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The practice of naming rights through trademark licensing agreements on public facilities has become a common commercialisation strategy in Indonesia. However, when the object of naming rights is a public facility with cultural heritage status, legal uncertainty arises due to the absence of specific regulations governing the intersection between Law No. 20 of 2016 concerning Trademarks and Geographical Indications and Law No. 11 of 2010 concerning Cultural Heritage. The objective of this study is to analyse the regulation of naming rights on public facilities with cultural heritage status and to identify any differences in the application of trademark law in the cases of Semarang Tawang Station and Cirebon Kejaksan Station. The study employs a normative juridical method, utilising secondary data collection techniques and is supported by tertiary legal materials, employing a legislative, analytical and comparative approach. The results of the study indicate a discrepancy in the regulatory framework for naming rights concerning cultural heritage, leading to legal ambiguity due to inconsistent implementation. This is exemplified by the contrasting outcomes at Semarang Tawang Station, where the naming rights agreement with Bank Jateng was successfully executed, and at Cirebon Kejaksan Station, where the agreement was terminated despite both stations possessing cultural heritage status. The study recommends the introduction of comprehensive special regulations to harmonise the protection of exclusive trademark rights with the preservation of the identity and historical value of cultural heritage sites.  

The rapid growth of global digital technology has significantly reshaped social, economic, and legal systems. This transformation presents new challenges for states in fulfilling their legal responsibilities toward digital consumer protection amid the emergence of global citizenship. This study aims to analyze the forms of state responsibility in protecting digital consumer rights through legal and transnational ethical perspectives. Using a normative juridical method with conceptual and statutory approaches, this research focuses on national legal instruments such as Indonesia’s Personal Data Protection Act No. 27 of 2022 and regional policies such as the ASEAN Digital Framework Agreement 2025. The findings reveal that states bear dual responsibilities: protecting citizens’ digital rights domestically and adhering to international norms globally. This responsibility involves law enforcement against data violations, policy harmonization, and the strengthening of digital ethics. The study concludes that cross-border cooperation and ethical integration are essential to ensure fair and sustainable digital governance.

Rice is the staple food of most Indonesian people, making its availability a national priority. This study aims to analyze the effect of harvested area on national rice production using a time series linear regression approach based on monthly data in 2025. The research employed quantitative methods using secondary data analyzed with SPSS 27. The regression results produced the equation Ŷ = –0.067 + 0.003X. The t-test showed a significance value < 0.001, indicating that harvested area has a positive and significant effect on rice production. The coefficient of determination (R²) was 0.994, meaning 99.4% of rice production variation is explained by harvested area. These findings indicate that fluctuations in national rice production are largely determined by changes in harvested area rather than short-term productivity variations. Therefore, policies to increase rice production should prioritize maintaining harvested area through land protection, planting acceleration, and crop failure mitigation. The study contributes to providing an empirical model for short-term prediction of rice production in Indonesia.

This study aims to analyze the role of the Langga Sai Village Government in empowering the local product Rombeng Razong as an effort to enhance the village economy and preserve local cultural identity. Rombeng Razong is a traditional woven craft with high economic and cultural value, yet it has not been fully optimized. The research employed a qualitative descriptive approach. Data were collected through interviews, observations, and documentation involving the village government, community leaders, local artisans and youth representatives. The findings reveal that the role of the Langga Sai Village Government as a regulator has been realized through the issuance of Village Regulation No. 4 of 2020 on Local Product Protection. However, its roles as a motivator, facilitator, and catalyst have not been effectively implemented due to limited training, technical assistance, and market access. Low community participation and weak institutional structures also hinder the development of Rombeng Razong as an economic commodity. The study concludes that the success of local product empowerment depends not only on formal regulation but also on the effectiveness of village governance, community participation, and cross-sector collaboration. The village government must therefore strengthen its political role as a driver of inclusive development based on local potential.

