by patriarchal culture and conservative religious interpretations. This study aims to analyze how human rights and Islam can work in harmony in guaranteeing women's rights. Using a qualitative method based on literature study, this research identifies various factors that cause discrimination against women, such as gender bias in religious interpretations and entrenched social norms. The results show that realizing gender equality in Islam requires inclusive education, fairer reinterpretation of Islamic law, policy reforms that protect women, as well as economic empowerment and women's participation in leadership. With these steps, women can obtain their full rights without erroneous cultural and religious barriers.

This study aims to analyze the normative provisions regarding women's inheritance rights in three legal systems applicable in Indonesia, namely Islamic law, customary law, and civil law. These three systems have different legal bases, values, and mechanisms in regulating inheritance rights, especially regarding the position and rights of women as heirs. Islamic law determines women's inheritance shares based on the provisions of the Qur'an and Al-Hadith or As Sunnah with the principle of proportionality according to socio-economic responsibilities in the family. On the other hand, customary law is highly dependent on the local kinship system, whether patrilineal, matrilineal, or bilateral, which causes great variation in granting inheritance rights to women. Meanwhile, civil law originating from the Civil Code emphasizes equality between men and women in inheritance rights, without gender differentiation. This study uses a normative legal approach with a qualitative analysis method on primary and secondary legal materials. The results of the study show that although normatively civil law and several customary law systems provide space for equality, in social practice and cultural interpretation of women in obtaining inheritance rights, harmonization between legal systems is still needed, as well as increasing legal awareness in society for women. This study also emphasizes the importance of strengthening the role of the state and law enforcement officers in implementing inheritance rights for women.

The dispute case between Gakoptas and PT Torus Ganda caused problems. PT Torganda illegally controlled Gakoptas land which caused a conflict, as a result a farmer was injured. This study aims to determine the causal factors and resolution strategies in the dispute case between Gakoptas and PT Torganda. This study uses a normative juridical method with the sources of materials used in the form of secondary, primary and tertiary sources. The results of this study state that the causal factors of the conflict are due to the land administration system, inequality in the distribution of land ownership, legality of land ownership and economic motives. The resolution strategy can be carried out by executing the Supreme Court's decision, land redistribution through agrarian reform, land controlled by PT Torganda is returned to Gakoptas, economic recovery and sanctions.

  This study aims to analyze student activities and learning outcomes in the learning of Spermatophyta sub-material through practicum activities based on Exploring the Environment at SMP Negeri 4 Manado. The background of this study is based on the need for a contextual approach to biology learning and being able to increase student engagement actively. The method used was quantitative descriptive research with survey techniques, involving 20 grade VII students and 2 science teachers as respondents. The research instrument consisted of a closed questionnaire, an open interview, and an observation sheet. The questionnaire results showed that students responded very well to this learning method, with an average score of 83.4%. At the same time, teachers rated this approach as effective, with an average of 88%. Observations showed that students were active in practicum activities, enthusiastic in making observations, and involved in group discussions. The interview revealed that this environment-based learning strengthens students' understanding of biological concepts and increases scientific curiosity. The obstacles found include the accuracy of recording and the inequality of roles in group work. However, overall, exploring the Surroundings-based learning has been proven to positively impact student engagement and understanding, especially in connecting theory with real objects in the surrounding environment. The implications of this study emphasize the importance of applying contextual approaches in biology learning and suggest improving guidance strategies and recording of observations in the field for more optimal learning effectiveness.

The development of Indonesian criminal law underwent a significant transformation through the enactment of the 2023 Criminal Code, which replaced the Dutch colonial legacy and adopted a humanist-restorative punishment paradigm. This study analyzes the comparison between the Indonesian Criminal Code 2023 and the German Strafgesetzbuch (StGB), particularly in the structure of the main punishment and the purpose of punishment, to evaluate the suitability of the concept with modern judicial practices. The normative research method with a statutory and conceptual approach reveals that the 2023 Criminal Code expands the types of basic punishment, such as imprisonment, closure, supervision, fines, and community service, to diversify punishment that reduces dependence on prisons and supports social reintegration. However, the nominal category-based fine system still has the potential to create economic inequality, in contrast to Germany, which uses a day-fine system that is adjusted to the economic capacity of the offender. While Germany relies on suspended sentences and structured rehabilitation programs, Indonesia still faces challenges in the implementation of alternative punishments such as closure, which lack parameters and practices. Both countries' sentencing objectives emphasize community protection and rehabilitation, but Germany is more mature in its integration of the principle of proportionality, assessment of subjective offender factors, and supporting infrastructure. This research recommends reforming Indonesia's fine system by adopting a day-fine mechanism, developing technical guidelines for alternative punishment, strengthening rehabilitation programs, and harmonizing policies to improve economic justice and the effectiveness of punishment. The findings are expected to be a reference in improving the Criminal Code 2023 before its full implementation in 2026, so that the Indonesian criminal justice system is more responsive, fair, and in line with the values of Pancasila and modern legal principles.

