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The development of Indonesian criminal law underwent a significant transformation through the enactment of the 2023 Criminal Code, which replaced the Dutch colonial legacy and adopted a humanist-restorative punishment paradigm. This study analyzes the comparison between the Indonesian Criminal Code 2023 and the German Strafgesetzbuch (StGB), particularly in the structure of the main punishment and the purpose of punishment, to evaluate the suitability of the concept with modern judicial practices. The normative research method with a statutory and conceptual approach reveals that the 2023 Criminal Code expands the types of basic punishment, such as imprisonment, closure, supervision, fines, and community service, to diversify punishment that reduces dependence on prisons and supports social reintegration. However, the nominal category-based fine system still has the potential to create economic inequality, in contrast to Germany, which uses a day-fine system that is adjusted to the economic capacity of the offender. While Germany relies on suspended sentences and structured rehabilitation programs, Indonesia still faces challenges in the implementation of alternative punishments such as closure, which lack parameters and practices. Both countries' sentencing objectives emphasize community protection and rehabilitation, but Germany is more mature in its integration of the principle of proportionality, assessment of subjective offender factors, and supporting infrastructure. This research recommends reforming Indonesia's fine system by adopting a day-fine mechanism, developing technical guidelines for alternative punishment, strengthening rehabilitation programs, and harmonizing policies to improve economic justice and the effectiveness of punishment. The findings are expected to be a reference in improving the Criminal Code 2023 before its full implementation in 2026, so that the Indonesian criminal justice system is more responsive, fair, and in line with the values of Pancasila and modern legal principles.

This study discusses the comparison of labor law between Indonesia and Malaysia, focusing on the regulation of employment relations, worker protection, wage systems, and outsourcing practices. Indonesia, through Law Number 6 of 2023, strengthens labor regulations by emphasizing worker protection, whereas Malaysia, through the Employment Act 1955, emphasizes flexibility in employment relationships with minimum protection. This research uses normative legal research methods and a comparative law approach. The results show that Indonesia prioritizes structural and formal worker protection, while Malaysia emphasizes administrative efficiency. This study recommends strengthening worker protection in both countries and the need for harmonization of labor standards within the ASEAN region.

This paper discusses the issue of gender equality from the perspective of Islamic family law and positive law in Indonesia. This study begins with a historical exploration of the treatment of women in the pre-Islamic era which was full of discrimination and oppression, until the arrival of Islam which brought about a major transformation towards respecting and recognizing women's rights. Furthermore, this paper reviews the comparison between the values ​​of gender equality in ideal Islamic family law with practices that are still influenced by patriarchal culture, as well as Indonesia's positive legal response to gender issues, such as through the Compilation of Islamic Law (KHI), the Marriage Law, and the ratification of international conventions such as CEDAW. This study also highlights the role and existence of women in the family as children, wives, and mothers, as well as the challenges faced by women in fighting for rights and equality in the domestic and public spheres. This paper emphasizes that achieving fair and balanced gender equality requires a reinterpretation of the law based on values ​​of justice and a structural commitment to empowering women in all aspects of life.

This study examines the pivotal role of artificial intelligence (AI) in talent attraction within the human resources sector, particularly in the context of modern technological advancements. We aim to understand the influence of AI on recruitment processes and identify factors affecting talent attraction in the information age, as well as the associated challenges. The study focuses on how AI impacts recruitment and utilizes statistical methods, including interviews, questionnaires, standard deviation, arithmetic mean, and Spearman's rank correlation, to achieve accurate results. Participants included 100 employees and professors from the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, with a research community of around 750. Findings suggest that organizations employing AI for recruiting, attracting, training, and guiding individuals tend to succeed. The study recommends the urgent integration of AI into organizational operations, urging a shift from traditional applicant comparison methods to modern assessment techniques while avoiding favoritism. Additionally, organizations should implement contemporary training programs to boost employee performance.