The rapid development of digital technology has increased the risk of privacy violations and cybercrimes targeting personal data. This study aims to analyze the role of criminal law in personal data protection and the prevention of cybercrimes in Indonesia, as well as to identify the challenges and strategies for strengthening law enforcement in the digital era. The research method used is a qualitative approach with a juridical-normative method through library research on regulations, particularly Law Number 27 of 2022 concerning Personal Data Protection (PDP Law), as well as related academic literature. The results of the study show that criminal law serves a dual function, acting as a repressive tool through the imposition of criminal sanctions on offenders, and as a preventive instrument in enhancing compliance with data security standards. Although the PDP Law provides a strong legal foundation, its implementation still faces challenges such as the suboptimal functioning of data protection institutions, limited capacity of law enforcement officers, and low public awareness of digital ethics. This study recommends institutional strengthening, enhancement of law enforcement human resource capacity, as well as public education and cross-sectoral synergy to create an effective and sustainable data protection system. Thus, criminal law plays a central role in safeguarding personal data and preventing cybercrimes in Indonesia.

Child exploitation is a serious issue that threatens the fulfillment of children's fundamental rights and impacts their physical, psychological, and social development. This study aims to analyze the role of law in preventing child exploitation through an examination of regulations and criminal law enforcement in Indonesia. The method used is normative juridical research with a descriptive qualitative approach, supported by empirical data from interviews with law enforcement officers and child protection agencies. The results of the study indicate that although Indonesia has a comprehensive regulatory framework, such as Law Number 35 of 2014 concerning Child Protection and Law Number 11 of 2012 concerning the Juvenile Criminal Justice System, its implementation still faces various challenges. These obstacles include weak coordination among institutions, limited capacity of law enforcement officers, low public awareness, and the persistent social stigma against child victims. This study emphasizes the importance of strengthening the capacity of officers, applying a restorative approach, fostering synergy among institutions, and public education to build an effective, integrative, and sustainable child protection system.

The development of artificial intelligence technology has given birth to deepfake technology which has the potential to be misused to damage a person's digital identity. This research aims to analyze the mode of misuse of deepfake technology in Indonesia, examine its legal implications based on applicable laws and regulations, and examine the urgency of special regulation of deepfake in the Indonesian legal system. Applicable, as well as examining the urgency of special arrangements against deepfake in the Indonesian legal system. The research method used is normative juridical legal research with statutory and conceptual approaches, and data collection is carried out through literature study of primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials tertiary. The results show that deepfake abuse can take the form of spreading fake videos, face forgery and digital identity-based fraud that harms victims socially, legally and psychologically. Although several articles in the ITE Law, Personal Data Protection Law, and Criminal Code can be used to charge perpetrators, these regulations have not specifically and explicitly regulated the characteristics and technical aspects of deepfake-based crimes. This creates obstacles in law enforcement and victim protection. Therefore, it is necessary to establish special regulations or amend existing laws so that the legal system in Indonesia is able to answer the challenges of deepfake technology appropriately, fairly, and effectively.

In an employment relationship, there are rights and obligations attached to each party that must be fulfilled. However, in practice, employers often neglect to fulfill the rights of workers during their employment and after termination of employment, even though these obligations are regulated in the Collective Labor Agreement and Joint Agreement. Based on these issues, this study aims to examine and describe the legal protection for former employees who have been terminated with outstanding benefits in accordance with Indonesian labor laws, as well as to obtain an overview of the company's responsibility to fulfill the rights of former employees due to termination of employment in accordance with the agreements in the Collective Labor Agreement and Joint Agreement. This study uses a normative juridical approach based on the provisions of labor laws and regulations. Data was collected through a literature study by examining primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials relevant to the research issue. All data were then analyzed qualitatively to formulate comprehensive and implementable conclusions and recommendations for the benefit of former employees. The findings show that legal protection for former employees who experience termination of employment with outstanding benefits can be demanded based on labor law regulations in Indonesia. The company has the responsibility and obligation to fulfill the rights of former employees due to termination of employment in accordance with the agreement in the Collective Labor Agreement and Joint Agreement, whereby the payment of these rights must be aligned with and subject to the provisions of applicable laws and regulations.

This study aims to examine public minibus drivers in Medan from the perspectives of citizenship and liberalism. The research method used is descriptive qualitative with data collection techniques through in-depth interviews, participatory observation, and documentation. The results show that public minibus drivers enjoy individual freedoms, such as determining their working hours, choosing their rest times, and competing for passengers. This freedom is seen as a form of self-sovereignty in line with the principles of liberalism. However, this freedom also gives rise to contradictions, namely economic uncertainty, the burden of daily deposits, and the absence of social security and legal protection. The emergence of application-based transportation services further exacerbates the gap, as angkot drivers feel they experience inequality in terms of access to technology, regulations, and government support. This condition demonstrates the weak role of the state in guaranteeing their citizenship rights, especially those related to welfare and job protection. Thus, this study emphasizes that the principle of freedom in liberalism cannot be separated from the state's responsibility to achieve social justice. More equitable policies, technological support, and social protection for public minibus drivers are important steps to ensure that individual freedom is in line with citizenship rights.