Indonesia's digital economy is rapidly growing with the emergence of e-commerce, fintech, and blockchain technology that facilitate cross-border transactions. However, challenges such as technological access inequality, personal data exploitation, and multinational company dominance remain major concerns. Therefore, implementing Pancasila values in digital economy governance is crucial to ensuring social justice, consumer protection, and national competitiveness. Pancasila principles, such as moral-based business ethics, consumer rights protection, digital sovereignty, and participatory regulation, must be integrated into digital economic policies. Additionally, electronic commerce regulations based on international law should align with national interests to balance digital economic growth and constitutional rights protection. Thus, Pancasila-based digital economic policies can promote inclusivity, strengthen SMEs' competitiveness, and ensure the broader welfare of society.

This article discusses the effect of tax policy on income distribution in developing countries. Tax is a fiscal instrument that is not only used to finance state expenditure, but also as a tool to reduce economic inequality. This study analyzes how progressive tax system, income tax collection, and consumption tax impact income redistribution in several developing countries. The secondary data used comes from World Bank, IMF, and other scholarly publications. The analysis shows that fair and progressive tax policies can help reduce income inequality. However, many developing countries face challenges in implementing effective tax systems, including low compliance and regressive tax structures. Therefore, comprehensive fiscal policy reforms are needed so that taxes can truly serve as an effective income distribution tool.  

This study aims to analyze the impact of general allocation funds, agglomeration, and human development index on regional inequality in Eastern Indonesia during the period 2019–2023. Regional inequality remains a crucial issue in Indonesia's development agenda, especially in the eastern region, which has experienced slower growth and uneven provision of public services. This study uses panel data regression analysis with secondary data. The results indicate that general allocation funds and the human development index have a significant negative impact on regional inequality, suggesting that increased fund transfers and improvements in human development can reduce inequality. Conversely, agglomeration has a significant positive impact, suggesting that economic concentration can widen disparities between regions. These findings highlight the importance of equitable development policies and investment in human capital to reduce regional disparities.

This study aims to analyze the meaning of interpersonal communication in the anxiety experience of new students of the Islamic Communication and Broadcasting Study Program. The approach used is descriptive qualitative with a phenomenological method, which focuses on students' subjective meaning of interpersonal communication experiences during the transition to college. Data were obtained through in-depth interviews with eight new students who had experienced anxiety and were actively establishing communication relationships with those closest to them. The results of the study indicate that interpersonal communication is interpreted as an adaptive mechanism that helps relieve anxiety through five main elements: openness, empathy, support, positive feelings, and equality. In addition, the communication process is also influenced by the principle of social exchange, where students choose to establish communication that provides emotional comfort and avoid relationships that worsen psychological stress. Interpersonal communication has proven to be a safe space for students to build emotional resilience during the early stages of college.

Inclusive education is an approach that emphasizes equality and diversity in the learning process, including providing equal learning opportunities for students with special needs. This study aims to see the role of teachers and peers in supporting the smooth learning of students. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method with data collection techniques through observation and interviews. The results of the study indicate that the role of teachers is very important in creating effective learning according to the needs of all students, students use instant transcription applications to follow the learning. On the other hand, the role of friends also plays a very important role in building an inclusive environment through communication with sign language and positive social interactions, with the determination of those who are trying to learn sign language. Collaboration between teachers and peers can provide emotional and academic support that encourages all students to excel. This study emphasizes the importance of collaboration between all parties in order to realize effective and equitable inclusive education.

This paper discusses the issue of gender equality from the perspective of Islamic family law and positive law in Indonesia. This study begins with a historical exploration of the treatment of women in the pre-Islamic era which was full of discrimination and oppression, until the arrival of Islam which brought about a major transformation towards respecting and recognizing women's rights. Furthermore, this paper reviews the comparison between the values ​​of gender equality in ideal Islamic family law with practices that are still influenced by patriarchal culture, as well as Indonesia's positive legal response to gender issues, such as through the Compilation of Islamic Law (KHI), the Marriage Law, and the ratification of international conventions such as CEDAW. This study also highlights the role and existence of women in the family as children, wives, and mothers, as well as the challenges faced by women in fighting for rights and equality in the domestic and public spheres. This paper emphasizes that achieving fair and balanced gender equality requires a reinterpretation of the law based on values ​​of justice and a structural commitment to empowering women in all aspects of life.