Constitutional amendments are crucial instruments in the dynamics of state governance, particularly in democratic countries that adopt either a presidential or parliamentary system. This study aims to analyze and compare the mechanisms, implications, and challenges of the constitutional amendment process in both systems. Using a descriptive-comparative approach, the research examines how each system designs and implements constitutional changes, including the role of the legislative and executive branches, as well as public participation. The findings indicate that the presidential system tends to have a more rigid amendment procedure compared to the parliamentary system, which is more flexible in enacting constitutional changes. These differences have implications for government stability, decision-making effectiveness, and the balance of power within each system. Therefore, a deep understanding of constitutional amendment mechanisms in different governmental systems is essential to ensure that constitutional changes remain aligned with democratic principles and national interests.

This meta-review study presents a comprehensive evaluation of the effectiveness of mental health policies targeting refugees from the Middle East based on a systematic analysis of 87 policies issued across 12 refugee-hosting countries during the period from 2015 to 2023. Employing the PRISMA approach and thematic analysis, this research found that only 34.5% of all reviewed policies met the World Health Organization's minimum standards regarding mental health services for refugees. In comparison, the effective implementation rate of those policies meeting the standards reached only 28.7% (CI 95%, p<0.001). Findings from the logistic regression analysis revealed a significant correlation between the scale of mental health budget allocations and recovery rates from PTSD among refugee populations, where every 10% increase in budget allocation corresponded to a 15.3% reduction in PTSD prevalence (r=0.78, p<0.001). Furthermore, the meta-analysis results from this study demonstrated that community-based policies were 2.4 times more effective (OR=2.4, CI 95%: 1.8–3.1) than those employing institutional approaches. Hence, diverging from the conclusions posited by Turrini et al. (2019) and Sijbrandij (2017), which emphasized clinical interventions, this study has instead affirmed that integrating cultural-spiritual approaches with conventional therapy can enhance treatment success by 47.2%. Additionally, these findings expand the conceptual framework previously proposed by Watters (2001) on holistic approaches by identifying five key elements that form the foundation of effective mental health policies: universal access, cultural sensitivity, community empowerment, service integration, and program sustainability.

Competition among product brands is crucial since a strong brand would discourage customers from considering making a purchase. Consumer perception of a brand is shaped by their thoughts and emotions upon hearing or seeing its name. The process of identification will enable the brand to stand out from the competition and serve as the primary factor when consumers are making judgments about what to buy. Businesses must determine which aspects of brand equity affect consumers' confidence while making purchases.This study employed a quantitative descriptive research design. The purpose of this study was to ascertain the independent variable's value, whether it be one or multiple variables, without doing comparisons or drawing connections between them. Quantitative descriptive research uses data in the form of numerical results from measurements to characterize variables as they actually exist. One of the things that might persuade people to buy instant noodle products is brand recognition. The majority of consumers who claim that they opt to purchase instant noodles due to their well-known brand demonstrate this beneficial impact. Customers think that their assessment of a product's quality will assist them decide which one to purchase.  

The rapid development of financial technology (fintech), particularly digital wallet applications like OVO, has significantly transformed transaction patterns in society. However, issues such as server instability and unsatisfactory user experiences frequently emerge on social media platforms. This study aims to analyze user sentiments toward OVO on platform X (formerly Twitter) by comparing the performance of two machine learning algorithms: Naïve Bayes and Support Vector Machine (SVM). Data were collected through web scraping from 1,000 Indonesian-language tweets containing the keyword "OVO." The research methodology included text preprocessing (data cleaning, tokenization, stopword removal), feature extraction using TF-IDF, and sentiment classification (positive, negative, neutral). Evaluation results demonstrated that SVM achieved the highest accuracy of 85.2%, while Naïve Bayes reached 78.5%. SVM also outperformed in precision (87%) and recall (83%) due to its ability to handle non-linear data. These findings provide actionable recommendations for OVO developers to enhance server stability and features based on user feedback. Additionally, this study serves as a reference for future sentiment analysis research employing algorithmic comparisons.