This research seeks to examine how changes in citizenship influence the legal validity of marriage, emphasizing both juridical aspects and practical implications. In an era of globalization and increased international mobility, the phenomenon of changing or losing citizenship has become more frequent. The legal consequences of such changes for marital validity represent a crucial area that demands comprehensive analysis, particularly in relation to national and international marriage laws. The study combines an international literature review with empirical data and legal analysis derived from the works of Mr. Mustain, a lecturer at UIN Raden Mas Said Surakarta. Findings reveal that a shift in citizenship can alter the legal standing of a marriage, generate legal ambiguities, and influence family rights such as child custody and inheritance. To address these issues, regulatory harmonization, the proactive engagement of religious authorities, and legal reform at the national level are essential to ensure adequate legal protection for couples undergoing citizenship transitions. Employing a library research method with a qualitative-normative approach, this study analyzes statutory provisions, judicial rulings, and relevant scholarly sources. The findings underscore that citizenship alteration may impact the legality of marriage, particularly when legal systems differ between the country of origin and the newly acquired nationality. In summary, citizenship changes can lead to legal uncertainty regarding marital validity, underscoring the need for legal harmonization and clear protective frameworks for affected couples. This research thus contributes significantly to the discourse on marriage law and citizenship policy development.

The development of digital technology has transformed children’s patterns of interaction through online games, which serve both as entertainment and transactional spaces. As digital consumers, children are entitled to protection equal to adults, yet they remain vulnerable to risks such as inappropriate content, fraud, data manipulation, and exploitation. Despite the existence of legal frameworks like the Consumer Protection Law, the Child Protection Law, and the Electronic Information and Transactions Law, this study reveals that these laws do not specifically address children as a vulnerable group in the digital environment. This research employs an empirical normative approach to highlight the shortcomings of current regulations. Given the rapidly growing use of digital platforms by children, stronger regulatory measures, greater parental involvement, and increased responsibility from platform providers are essential to ensure the fulfillment of children’s rights and provide adequate protection in the digital space. These findings emphasize the need for comprehensive legal reform to safeguard children’s digital rights.

This study aims to analyze the legal consequences of land rights transfer in disputed objects using a normative legal research method. Issues related to the transfer of land rights often give rise to legal disputes between interested parties, particularly when the transfer process does not comply with the prevailing agrarian laws and regulations. This research employs both the statutory approach and the conceptual approach to examine relevant legal provisions in depth, such as Law Number 5 of 1960 concerning the Basic Agrarian Principles (UUPA) and Government Regulation Number 24 of 1997 concerning Land Registration. The data were obtained from primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials and analyzed qualitatively, emphasizing legal interpretation and expert doctrines. The findings reveal that any transfer of land rights carried out without proper legal procedures, both administratively and substantively, may result in legal consequences such as null and void transactions, ownership disputes, and even the annulment of land certificates by the court. Furthermore, it was found that the principles of legal certainty and legal protection for landowners are often neglected due to weak law enforcement and administrative irregularities in land affairs. This study emphasizes the importance of applying the principles of legality and prudence in every land rights transfer process to ensure legal certainty and justice for all parties involved in disputes.

This study aims to analyze the application of criminal procedural law in resolving narcotics crime cases at the Binjai District Court, focusing on compliance with the due process of law principle and the protection of the defendant’s rights. The research employs an empirical juridical approach through direct observation (field research) of case Number 200/Pid.Sus/2025/PN Bnj involving the defendant Novri Syahputra, who was charged as an intermediary in the sale and purchase of Class I narcotics (methamphetamine) weighing 40.81 grams net. Data were collected through direct observation of the trial proceedings and examination of relevant legal documents, including the Criminal Procedure Code (KUHAP) and Law No. 35 of 2009 on Narcotics. The findings indicate that the implementation of procedural law at the Binjai District Court was consistent with the provisions of KUHAP, covering all stages from the reading of the indictment, witness examination, evidence presentation, to the final judgment. The panel of judges demonstrated professionalism and independence while considering both aggravating and mitigating factors. However, rehabilitative and humanistic approaches have not been fully incorporated into the court’s consideration, as the sentencing remains predominantly deterrent-oriented. The study concludes that, while the formal procedural aspects of criminal procedural law have been effectively implemented, there remains a substantive need to strengthen restorative and rehabilitative justice values in future narcotics case policies.