This study examines the poem Sajak Sebatang Lisong by W.S. Rendra through a postcolonial lens, focusing on the underlying social criticism embedded within the text. The poem reflects the persistent social inequalities that continue to affect Indonesian society in the post-independence era, particularly in the realms of education and the marginalization of impoverished children. Through symbols such as the cigarette (lisong), wealthy elites (cukong), and the imagery of an endless road, the poem highlights the lingering presence of colonial structures within contemporary social and educational systems. Employing a qualitative descriptive approach, the study utilizes textual analysis and socio-cultural context as primary analytical tools. The findings reveal that political independence has not been fully accompanied by social justice. Structural oppression and limited opportunities continue to hinder the younger generation in their pursuit of a better future. As such, the poem serves as a powerful literary critique of neocolonial practices and ongoing social alienation. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of how literature can reflect colonial legacies and the socio-political dynamics of post-independence Indonesia, while also enriching the discourse in postcolonial literary studies.  

This study analyzes the patterns and dynamics of income inequality across districts and municipalities in Aceh Province during the 2022–2024 period using data from the National Socio-Economic Survey (Susenas) published by Statistics Indonesia (BPS). A descriptive-comparative approach was employed with the Gini Ratio as the main indicator to examine spatial variations and inequality trends between urban and rural areas. The results show that Aceh’s Gini Ratio declined from 0.296 in 2022 to 0.294 in 2024, indicating a modest improvement in income distribution. The reduction in inequality mainly occurred in rural areas, while urban regions experienced a slight increase due to the concentration of economic activities among higher-income groups. Banda Aceh and Lhokseumawe recorded the highest inequality levels, whereas Aceh Tengah and Bireuen demonstrated relatively strong income equality. Overall, Aceh remains one of the provinces with low-income inequality in Indonesia but still faces challenges of structural disparities across regions. The findings highlight the need to shift policy orientation from redistributive equality toward productivity-based equality through regional economic integration, empowerment of micro and small enterprises, and the development of inclusive economic sectors to achieve equitable and sustainable growth..

Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in the Social Service of the North Sumatra Province Batubara Regency are business operators engaged in the business sector, which touches the interests of the community around the Regency of Coal. MSMEs have an important position, not only in employment and public welfare, in many ways they are the glue and stabilize the problem of social inequality. MSMEs are currently very developed. However, the current problem that arises is that the Chair of the UMKM in Coal is having difficulty monitoring MSME social funding assistance provided to communities around Coal, the lack of public understanding of the reporting of the social assistance fund accountability and due to these inaccessible location conditions that triggered the social services difficult to monitor. then we need an information system that is able to do data collection, management, monitoring the use of aid funds. In addition, the Social Service can directly monitor the responsibility of MSMEs in managing aid funds.The results of this study are a monitoring information system application that replaces the previously running process, in this application makes it easy for the recipient to know the amount of assistance received and in making reports can be directly accessed online.

Many regions in Indonesia face structural problems such as economic inequality. Economic inequality remains a significant obstacle to the development process, especially in developing countries such as Indonesia. The objective of this study is to determine the influence of Unemployment Rate, Education Index, and Poverty Rate on Economic Inequality in East Java Province. This study employs a quantitative method using secondary data analysis from the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS) for the years 2010–2023. The analysis method used is multiple regression with classical assumption tests. The results of the study indicate that the Education Index and Percentage of Poor Population variables have a significant and positive impact on economic inequality, while the unemployment rate has a significant but negative impact on economic inequality in East Java Province. These findings suggest the need for further analysis of other factors influencing economic inequality to achieve equitable welfare for the community. The implications of this study can serve as a reference for the government in formulating inclusive development policies to reduce economic inequality in East Java.

Political economic analysis in handling economic inequality in Indonesia reveals that although the Gini Ratio shows a decline, economic inequality remains a serious issue. Inequality is seen from the uneven distribution of income, access to education, and economic opportunities. The purpose of this study is to analyze the role of political economy in handling economic inequality and to open up policies that have been implemented in Indonesia. The research method used is qualitative research with a descriptive analytical approach. The government has launched various policies such as social assistance and infrastructure development, but implementation challenges such as resources, corruption, and lack of coordination between institutions still hamper the effectiveness of these policies.

Criminalization in criminal law should function to limit actions that harm society legally and proportionally, but excessive criminalization can ignore the principles of justice and legality. A striking gap arises when the law is used not to protect rights, but to expand state control over individual freedom through repressive and multi-interpretable articles. This study uses a qualitative research method with a conceptual approach. The data collection method was collected using library research, then analyzed using qualitative methods and presented descriptively. The results of the study show that unlimited criminalization reflects an abuse of power that moves criminal law away from its protective function towards an instrument of repression that exacerbates inequality and weakens legal legitimacy. To return criminal law to its fair function, legislative reform is needed based on transparency, participation, and a non-penal approach that prevents state domination over individual rights.