The common issue faced by newborn babies is their difficulty in regulating body temperature with their environment. This often leads to hypothermia, which is a significant cause of mortality in newborns. Therefore, biomedical equipment that can regulate temperature in the newborn environment is crucial. In the design and development research of an Infant Warmer Temperature Control System using the PID method, key components include the Atmega328P microcontroller, a Skin Sensor for monitoring baby body temperature, and an SSR driver circuit for heater control. The PID control method utilizes feedback mechanisms to correct errors between measured values and their deviations.To ascertain accuracy, functional testing was conducted using an Incubator Analyzer. The comparison between the skin sensor and the Incubator Analyzer showed minimal differences, with the largest difference being 0.15℃ and the smallest 0.01℃. It can be concluded that the skin sensor readings are accurate within tolerance limits. The maximum error percentage of the device was 0.2%, while the minimum error percentage was 0%. Based on these findings, it is concluded that the PID method Infant Warmer temperature control system designed functions effectively, manages overshoot well, and maintains stability.

This community service activity (PKM) aims to improve operational efficiency and service quality at Santosa Catering through the implementation of a web-based catering ordering system. Santosa Catering, as a micro business, faces obstacles in managing orders that are still done manually, which causes inaccurate stock information, delays in delivery, and limited customer access to menus and prices. Through a Diffusion of Science and Technology and Knowledge Transfer approach, a web-based ordering system was developed and implemented to support business operations. The system allows customers to access real-time menu information, place online orders, and choose preferred payment methods, while the owner and staff were given intensive training to effectively operate the system. The evaluation results showed significant improvements in all aspects of assessment, including understanding of system features, operational skills, time efficiency, and customer satisfaction, as shown in the comparison chart of pretest and posttest results. The system not only optimizes operational processes but also increases customer satisfaction, strengthens business competitiveness, and has the potential to become a model for other micro businesses in utilizing digital technology. Thus, this PKM activity is expected to contribute to the sustainability of Santosa Catering's business in the digital era.

In order to improve the development of Islamic businesses, business actors are advised to improve their understanding of sharia principles, develop innovative products that meet market needs, and implement ethical marketing strategies. The government needs to take supportive policies, such as issuing regulations that facilitate the development of Islamic businesses, providing education and training programs for business actors, and facilitating access to financing through financial institutions that offer Islamic products. For future research, it is recommended to conduct case studies on successful sharia business actors, analyze the impact of government policies on the growth of this industry, and conduct comparisons with other countries that have more advanced sharia industries to gain insights and best practices that can be applied.

This study explores the ethical perspectives of genetic editing from two distinct frameworks: Islamic bioethics and global medical ethics. Both ethical systems emphasize the protection of human dignity and the prevention of harm, aligning with the broader goal of promoting health. However, significant differences emerge when addressing the issue of genetic editing, particularly in relation to human procreation. While global bioethics focuses on universal human rights, Islamic bioethics introduces religious principles rooted in Sharia law, such as Maqasid al-Sharia (objectives of Sharia) and Maslahah (public interest), to guide the ethical evaluation of genetic technologies. The findings reveal that while both frameworks agree on the importance of medical necessity, the treatment-enhancement distinction plays a critical role in Islamic perspectives, leading to more cautious stances on genetic modifications aimed at enhancing non-medical traits. The study also underscores the cultural and regional variations in Islamic bioethics, reflecting how different Islamic schools of thought impact fatwa decisions on genetic editing. In comparison, global bioethics aims to establish universal principles, often focusing on human rights, equality, and equity. The paper concludes by recommending more inclusive discussions between Islamic scholars and global bioethicists to bridge the gap between religious ethics and global standards. This would help ensure that genetic technologies are applied ethically, respecting both cultural values and universal human rights, and addressing the challenges posed by emerging genetic technologies.