Child sexual abuse is a severe problem that profoundly affects victims’ physical, psychological, and social well-being. The Deli Serdang Child Protection Institution (LPA) functions as a non-governmental organization providing recovery and rehabilitation services for victims of such abuse. This study aims to examine the implementation of psychosocial interventions for child sexual abuse victims at LPA Deli Serdang. Conducted in Deli Serdang Regency, the research involved several informants, including the Chairperson and Psychologist of LPA as key informants, two child victims identified by the initials Z and N as main informants, and four supporting informants consisting of the victims’ parents, the LPA Secretary, and Legal Staff. Data collection was carried out through literature review, observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. The data were analyzed qualitatively to gain a comprehensive understanding of the psychosocial intervention process. The findings show that LPA Deli Serdang has fulfilled its role in accordance with Law No. 35 of 2014 on Child Protection, particularly in providing integrated services that address victims’ emotional and behavioral needs. Based on Nitimiharjo’s (2012) framework, psychosocial interventions implemented by LPA have contributed to positive improvements in the victims’ cognitive, emotional, behavioral, and environmental domains. Moreover, according to Caroline’s (2012) theory, individual and play therapy have been identified as the primary methods used to assist victims in the recovery process. Overall, these interventions have proven effective in supporting psychological healing and social reintegration for child sexual abuse victims under the institution’s care.

Tele-Herbal Medicine is a technology-driven service designed to deliver herbal medicine consultations and therapies through wellness clinics, aiming to improve access to personalized and affordable care. This study systematically assesses its effectiveness, implementation, and challenges as part of integrated health services by reviewing relevant literature published in the past five years. Findings indicate that Tele-Herbal Medicine significantly enhances patient access, offering tailored and cost-efficient herbal treatments. Despite these promising outcomes, implementation faces key obstacles, including inadequate regulatory frameworks, the absence of standardized herbal product validation procedures, and concerns over patient data security. These limitations underscore the urgent need for comprehensive policies, quality assurance mechanisms, and strict data protection protocols, consistent with broader telemedicine guidelines. By addressing these issues, Tele-Herbal Medicine can evolve into a reliable and sustainable model, enabling wellness clinics to expand services without compromising safety or quality. Ultimately, its success depends on clear legal support, standardized validation systems, and robust monitoring tools to ensure effectiveness, safety, and full integration into the healthcare ecosystem, thus positioning it as an innovative solution that bridges traditional herbal practices with modern digital health services.

Insurance is a service designed to prevent or mitigate various potential risks. The Consumer Dispute Settlement Agency (BPSK) is authorized to resolve consumer disputes through three alternative methods: arbitration, conciliation, and mediation. This study aims to analyze the legal force of mediation outcomes and to identify and examine the obstacles encountered in the implementation of insurance dispute resolution through BPSK mediation. This research employs a normative legal method with a statutory approach through literature review. The analysis is conducted qualitatively based on legal regulations and principles. Data is sourced from primary, secondary, and tertiary materials, and the process consists of three stages: formulation, analysis, and conclusion. The findings indicate that although BPSK’s authority is limited, its decisions are final and binding, and mediation agreements remain legally valid. If no objection is filed, the agreement must be implemented, with criminal consequences for non-compliance. However, the effectiveness of consumer dispute resolution remains hindered by weak legal force, limited regulatory framework, institutional capacity constraints, and potential external intervention.