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex endocrine-metabolic disorder common in women of reproductive age, characterized by insulin resistance (IR), anovulation, and hyperandrogenism, often leading to infertility. Metformin is the first-line therapy used. However, inositol, especially myo-inositol (MI) and D-chiro-inositol (DCI), have shown promising therapeutic potential. Direct comparison and optimal efficacy of both still require a comprehensive review. Objective: This systematic review aims to evaluate the efficacy of inositol (as monotherapy or in combination) compared with metformin, placebo, or no intervention, in improving reproductive, hormonal, and metabolic outcomes in women with PCOS. Methods: Conducted according to PRISMA guidelines, a systematic literature search was conducted in Pubmed and Ebsco databases for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published in the last 10 years. Studies evaluating inositol and/or metformin in women with PCOS and reporting reproductive, hormonal, or metabolic outcomes were included. Study selection and data extraction were performed independently by five reviewers. Results: Six randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included in this review. Metformin consistently showed improvements in insulin resistance and androgen levels. Myo-inositol also demonstrated efficacy in improving metabolic and hormonal parameters, as well as reproductive outcomes, often with a better tolerability profile, especially as monotherapy. The combination of metformin and myo-inositol has shown potential improvements in some reproductive functions (such as live birth rate) compared to metformin alone in some studies. However, other studies have shown comparable or superior efficacy of myo-inositol monotherapy with fewer side effects. Adjuvant therapies such as dexamethasone or calcium/vitamin D have shown benefits in certain subpopulations. Conclusions: Both inositol (especially myo-inositol) and metformin have significant therapeutic roles in the management of PCOS. Metformin remains an important intervention for metabolic dysregulation and hyperandrogenism. Inositol appears to be an effective and often better tolerated alternative, with significant reproductive benefits. The choice of therapy should be individualized based on patient phenotype and treatment goals.    

Oxidative stress is caused by regular smoking. If oxidative stress is higher than the level of antioxidants, there is said to be oxidative stress. SOD, CAT and GPx enzymes in the plasma help to reduce the harm caused by oxidative stress. This study aimed to discover if smoking regularly had any impact on the enzymes found in adults. A total of 120 people, with 60 chronic smokers and 60 nonsmokers, took part in the study and each group of 60 had equal numbers of men and women. All donors of blood and plasma had their levels of SOD, CAT and GPx checked using regular spectrophotometric procedures. I carried out the analysis using SPSS software version 26.0. The levels of SOD (1.82 ± 0.29 U/mL), CAT (31.5 ± 4.8 IU/mL) and GPx (3.21 ± 0.52 IU/mL) were lower in smokers compared to non-smokers. The gender levels showed the same effect on the study results as the smoking levels and did not interact with one another. Generally, regular smoking can decrease the amount of this enzyme working in plasma, so the body becomes less able to protect itself from oxidation for both men and women. It indicates that smoking leads to a health issue and advises taking actions to decrease risks for smokers.  

This research aims to estimate the reliability function of the Rayleigh distribution Under Type-II-Censored Data, which represents. The time of the machine's operation until the failure, and three methods were chosen to estimate the reliability function, which are, the maximum likelihood method, the momentary method, and the least squares method. As the values of the reliability function were calculated for real data related to the machines of theof the machines of Baghdad Pepsi Cola Company, and the comparison was made between the methods of estimating reliability by choosing the largest arithmetic mean for the reliability of the machines, and the greatest possibility appeared the best method, and the researcher concluded that the average times working until holidays is (4) months with a reliability of 87%.