This study examines the application of the Project-Based Learning (PjBL) model in Natural and Social Sciences education to enhance environmental awareness among fifth-grade students at SDIT Wihdatul Ummah in Makassar City. The background of this research stems from the low environmental awareness observed among students, evidenced by behaviors such as littering, lack of concern for energy conservation, and minimal participation in school cleanliness activities. The study aimed to improve students' environmental consciousness by implementing the PjBL model, where students were tasked with creating environmental awareness posters. The research used a Classroom Action Research (CAR) method, which was carried out in two cycles, each consisting of three meetings. The stages of PjBL involved determining essential questions, project planning, scheduling, project implementation, result testing, and evaluation of experiences. Data collection was done through observations, attitude questionnaires, and documentation of student activities. The findings showed that the PjBL model successfully increased students' active participation, creativity in expressing environmental awareness through posters, and their practical actions toward environmental protection. The environmental awareness indicators, such as maintaining cleanliness, managing waste, conserving energy, understanding waste disposal systems, and using cleaning tools, significantly improved from Cycle I to Cycle II. The results indicate that the PjBL model is effective in enhancing environmental awareness while making the learning process more engaging and contextual for elementary school students.

Bullying is an act of intentionally hurting an individual or group verbally, physically, psychologically, or socially, with serious impacts on victims. According to data from the Indonesian Child Protection Commission (KPAI) in 2024, cases of physical and psychological abuse against children increased from 7.8% in 2023 to 11.7% in 2024. In response to this, the community service team from UNSULBAR conducted an anti-bullying awareness program at SMPN 6 Wonomulyo. This activity aimed to improve students’ understanding, attitudes, and behavior in preventing and responding to bullying. The program consisted of three stages: preparation, implementation, and evaluation. The awareness campaign was delivered through interactive education, short educational films, group discussions, and quizzes with prizes to encourage active participation. The material covered types of bullying (verbal, physical, relational, and cyber), the roles involved in bullying incidents, and practical ways to handle them. A total of 73 students participated in the activity, which was positively received by students and school staff. Evaluation was conducted via Q&A sessions and direct feedback from students and teachers. The results showed increased student awareness and a collective commitment to fostering a safe and inclusive school environment.

The phenomenon of using non-Hajj visas for pilgrimage has deprived many pilgrims of legal protection, with numerous cases of arrests by Saudi authorities resulting in deportation and even a ten-year ban on entering Saudi Arabia. This study adopts a qualitative case study design with an empirical legal research approach. Data were collected through interviews and document analysis at PT Mirbath Tour and Travel Palu. The primary data source was an interview with the Director of PT Mirbath, while secondary sources included the Qur’an, Hadith, legislation, journals, articles, theses, dissertations, and reference books. Data analysis employed reduction, presentation, and conclusion drawing. The findings highlight three key points. First, PT Mirbath facilitated Hajj departures using multiple-entry visas with significant limitations, such as the absence of tents in Mina and Muzdalifah, restricted access to facilities, and alternative routes from Riyadh to bypass checkpoints. Second, the use of non-Hajj visas indicates that the implementation of Law of the Republic of Indonesia No. 8 of 2019 on the Administration of Hajj and Umrah has not been effectively enforced, with policy gaps and weak operational oversight remaining apparent. Third, although the contractual arrangements applied appear consistent with the principles of Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh muamalah), they conflict with the foundations of sharia economic law, as the use of non-Hajj visas involves elements of gharar (uncertainty), lack of transparency, and contractual objectives inconsistent with maqasid al-shariah.

This study evaluated the population status of the conch Strombus luhuanus at Asol Beach, , Haruku Island, Maluku, through an analysis of density, size structure, length–weight relationship, and spatial distribution. Data were collected using transect–quadrat methods in the intertidal zone during low tide, complemented by measurements of environmental parameters (temperature, salinity, pH, and dissolved oxygen). The results revealed a population density of 2.76 ind/m², classified as moderate compared to other sites in Maluku. Shell length distribution encompassed nine size classes, with dominance in the mid-size class (3.93–4.38 cm), indicating successful recruitment of juveniles to early adults. The length–weight relationship followed the equation W = 1.871L0.0521 (R² = 0.857) with a negative allometric growth pattern, suggesting that individuals allocate more energy to shell elongation than body mass increase. The Morisita index (Id = 211.07) indicated an aggregated distribution pattern, consistent with reproductive strategies of broadcast-spawning gastropods. Environmental conditions (temperature 28.7 °C; salinity 32.66‰; pH 6.44; DO 6 mg/L) were within the tolerance range of tropical intertidal mollusks. These findings highlight the critical role of sandy seagrass habitats in supporting S. luhuanus populations and emphasize the need for management strategies based on minimum catch size, harvest regulation, and coastal habitat protection.