Robusta coffee (Coffea canephora) is one of Indonesia’s important agricultural commodities with strong economic potential. However, optimizing its productivity depends heavily on proper cultivation practices, particularly pruning, which significantly affects plant health and fruit yield. This study focused on the Women's Farmer Group (Kelompok Wanita Tani/KWT) in PTPN 1 Regional V Kebun Bangelan, East Java, which faced challenges due to limited skills and knowledge in coffee pruning. A community-based agricultural extension program was implemented to enhance their technical capabilities and ensure compliance with standard operating procedures (SOP) for effective pruning. The objectives were to identify key issues in pruning practices, deliver targeted training, and evaluate the outcomes. Using a mixed-methods approach—comprising participatory observation, structured interviews, focus group discussions (FGD), and a pre-test/post-test comparison—the study assessed knowledge gains and training impact. A Likert-scale survey further measured participant satisfaction. Findings revealed four main issues: low SOP adherence, lack of training, poor tool maintenance, and plant morphological constraints. Post-intervention, participant knowledge rose from 49% to 97%, a 48% improvement. Additionally, 71.88% of respondents rated the training positively. This indicates that structured, practical training significantly improved pruning skills, contributing to better agricultural practices and productivity in smallholder communities.

This study aims to assess passenger satisfaction with the Travelin application at Banyuwangi International Airport. Developed by PT Angkasa Pura II, the app offers features such as TravelinPass, a biometric-based electronic boarding system. Although implemented, many passengers are still unfamiliar with its optimal use. A quantitative approach was applied using surveys distributed to 196 users. The questionnaire was based on five satisfaction indicators: expectation, performance, comparison, experience, and confirmation. The results showed an overall satisfaction score of 2.37 on a 1–4 Likert scale, indicating a “low satisfaction” category. Key issues include limited user knowledge and underperformance of services. These findings highlight the need for improved user education, feature enhancements, and user interface development to maximize the app’s benefits for passengers.

Indonesia is experiencing an identity crisis that is seen from the fading values ​​such as the spirit of struggle, togetherness or mutual cooperation, concern, and unity. This study aims to describe how the value of mutual cooperation is applied between members of the management in the "Segar" Waste Bank program in Bendogerit Village, Sanawetan District, Blitar City. This study uses a qualitative method with interview, observation, and documentation techniques involving the chairman, vice chairman, secretary, and two members of the waste bank management. The data collected were analyzed by summarizing information, presenting data, and drawing conclusions. To ensure data accuracy, a comparison was made between the results of interviews, observations, and documentation so that the research results were more reliable.The results of the study show that: (1) Voluntary and responsible, seen from the active involvement of the management in collecting and sorting waste together. (2) The spirit of mutual assistance, seen in cooperation between members in carrying out waste bank activities, including dividing tasks and helping each other when facing difficulties. (3) Strengthening unity and togetherness in social life and the community environment, which is seen from the increasingly close social relations between residents. By working together in sorting waste, residents become more familiar and united. They also learn to respect each other's opinions and find solutions together when differences occur. This study proves that members of the "Segar" Waste Bank management in Bendogerit Village have implemented mutual cooperation values ​​in carrying out the activity process, by prioritizing cooperation, responsibility, and concern for the environment and the surrounding community.

This research aims to analyze the performance comparison of several AI Image Generator platforms in generating images based on text prompts, considering the influence of internet speed on rendering time. The platforms tested include Blackbox AI, Craiyon AI, Dreamina AI, and Freepik AI. Testing was conducted using two types of internet providers, namely XL and Indihome, to evaluate differences in rendering time and the accuracy of the generated images. The results indicate that internet speed significantly affects rendering time, with Freepik AI showing the greatest impact. Additionally, the accuracy of the generated images varies depending on the platform's ability to translate text prompts into images. These findings provide insights into the factors influencing the performance of AI Image Generators, particularly in the context of internet speed and output accuracy.

This study analyzes the comparison of peer-to-peer (P2P) lending contract law in the perspective of positive law and Islamic law. Major problems in the industry include the risk of default, contract defects, and a lack of transparency. The research method used is literature research. The results show that positive laws provide a framework for consumer protection, but are often inadequate in protecting vulnerable parties. On the other hand, Islamic law emphasizes justice and the prohibition of usury, although the practice in the field is not yet fully appropriate. The study recommends collaboration between regulators and service providers to create a fair and law-abiding system. This is expected to contribute to the development of P2P lending policies and practices that are more sustainable and in accordance with sharia principles.